AP Psychology
AP Psychology
Unit 11: Intelligence (Part 1 Introduction)
Key Terms and Names
Intelligence
Intelligence Test
Factor analysis
Charles Spearman
“g” general intelligence
Howard Gardiner
Multiple intelligences
Savant Syndrome
Robert Sternberg
Three aspects of intelligence
Emotional Intelligence
What is Intelligence?
Intelligence
mental abilities needed to select, adapt to, and shape environments
abilities involved
profit from experience
solve problems
reason effectively
meet challenges and achieve goals
Origins of Intelligence
Mental Age
a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet
chronological age typical of a given level of performance
child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8
Stanford-Binet
the widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test
revised by Terman at Stanford University
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
defined originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100
IQ = ma/ca x 100)
on contemporary tests it is the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
Are There Multiple Intelligences?
What is Intelligence?
Statistical Approaches
Factor Analysis
statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test
used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total score
General Intelligence (g)
factor that Spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilities
measured by every task on an intelligence test
Savant Syndrome
condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
computation
drawing
Intelligence and Creativity
Creativity
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
expertise
imaginative thinking skills
venturesome personality
intrinsic motivation
creative environment
Imaginative Thinking
ability to perceive, understand, and manage emotions
Emotional Intelligence
ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions
critical part of social intelligence
Brain Function and Intelligence
Brain Size
Brain Function
Glucose Consumption
Perceptual Speed
People who can perceive the stimulus very quickly tend to score somewhat higher on intelligence tests
Neurological Speed
AP Psychology
Unit 11: Intelligence (Part 2)
Assessment
Heredity vs. Environment
Key Terms & Names:
Alfred Binet
Lewis Terman
Mental age
Stanford-Binet
IQ
Wechsler Scales (WAIS and WISC)
Aptitude test
Achievement test
Standardization
Normal curve
Reliability
Validity
Content
Criterion
Predictive
Mental retardation
Down syndrome
Heritability
Intelligence
A hypothetical construct underlying behavior
Must be inferred from behavior
Components of Intelligence
ability to understand complex ideas
adapt to environment
learn from experience
engage in effective reasoning
Views of Intelligence
Lumpers
Galton
Spearman argued for a single "g" factor
Splitters
Gall
Guilford proposed 180 factors
Gardner
Intelligence Types (Gardner)
Linguistic
Logical-mathematical
Musical
Spatial
Bodily-kinesthetic
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalist
Triarchic Theory (Sternberg)
Comparing Norm- & Criterion- Referenced Tests
Norm-referenced
General ability
Range of ability
Large groups
Compares people to people
Selecting top candidates
Criterion-referenced
Mastery
Basic skills
Prerequisites
Affective
Psychomotor
Grouping for instruction
Criterion- or Norm-Referenced?
Driver’s test
Standardized achievement test
Ed Psych test
Bar exam
Nursing boards
IQ test
Assessing Intelligence
Aptitude Test
a test designed to predict a person’s future performance
aptitude is the capacity to learn
Achievement Test
a test designed to assess what a person has learned
Assessing Intelligence
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
most widely used intelligence test
subtests
verbal
performance (nonverbal)
Assessing Intelligence
Standardization
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”
Normal Curve
the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
The Normal Curve
Getting Smarter?
Assessing Intelligence
Reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results
assessed by consistency of scores on:
two halves of the test
alternate forms of the test
retesting
Validity
the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Assessing Intelligence
Content Validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
driving test that samples driving tasks
Criterion
behavior (such as college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict
the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity
Assessing Intelligence
Predictive Validity
success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict
assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior
also called criterion-related validity
Assessing Intelligence
As the range of data under consideration narrows, its predictive power diminishes
The Dynamics of Intelligence
Mental Retardation
a condition of limited mental ability
indicated by an intelligence score below 70
produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life
varies from mild to profound
Down Syndrome
retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup
The Dynamics of Intelligence
Genetic Influences
The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores
Genetic Influences
Heritability
the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
variability depends on range of populations and environments studied
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