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PBC #8: Processes & ReportingThis assignment has THREE parts: Research, report and Presentation. Research a process within, within your prospective field of employment. For example, a student within the welding program would research welding, brazing, soldering or cutting process. An automotive student might write about a repair, set up or cleanup process. A culinary arts student might research and write about kitchen procedures related to food preparation processes, proper cleaning procedures, or customer service practices. Write a 1- 2 page report, which includes citing your sources in APA format. Information for APA citations will be attached to this assignment. You must use reliable sources recognized within your industry. Example: --Welding would use AWS (American Welding Society) to conduct their research. --Automotive would use ASE (Automotive Service Excellence), NATEF (National Automotive Technicians Education Foundation), Automotive YES (Youth Educational Systems), the Secretary of State, etc., to conduct research. --Culinary Arts might use Serve Safe: The National Restaurant Association or OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) to conduct research. Create a presentation, using Power Point. You will be graded on the Power Point and the presentation. The grading criteria for both will be attached to this assignment.ReportGuidelinesThis is an individual project. Each student will choose an industry process and research and write a report on that industry process. You will also present your findings in a PowerPoint presentation. The requirements for the paper:Double spaced, using 12 point, Times New Roman font, one inch margins. There should be one blank line between paragraphsEach paragraph should be indented 5-7 spaces. APA or MLA will be specified per your instructor and/or experience. We want you to know how to do both and when to use one or the other. Lastly, you must do a reference page and attach it to the end of your report. Information on how to cite your references is attached. Writing Guidelines for Research PaperResearch Paper OutlineParagraph 1:INTRODUCTION Interesting statementAn attention-grabbing statement that will make your reader wants to keep reading. PreviewThis is where you introduce the topics in your paper: Purpose, steps of completion and results of process. Thesis StatementState your thesis (the process).Paragraphs 2: BODY PARAGRAPHS Purpose of ProcessTransition SentencesParagraphs 3: BODY PARAGRAPHS Steps of Completion for ProcessTransition sentencesParagraphs 4:BODY PARAGRAPHS Results/Outcomes of ProcessTransition sentencesParagraph #5: CONCLUSION (2 Components)Summary: Summary of what your paper was about. This should be one or two sentences. Closing Statement: This is a one-sentence statement that wraps up the entire paper, usually something compelling or inspirational.A few Reminders:A paragraph is 3 to 5 sentences.Do not plagiarize; paraphrase! Paraphrasing is putting things in your own words!!!!Don’t forget to do a title page and reference page. See attached documents for directions.See the attached document titled “Transitions between Paragraphs” for examples of how to do your transitions from paragraph to paragraph.PresentationPowerPoint SlidesYou must have a minimum of 6 slides.Introduction SlidePurpose of ProcessHow to Complete the ProcessResults/Outcomes of Process Conclusion Slide Citation SlideResearch Presentation RubricName_______________________________________________________________Research is becoming more important in higher education as evidence is accumulating that clear, inquiry-based learning, scholarship, and creative accomplishments can and do foster effective, high levels of student learning. This curricular innovation includes identifying a concrete investigative problem, carrying out the project, and sharing findings with peers. The following standards describe effective presentations. Standards5 - 4Exemplary3 - 2Satisfactory1-0UnacceptableScoreTotal ScoreOrganizationHas a clear opening statement that catches audience’s interest; maintains focus throughout; summarizes main pointsHas opening statement relevant to topic and gives outline of speech; is mostly organized; provides adequate “road map” for the listenerHas no opening statement or has an irrelevant statement; gives listener no focus or outline of the presentationContentDemonstrates substance and depth; is comprehensive; shows mastery of materialCovers topic; uses appropriate sources; is objectiveDoes not give adequate coverage of topic; lacks sourcesQuality of conclusionDelivers a conclusion that is well documented and persuasiveSummarizes presentation’s main points; draws conclusions based upon these pointsHas missing or poor conclusion; is not tied to analysis; does not summarize points that support the conclusionDeliveryHas natural delivery; modulates voice; is articulate; projects enthusiasm, interest, and confidence; uses body language effectivelyHas appropriate pace; has no distracting mannerisms; is easily understood; Is often hard to understand; has voice that is too soft or too loud; has a pace that is too quick or too slow; demonstrates one or more distracting mannerismsUse of mediaUses slides effortlessly to enhance presentation; has an effective presentation without mediaLooks at slides to keep on track; uses an appropriate number of slidesRelies