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AP Biology Midterm Review – Previous Test QuestionsAP Biology - Chap 3-6 AssessmentMultiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.____1)In a plant cell, DNA may be found ____.A)in the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomesB)only in the nucleus and chloroplastsC)only in the nucleusD)in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts____2)Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?A)ribosomeB)mitochondrionC)chloroplastD)ER____3)Phospholipids and triglycerides both ____.A)have three fatty acidsB)have a glycerol backboneC)have a phosphateD)contain serine or some other organic compound____4)Which of the following is the strongest evidence that protein structure and function are correlated?A)Enzymes tend to be globular in shape.B)Proteins function best at certain temperatures.C)Proteins have four distinct levels of structure and many functions.D)Denatured (unfolded) proteins do not function normally.____5)A solution with a pH of 5 has how many more protons in it than a solution with a pH of 7?A)10 timesB)100 timesC)5 timesD)1000 times____6)Suppose a young boy is always tired and fatigued, suffering from a metabolic disease. Which of the following organelles is most likely involved in this disease?A)mitochondriaB)ribosomesC)Golgi apparatusD)lysosomes____7)If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5'ATTGCA3', the other complementary strand would have the sequence ____.A)5'UGCAAU3'B)3'UAACGU5'C)5'TAACGT3'D)5'TGCAAT3'____8)Where are proteins produced other than on ribosomes free in the cytosol or ribosomes attached to the ER?A)in the extracellular matrixB)in the Golgi apparatusC)in the nucleolusD)in mitochondria____9)One of the buffers that contribute to pH stability in human blood is carbonic acid (H2CO3). Carbonic acid is a weak acid that, when placed in an aqueous solution, dissociates into a bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) and a hydrogen ion (H+), as noted below.If the pH of blood drops, one would expect ____.A)the HCO3- to act as an acid and remove excess H+ by the formation of H2CO3B)the concentration of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) to increaseC)a decrease in the concentration of H2CO3 and an increase in the concentration of HCO3-D)the HCO3- to act as a base and remove excess H+ by the formation of H2CO3____10)Spherocytosis is a human blood disorder associated with a defective cytoskeletal protein in the red blood cells (RBCs). What do you suspect is the consequence of such a defect?A)adherence of RBCs to blood vessel walls, causing plaque formationB)abnormally shaped RBCsC)an insufficient supply of oxygen-transporting proteins in the RBCsD)an insufficient supply of ATP in the RBCs____11)Researchers tried to explain how vesicular transport occurs in cells by attempting to assemble the transport components. They set up microtubular tracks along which vesicles could be transported, and they added vesicles and ATP (because they knew the transport process requires energy). Yet, when they put everything together, there was no movement or transport of vesicles. What were they missing?A)an axonB)contractile microfilamentsC)endoplasmic reticulumD)motor proteins____12)What is the term used for a protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins?A)renaturing proteinB)tertiary proteinC)chaperoninD)denaturing protein____13)Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments supported the hypothesis that ____.A)life on Earth arose from simple inorganic moleculesB)the conditions on early Earth were conducive to the origin of lifeC)life on Earth arose from simple organic molecules, with energy from lightning and volcanoesD)organic molecules can be synthesized abiotically under conditions that may have existed on early Earth____14)What is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell?A)Golgi ? ER ? lysosomeB)ER ? lysosomes ? vesicles that fuse with plasma membraneC)ER ? Golgi ? vesicles that fuse with plasma membraneD)ER ? Golgi ? nucleus____15)Which one of the following is NOT a component of each monomer used to make proteins?A)a side chain, RB)a carboxyl group, COOHC)an amino functional group, NH2D)a phosphorus atom, P____16)Which of the following takes place as an ice cube cools a drink?A)Kinetic energy in the liquid water decreases.B)A calorie of heat energy is transferred from the ice to the water of the drink.C)The specific heat of the water in the drink decreases.D)Molecular collisions in the drink increase.____17)The R-group, or side chain, of the amino acid serine is -CH2-OH. The R-group, or side chain, of the amino acid leucine is -CH2-CH-(CH3)2. Where would you expect to find these amino acids in a globular protein in aqueous solution?A)Serine would be in the interior, and leucine would be on the exterior of the globular protein.B)Serine and leucine would both be on the exterior of the globular protein.C)Serine and leucine would both be in the interior of the globular protein.D)Leucine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the globular protein.