AP Psychology



AP Psychology

Unit 11: Intelligence (Part 1 Introduction)

Key Terms and Names

Intelligence

Intelligence Test

Factor analysis

Charles Spearman

“g” general intelligence

Howard Gardiner

Multiple intelligences

Savant Syndrome

Robert Sternberg

Three aspects of intelligence

Emotional Intelligence

What is Intelligence?

Intelligence

mental abilities needed to select, adapt to, and shape environments

abilities involved

profit from experience

solve problems

reason effectively

meet challenges and achieve goals

Origins of Intelligence

Mental Age

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet

chronological age typical of a given level of performance

child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8

Stanford-Binet

the widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test

revised by Terman at Stanford University

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

defined originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100

IQ = ma/ca x 100)

on contemporary tests it is the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

Are There Multiple Intelligences?

What is Intelligence?

Statistical Approaches

Factor Analysis

statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test

used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total score

General Intelligence (g)

factor that Spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilities

measured by every task on an intelligence test

Savant Syndrome

condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill

computation

drawing

Intelligence and Creativity

Creativity

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

expertise

imaginative thinking skills

venturesome personality

intrinsic motivation

creative environment

Imaginative Thinking

ability to perceive, understand, and manage emotions

Emotional Intelligence

ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions

critical part of social intelligence

Brain Function and Intelligence

Brain Size

Brain Function

Glucose Consumption

Perceptual Speed

People who can perceive the stimulus very quickly tend to score somewhat higher on intelligence tests

Neurological Speed

AP Psychology

Unit 11: Intelligence (Part 2)

Assessment

Heredity vs. Environment

Key Terms & Names:

Alfred Binet

Lewis Terman

Mental age

Stanford-Binet

IQ

Wechsler Scales (WAIS and WISC)

Aptitude test

Achievement test

Standardization

Normal curve

Reliability

Validity

Content

Criterion

Predictive

Mental retardation

Down syndrome

Heritability

Intelligence

A hypothetical construct underlying behavior

Must be inferred from behavior

Components of Intelligence

ability to understand complex ideas

adapt to environment

learn from experience

engage in effective reasoning

Views of Intelligence

Lumpers

Galton

Spearman argued for a single "g" factor

Splitters

Gall

Guilford proposed 180 factors

Gardner

Intelligence Types (Gardner)

Linguistic

Logical-mathematical

Musical

Spatial

Bodily-kinesthetic

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal

Naturalist

Triarchic Theory (Sternberg)

Comparing Norm- & Criterion- Referenced Tests

Norm-referenced

General ability

Range of ability

Large groups

Compares people to people

Selecting top candidates

Criterion-referenced

Mastery

Basic skills

Prerequisites

Affective

Psychomotor

Grouping for instruction

Criterion- or Norm-Referenced?

Driver’s test

Standardized achievement test

Ed Psych test

Bar exam

Nursing boards

IQ test

Assessing Intelligence

Aptitude Test

a test designed to predict a person’s future performance

aptitude is the capacity to learn

Achievement Test

a test designed to assess what a person has learned

Assessing Intelligence

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

most widely used intelligence test

subtests

verbal

performance (nonverbal)

Assessing Intelligence

Standardization

defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”

Normal Curve

the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes

most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

The Normal Curve

Getting Smarter?

Assessing Intelligence

Reliability

the extent to which a test yields consistent results

assessed by consistency of scores on:

two halves of the test

alternate forms of the test

retesting

Validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Assessing Intelligence

Content Validity

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

driving test that samples driving tasks

Criterion

behavior (such as college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict

the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity

Assessing Intelligence

Predictive Validity

success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict

assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior

also called criterion-related validity

Assessing Intelligence

As the range of data under consideration narrows, its predictive power diminishes

The Dynamics of Intelligence

Mental Retardation

a condition of limited mental ability

indicated by an intelligence score below 70

produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life

varies from mild to profound

Down Syndrome

retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup

The Dynamics of Intelligence

Genetic Influences

The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores

Genetic Influences

Heritability

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes

variability depends on range of populations and environments studied

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download