AP BIOLOGY



Name _______________________________________________________ AP Biology Mrs. JavonChapter 3 Active Reading GuideCarbon and the Molecular Diversity of LifeSection 1 Draw an electron distribution diagram of carbon.How many valence electrons does carbon have? _____How many bonds can carbon form? _____What type of bonds does carbon form with other elements? _____ Carbon chains form skeletons. List the ways the carbon skeletons might vary.What is a hydrocarbon? Name two. Are hydrocarbons hydrophobic or hydrophilic?Define functional group.There are seven chemical groups important in biological processes that you should know. Using Figure 3.6 in your text and the internet, complete the following chart.HydroxylCarbonyl CarboxylAmino SulfhydrylPhosphateMethylStructureCompound NameFunctional PropertiesYou will need to master the chart and the information in it. Using the chart above, see if you can answer the following:–NH2 _____________________________________Can form crosslinks that stabilize protein structure_____________________________________Key component of ATP_____________________________________Can affect gene expression_____________________________________CH3_____________________________________Is always polar_____________________________________Determines the two groups of sugars_____________________________________Has acidic properties_____________________________________–COOH _____________________________________Acts as a base_____________________________________Section 2The large molecules of all living things fall into four classes. Name them.Circle the three classes that are macromolecules in #7. Define macromolecule. What is a polymer? What is a monomer?Monomers are connected in what type of reaction? What occurs in this reaction?Polymers are converted to monomers in what type of reaction?The root words of hydrolysis will be used many times to form other words you will use this year. What does each root word mean?Hydro-Lysis-Consider the reaction: C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 → C12H22O11The equation is not balanced. It is missing a molecule of water. Write the molecule of water on the correct side of the equation.Polymers are assembled and broken down in two types of reactions: dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. Which kind of reaction is this? _____________________________________Is C6H12O6 a monomer or a polymer? _____________________________________To summarize, when two monomers are joined, a molecule of _______________________ is always removed.Section 3 Let’s look at carbohydrates, which include sugars and starches. What is the monomer of carbohydrates?Most monosaccharides are some multiple of CH2O. For example, ribose is a 5-carbon sugar with the formula C5H10O5. It is a pentose sugar (from the root penta, meaning five). What is the formula of a hexose sugar?Notice that all sugars have the same two functional groups. Name them.C=O-OHWhat is the difference between an aldehyde sugar and a ketone sugar?What is the term for compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas?Refer to Figure 3.9 (b) in your text showing the abbreviated ring structure of glucose. Where are all the carbons? Pay attention to the numbering system! This will be important as we progress this year!Review the reaction in question 14. It shows two monosaccharides forming a disaccharide. Three disaccharides have the formula C12H22O11. Name them and complete the chart below. DisaccharideFormed From Which Two Monosaccharides?Found Where?SucroseGlucose + GlucoseGlucose + GalactoseHave you noticed all the sugars end in –ose? This root word means sugar.What is a glycosidic linkage? Refer to Figure 3.12 (b) which shows 1-4 glycosidic linkages. Translate and explain this terminology in terms of carbon numbering.There are two categories of polysaccharides. Name them and provide examples of each.Type of polysaccharideExamplesWhy can you not digest cellulose? What organisms can?Let’s review some key points about the carbohydrates. Each prompt below describes a unique carbohydrate. Name the correct carbohydrate for each. Has 1-4 β linkages_____________________________________Storage polysaccharide produced by vertebrates;_____________________________________Stored in your liverTwo monomers of this form maltose_____________________________________Glucose + ___ form sucrose_____________________________________Monosaccharide called “fruit sugar”_____________________________________“Milk sugar”_____________________________________Structural polysaccharide that gives insects their _____________________________________crunchMalt sugar; used to brew beer_____________________________________Structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls_____________________________________Section 4Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids and steroids. What characteristic do all lipids share?What are the building blocks of fats?If a fat is composed of three fatty acids and glycerol, how many water molecules were removed to form it? Again, what is this process called?What are ester linkages?Name two saturated fats.Draw a fatty acid chain that is 8 carbons long and is unsaturated. Circle the element in your chain that makes it unsaturated and explain what this means.Name two unsaturated fats.Why are many unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?What is a trans fat? Why should you limit your consumption of these in your diet?List four important functions of fats.Why are the “tails” hydrophobic?Which of the fatty acid chains in Figure 3.14 (b) is unsaturated? How do you know?A phospholipid has a glycerol attached to a phosphate group and two fatty acid chains. The head is hydrophilic and the tail is hydrophobic. Sketch the phospholipid bilayer structure of the plasma membrane. Label the hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails and location of water.Study your sketch. Why are the tails all located in the interior?Refer to Figure 3.16. Some people refer to this structure as three hexagons and a doghouse. What is it?What are other examples of steroids?Section 5Figure 3.17 is an important one! It shows many different functions of proteins. Summarize each type here:Type of ProteinFunctionExampleThe monomers of proteins are amino acids. Sketch an amino acid here. Label the alpha or central carbon, amino group, carboxyl group and R group.What is represented by R? How many are there?Study Figure 3.18. See if you can understand why some R groups are nonpolar, some polar and other electrically charged (acidic or basic). If you were given an R group, could you place it in the correct group? Practice until you can see common elements in each category!Define these terms:TermDefinitionpeptide bonddipeptidePolypeptideThere are four levels of protein structure. Refer to Figure 3.22 and summarize each level in the following table.Level of proteinstructure ExplanationExample PrimarySecondary α helix β pleated sheetTertiaryQuaternary Structure determines function. Explain how this applies to sickle cell disease. Why is the structure changed?Besides mutation, which changes the primary structure of the protein, protein structure can be changed by denaturation. Define denaturation and give at least three ways a protein may become denatured.Section 6 DNA and RNA will be studied more extensively in Chapters 13 & 14. For now, you should just review the general structure and function.The flow of genetic information is from DNA → RNA → protein. Use Figure 3.26 to explain this process. The components of a nucleic acid are a sugar, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group . Sketch a nucleotide.Notice there are five nitrogenous bases. Which four are found in DNA?Which four nitrogenous bases are found in RNA?How do ribose and deoxyribose sugars differ?Figure 3.28 shows the model proposed by Watson and Crick for the structure of DNA. What is this shape called?Why are the strands said to be antiparallel?What two molecules make the “uprights”?What makes up the “rungs”?In a DNA double helix, a region along one DNA strand has this sequence of nitrogenous bases:5’- T A C G C A G T – 3’ Write the complementary strand. Indicate the 5’ and 3’ ends of the new strand. ................
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