____18)Suppose a cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from ____.A)a bacteriumB)an animal but not a plantC)nearly any eukaryotic organismD)a plant but not an animal____19)Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because ____.A)starch monomers are joined by covalent bonds and cellulose monomers are joined by ionic bondsB)the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is galactoseC)the monomer of starch is fructose, while the monomer of cellulose is glucoseD)humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the ?-glycosidic linkages of starch but not the ?-glycosidic linkages of cellulose____20)Which of the following molecules is polar? C3H7OH C2H5COOHA)C2H5COOH is polar, but C3H7OH is not polar.B)C3H7OH is not polar, but C3H7OH is polar.C)C3H7OH and C2H5COOH are both polar molecules.D)Neither C2H5COOH or C3H7OH is polar.AP Test Style1)The water molecules in the diagram are attracted to the cell walls of water-conducting cells by adhesion due to hydrogen bonds. What conclusion is supported by this information?A)Cell walls of plants are composed of non-polar molecules.B)Cell walls of plants contain molecular grooves that physically hold the water molecule.C)Cell walls of plants contain oxygen and/or nitrogen and are therefore polar.D)Cell walls of plants are formed from the products of photosynthesis. Essay1)No cell can function without the basic requirements. Certain organelles are required for basic life functions. It is known that cell organelles are associated closely to many carbon macromolecules.A) List the 4 molecules/organelles that ALL living organisms must have include as part of their cells to survive.B) Choose two of those molecules/organelles and explain how they are tied directly to at least one of the four carbon compounds.AP Bio - Chap 7 and 11 quizMultiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.____1)Why is apoptosis potentially threatening to the healthy "neighbors" of a dying cell?A)Cell death would usually spread from one cell to the next via paracrine signals.B)Lysosomal enzymes exiting the dying cell would damage surrounding cells.C)Bits of membrane from the dying cell could merge with neighboring cells and bring in foreign receptors.D)Neighboring cells would activate immunological responses.____2)Lipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as testosterone, cross the membranes of all cells but affect only target cells because ____.A)only target cells retain the appropriate DNA segmentsB)intracellular receptors are present only in target cellsC)only target cells possess the cytosolic enzymes that transduce the testosteroneD)only in target cells is testosterone able to initiate the phosphorylation cascade leading to activated transcription factor____3)Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability?A)An input of energy is required for transport.B)Lipid-soluble molecules pass through a membrane.C)There must be a concentration gradient for molecules to pass through a membrane.D)Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane.____4)Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because they ____.A)are species specificB)always lead to the same cellular responseC)amplify the original signal many timesD)counter the harmful effects of phosphatases____5)At puberty, an adolescent female body changes in both structure and function of several organ systems, primarily under the influence of changing concentrations of estrogens and other steroid hormones. How can one hormone, such as estrogen, mediate so many effects?A)Estrogen is produced in very large concentration by nearly every tissue of the body.B)Each cell responds in the same way when steroids bind to the cell surface.C)Estrogen is kept away from the surface of any cells not able to bind it at the surface.D)Estrogen binds to specific receptors inside many kinds of cells, each with different responses.____6)In receptor-mediated endocytosis, receptor molecules initially project to the outside of the cell. Where do they end up after endocytosis?A)on the outside of vesiclesB)on the inside surface of the cell membraneC)on the inside surface of the vesicleD)on the outer surface of the nucleus____7)Protein kinase is an enzyme that ____.A)functions as a second messenger moleculeB)serves as a receptor for various signal moleculesC)activates or inactivates other proteins by adding a phosphate group to themD)produces second messenger molecules____8)Consider this pathway: epinephrine ? G protein-coupled receptor ? G protein ? adenylyl cyclase ? cAMP. The second messenger in this pathway is ____.A)cAMPB)G proteinC)adenylyl cyclaseD)G protein-coupled receptor____9)What will happen to a red blood cell (RBC), which has an internal ion concentration of about 0.9 percent, if it is placed into a beaker of pure water?A)The cell would shrink because the water in the beaker is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC.B)The cell would shrink because the water in the beaker is hypertonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC.C)The cell would swell because the water in the beaker is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC.D)The cell will remain the same size because the solution outside the cell is isotonic.____10)When a neuron responds to a particular neurotransmitter by opening gated ion channels, the neurotransmitter is serving as which part of the signal pathway?A)relay moleculeB)transducerC)signal moleculeD)response molecule____11)One of the major categories of receptors in the plasma membrane reacts by forming dimers, adding phosphate groups, and then activating relay proteins. Which type does this?A)G protein-coupled receptorsB)ligand-gated ion channelsC)steroid receptorsD)receptor tyrosine kinases____12)Which of the following is a type of local signaling in which a cell secretes a signal molecule that affects neighboring cells?A)hormonal signalingB)autocrine signalingC)paracrine signalingD)synaptic signaling____13)The difference between pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis is that ____.A)pinocytosis brings only water molecules into the cell, but receptor-mediated endocytosis brings in other molecules as well.B)pinocytosis increases the surface area of the plasma membrane, whereas receptor-mediated endocytosis decreases the plasma membrane surface area.C)pinocytosis is nonselective in the molecules it brings into the cell, whereas receptor-mediated endocytosis offers more selectivity.D)pinocytosis can concentrate substances from the extracellular fluid, but receptor-mediated endocytosis cannot.____14)A bacterium engulfed by a white blood cell through phagocytosis will be digested by enzymes contained in ____.A)lysosomesB)Golgi vesiclesC)vacuolesD)secretory vesicles____15)Which of the following processes includes all others?A)osmosisB)facilitated diffusionC)passive transportD)transport of an ion down its electrochemical gradient____16)When a plant cell, such as one from a rose stem, is submerged in a very hypotonic solution, what is likely to occur?A)The cell will burst.B)Plasmolysis will shrink the interior.C)The cell will become flaccid.D)The cell will become turgid.____17)Which of the following would be inhibited by a drug that specifically blocks the addition of phosphate groups to proteins?A)G protein-coupled receptor bindingB)ligand-gated ion channel signalingC)adenylyl cyclase activityD)receptor tyrosine kinase activity____18)Which of the following membrane activities requires energy from ATP?A)facilitated diffusion of chloride ions across the membrane through a chloride channelB)movement of Na+ ions from a lower concentration in a mammalian cell to a higher concentration in the extracellular fluidC)movement of glucose molecules into a bacterial cell from a medium containing a higher concentration of glucose than inside the cellD)movement of carbon dioxide out of a parameciumFive dialysis bags constructed of membrane, which is permeable to water and impermeable to sucrose, were filled with various concentrations of sucrose and then placed in separate beakers containing an initial concentration of 0.6 M sucrose solution. At 10-minute intervals, the bags were massed (weighed) and the percent change in mass of each bag was graphed.____19)Which line in the graph represents the bag that contained a solution isotonic to the 0.6 M solution at the beginning of the experiment?A)AB)BC)CD)D____20)In general, a signal transmitted via phosphorylation of a series of proteins ____.A)results in a conformational change to each proteinB)requires binding of a hormone to an intracellular receptorC)activates a transcription eventD)generates ATP in the process of signal transductionAP Biology - Chap 8-10 Energy, Photosynthesis and RespirationMultiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.____1)Rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction as a function of varying reactant concentration, with the concentration of enzyme constant.In the figure, why does the reaction rate plateau at higher reactant concentrations?A)The rate of the reverse reaction increases with reactant concentration.B)Most enzyme molecules are occupied by substrate at high reactant concentrations.C)Feedback inhibition by product occurs at high reactant concentrations.D)The reaction nears equilibrium at high reactant concentrations.____2)You have a friend who lost 7 kg (about 15 pounds) of fat on a regimen of strict diet and exercise. How did the fat leave his body?A)It was converted to heat and then released.B)It was released as CO2 and H2O.C)It was converted to ATP, which weighs much less than fat.D)It was converted to urine and eliminated from the body.____3)Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?A)Respiration runs the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis in reverse.B)Photosynthesis occurs only in plants; respiration occurs only in animals.C)Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules; respiration releases energy from complex organic moleculesD)Photosynthesis is catabolic; respiration is anabolic.____4)Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?A)catabolism (catabolic pathways)B)anabolism (anabolic pathways)C)dehydrationD)metabolismUse the following information to answer the questions below.Succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of succinate to fumarate. The reaction is inhibited by malonic acid, which resembles succinate but cannot be acted upon by succinate dehydrogenase. Increasing the ratio of succinate to malonic acid reduces the inhibitory effect of malonic acid.____5)HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. In the mid-1990s, researchers discovered an enzyme in HIV called protease. Once the enzyme's structure was known, researchers began looking for drugs that would fit into the active site and block it. If this strategy for stopping HIV infections were successful, it would be an example of what phenomenon?A)competitive inhibitionB)denaturationC)vaccinationD)allosteric regulation____6)During a laboratory experiment, you discover that an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has a ?G of -20 kcal/mol. If you double the amount of enzyme in the reaction, what will be the ?G for the new reaction?A)-20 kcal/molB)+20 kcal/molC)-40 kcal/molD)0 kcal/mol____7)Carbohydrates and fats are considered high-energy foods because they ____.A)have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen.B)have no nitrogen in their makeup.C)have a lot of oxygen atoms.D)are easily reduced.____8)Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs ____.A)in both glycolysis and the citric acid cycleB)in the citric acid cycleC)in glycolysisD)during oxidative phosphorylation____9)The process of photosynthesis probably originated ____.A)in fungiB)three separate times during evolutionC)in prokaryotesD)in plants____10)The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to ____.A)act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming waterB)combine with carbon, forming CO2C)yield energy in the form of ATP as it is passed down the respiratory chainD)combine with lactate, forming pyruvate____11)Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?A)It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions.B)Its terminal phosphate group contains a strong covalent bond that, when hydrolyzed, releases free energy.C)Its terminal phosphate bond has higher energy than the other two phosphate bonds.D)Its hydrolysis provides an input of free energy for exergonic reactions.____12)Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?A)an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolizedB)an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates itC)an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cellD)an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+____13)A young dog has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help and she decides to conduct several diagnostic tests. She discovers that the dog's mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, which is the best explanation of the dog's condition?A)His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane.B)His cells lack the enzyme in glycolysis that forms pyruvate.C)His cells have a defective electron transport chain, so glucose goes to lactate instead of to acetyl CoA.D)His cells cannot move NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria.____14)Which of the following involves a decrease in entropy?A)depolymerization reactionsB)condensation reactionsC)hydrolysis reactionsD)reactions that separate monomers____15)Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?A)Living organisms do not obey the second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy must increase with time.B)Living organisms are able to transform energy into entropy.C)As a consequence of growing, organisms cause a greater increase in entropy in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth.D)Life obeys the second law of thermodynamics because the decrease in entropy as the organism grows is exactly balanced by an increase in the entropy of the universe.____16)Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem II, yet are able to survive. The best way to detect the lack of photosystem II in these organisms would be to ____.A)do experiments to generate an action spectrumB)test for liberation of O2 in the lightC)determine if they have thylakoids in the chloroplastsD)test for CO2 fixation in the dark____17)The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?A)accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chainB)glycolysisC)the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoAD)the citric acid cycleUse the following figure to answer the questions below.____18)What wavelength of light in the figure is most effective in driving photosynthesis?A)730 mmB)420 mmC)625 mmD)575 mm____19)As electrons are passed through the system of electron carriers associated with photosystem II, they lose energy. What happens to this energy?A)It is lost as heat.B)It is used to establish and maintain a proton gradient.C)It is used to phosphorylate NAD+ to NADPH, the molecule that accepts electrons from photosystem I.D)It excites electrons of the reaction center of photosystem I.____20)When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a direct by-product of ____.A)the electron transfer system of photosystem IIB)chemiosmosisC)splitting water moleculesD)the electron transfer system of photosystem I____21)Most of the CO2 from the catabolism of glucose is released during ____.A)glycolysisB)electron transportC)the citric acid cycleD)chemiosmosis____22)A chemical reaction that has a positive ?G is best described as ____.A)endergonicB)spontaneousC)exergonicD)enthalpic____23)In its mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to ____.A)the Calvin cycleB)substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysisC)reduction of NADP+D)oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration____24)Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?A)oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoAB)fermentation and chemiosmosisC)citric acid cycleD)glycolysis and fermentation____25)Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. This damage will most directly affect the ____.A)synthesis of ATPB)flow of electrons from photosystem II to photosystem IC)splitting of waterD)reduction of NADP+The following questions are based on the reaction A + B ? C + D shown in the accompanying figure.____26)Which of the following in the figure would be the same in either an enzyme-catalyzed or a noncatalyzed reaction?A)AB)BC)CD)D____27)In photosynthetic cells, synthesis of ATP by the chemiosmotic mechanism occurs during ____.A)neither photosynthesis nor respirationB)photosynthesis onlyC)photosynthesis and respirationD)respiration only____28)Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ into which location in eukaryotic cells?A)mitochondrial inner membraneB)mitochondrial intermembrane spaceC)mitochondrial matrixD)mitochondrial outer membrane____29)During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence?A)glucose ? ATP ? electron transport chain ? NADHB)glucose ? pyruvate ? ATP ? oxygenC)food ? glycolysis ? citric acid cycle ? NADH ? ATPD)glucose ? NADH ? electron transport chain ? oxygen____30)The chemiosmotic hypothesis is an important concept in our understanding of cellular metabolism in general because it explains ____.A)how electron transport can fuel substrate-level phosphorylationB)the reduction of oxygen to water in the final steps of oxidative metabolismC)the sequence of the electron transport chain moleculesD)how ATP is synthesized by a proton motive force____31)Plants photosynthesize ____.A)only in the light but respire in light and darkB)only in the dark but respire only in the lightC)only in the light but respire only in the darkD)and respire only in the lightAP Test Style1)ATP synthase is a key enzyme of mitochondrial energy conversion. Mitochondrial ATP synthase deficiency is due to a mutation in a gene important for the formation of a subunit in the ATP synthase complex.Scientists could use cells with this gene mutation to investigate which of the following questions?A)What effect does the mutation have on the movement of electrons between the electron carriers of the electron transport chain?B)What effect does the mutation have on the number of protons pumped into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria?C)What effect does the mutation have on the amount of ATP synthesized during cellular respiration?D)What effect does the mutation have on the number of water molecules formed at the end of the electron transport chain?2)In a biological reaction, succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of succinate to fumarate. The reaction is inhibited by malonic acid, a substance that resembles succinate but cannot be acted upon by succinate dehydrogenase. Increasing the amount of succinate molecules to those of malonic acid reduces the inhibitory effect if malonic acid. Select the correct identification of the molecules described in the reaction.A)Succinate dehydrogenase is the enzyme, and fumarate is the substrate in the reaction.B)Succinate dehydrogenase is the enzyme, and malonic acid is the substrate in the reaction.C)Succinate is the substrate, and fumarate is the product in the reaction.D)Fumarate is the product, and malonic acid is a noncompetitive inhibitor in the reaction.Chap 12 and 16Multiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.Use the data in the accompanying table to answer the following questions.The data were obtained from a study of the length of time spent in each phase of the cell cycle by cells of three eukaryotic organisms designated beta, delta, and gamma.Minutes Spent in Cell Cycle Phases____1)The best conclusion concerning delta is that the cells ____.A)are in the G0 phase.B)contain no DNA.C)contain no RNA.D)divide in the G1 phase.____2)The M-phase checkpoint ensures that all chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle. If this does not happen, cells would most likely be arrested in ____.A)telophaseB)prophaseC)prometaphaseD)metaphase____3)Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) is ____.A)the enzyme that catalyzes the attachment of chromosomes to microtubulesB)present only during the S phase of the cell cycleC)an enzyme that attaches phosphate groups to other proteinsD)inactive, or "turned off," in the presence of cyclin____4)Once a cell completes mitosis, molecular division triggers must be turned off. What happens to MPF during mitosis?A)It is exported from the cell.B)It is completely degraded.C)The cyclin component of MPF is degraded.D)The Cdk component of MPF is degraded and exported from the cell.____5)Neurons and some other specialized cells divide infrequently because they ____.A)can no longer bind Cdk to cyclinB)have entered into G0C)show a drop in MPF concentrationD)no longer have active nuclei____6)DNA contains the template needed to copy itself, but it has no catalytic activity in cells. What catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides in the DNA polymer being formed?A)ribozymesB)DNA polymeraseC)deoxyribonucleotide triphosphatesD)ATP____7)Which of the following help(s) to hold the DNA strands apart while they are being replicated?A)ligaseB)DNA polymeraseC)single-strand DNA binding proteinsD)primase____8)Telomere shortening puts a limit on the number of times a cell can divide. Research has shown that telomerase can extend the life span of cultured human cells. How might adding telomerase affect cellular aging?A)Telomerase would have no effect on cellular aging.B)Telomerase eliminates telomere shortening and retards aging.C)Telomerase shortens telomeres, which delays cellular aging.D)Telomerase will speed up the rate of cell proliferation.____9)In a healthy cell, the rate of DNA repair is equal to the rate of DNA mutation. When the rate of repair lags behind the rate of mutation, what is a possible fate of the cell?A)The cell will become embryonic.B)DNA synthesis will continue by a new mechanism.C)The cell can be transformed to a cancerous cell.D)RNA may be used instead of DNA as inheritance material.____10)Which of the following is a protein maintained at steady levels throughout the cell cycle that requires cyclin to become catalytically active?A)cyclinB)MPFC)CdkD)PDGF____11)Which of the following does NOT occur during mitosis?A)replication of the DNAB)condensation of the chromosomesC)spindle formationD)separation of the spindle polesUse the following information to answer the questions below.The unlettered circle at the top of the figure shows a diploid nucleus with four chromosomes that have not yet replicated. There are two pairs of homologous chromosomes, one long and the other short. One haploid set is black, and the other is gray. The circles labeled A to E show various combinations of these chromosomes.____12)What is the correct chromosomal condition for one daughter nucleus at telophase of mitosis?A)EB)CC)DD)B____13)If a cell were unable to produce histone proteins, which of the following would be a likely effect?A)The cell's DNA couldn't be packed into its nucleus.B)Spindle fibers would not form during prophase.C)There would be an increase in the amount of "satellite" DNA produced during centrifugation.D)Amplification of other genes would compensate for the lack of histones.____14)Refer to the figure above. What bases will be added to the primer as DNA replication proceeds? The bases should appear in the new strand in the order that they will be added starting at the 3' end of the primer.A)C, A, G, C, A, G, AB)G, T, C, G, T, C, TC)T, C, T, G, C, T, GD)A, G, A, C, G, A, C____15)What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA?A)The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other strand.B)One strand contains only purines and the other contains only pyrimidines.C)Base pairings create unequal spacing between the two DNA strands.D)The twisting nature of DNA creates nonparallel strands.____16)DNA is synthesized through a process known as ____.A)conservative replicationB)transcriptionC)translationD)semiconservative replication____17)Movement of the chromosomes during anaphase would be most affected by a drug that prevents ____.A)shortening of microtubulesB)formation of a cleavage furrowC)elongation of microtubulesD)nuclear envelope breakdown____18)A new DNA strand elongates only in the 5' to 3' direction because ____.A)DNA polymerase can add nucleotides only to the free 3' endB)the polarity of the DNA molecule prevents addition of nucleotides at the 3' endC)DNA polymerase begins adding nucleotides at the 5' end of the templateD)replication must progress toward the replication forkThe following questions are based on the accompanying figure.____19)In the figure above, G1 is represented by which numbered part(s) of the cycle?A)II or IVB)III onlyC)I or VD)V only____20)You briefly expose bacteria undergoing DNA replication to radioactively labeled nucleotides. When you centrifuge the DNA isolated from the bacteria, the DNA separates into two classes. One class of labeled DNA includes very large molecules (thousands or even millions of nucleotides long), and the other includes short stretches of DNA (several hundred to a few thousand nucleotides in length). These two classes of DNA probably represent ____.A)leading strands and Okazaki fragmentsB)Okazaki fragments and RNA primersC)leading strands and RNA primersD)lagging strands and Okazaki fragments ................
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