heavily on slides and notes; makes little eye contact; uses slides with too much textResponse to QuestionsDemonstrates full knowledge of topic; explains and elaborates on all questionsShows ease in answering questions but does not elaborateDemonstrates little grasp of information; has undeveloped or unclear answers to questionsReviewer_________________________________________________ GranWhenever you use research to produce a publication, it is necessary that you give credit to your sources, to avoid plagiarism. According to Purdue University’s Online Writing Lab at , “Plagiarism is the uncredited use (both intentional and unintentional) of somebody else's words or ideas.” Citing your sources also provides your reader with the opportunity to investigate where your research came from and to make a judgment about the credibility and reliability of the sources you used for your research. The following websites were sources for the research you used to complete one of your assignments:FYI: You can click on the links within these pages for help with citations.Welcome to the Purdue OWLPurdue OWLThis page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue (). When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice at bottom.APA Style WorkshopSummary: This workshop provides an overview of APA (American Psychological Association) style and where to find help with different APA resources. It provides an annotated list of links to all of our APA materials and an APA overview. It is an excellent place to start to learn about APA format.Contributors:Kristen Seas, Allen BrizeeLast Edited: 2012-07-03 05:47:29Welcome to the OWL Workshop on APA Style! This workshop will introduce you to important aspects of using the American Psychological Association (APA) Style to write and format research papers. You should begin with the introductory material, which covers what APA Style is, why it is used, and who should apply it to their work. Then you are invited to work through the OWL's handouts on APA Formatting and Writing Style, as well as APA Citations and Reference Lists.NOTE: This workshop should answer most of your basic questions about using APA Style. However, if you are writing a complex document such as a thesis or lengthy manuscript, or if you have detailed questions, you should consult The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th edition), which you can usually find at your local library or in many bookstores.The APA also has a website that allows you to order the book online and read some of their frequently asked questions about APA style. Purdue's OWL also has a list of Additional Resources covering APA style that you can consult.What is APA Style?APA Style establishes standards of written communication concerning:the organization of contentwriting styleciting referencesand how to prepare a manuscript for publication in certain disciplines. Why Use APA?Aside from simplifying the work of editors by having everyone use the same format for a given publication, using APA Style makes it easier for readers to understand a text by providing a familiar structure they can follow. Abiding by APA's standards as a writer will allow you to:Provide readers with cues they can use to follow your ideas more efficiently and to locate information of interest to themAllow readers to focus more on your ideas by not distracting them with unfamiliar formattingEstablish your credibility or ethos in the field by demonstrating an awareness of your audience and their needs as fellow researchersWho Should Use APA?APA Style describes rules for the preparation of manuscripts for writers and students in:Social Sciences, such as Psychology, Linguistics, Sociology, Economics, and CriminologyBusinessNursingBefore you adopt this style for your paper, you should check to see what citation style your discipline uses in its journals and for student research. If APA Style is appropriate for your writing project, then use this workshop to learn more about APA and how to follow its rules correctly in your own work.APA Formatting and Writing StyleYou should start by becoming familiar with the general formatting requirements of APA Style, as well as the different standards for writing that are expected among APA writers. Because APA is different than other writing styles, you should pay attention to everything from general paper layout to word choice. The following pages will introduce you to some of these basic requirements of APA Style to get you started in the right direction.General APA Format Covers the basic page layout for a typical APA manuscript, including everything from margin widths to the use of headings and visualsIncludes a general list of the basic components of an APA paper: title page, abstract, and reference pageAlso includes a PowerPoint slide presentation with detailed information about the APA citation styleTypes of APA PapersDescribes the two most common types of APA papers: the literature review and the experimental reportOutlines what sections must be included in each type of paper, from introductions to a methods sectionAPA Stylistics: Basics Describes three basic areas of stylistic concerns when writing in an APA field: point of view, clarity/conciseness, and word choiceExplains how poetic language and devices should be avoided in APA reviews and reportsSuggestions and examples are given for each stylistic issueAPA Stylistics: Things to AvoidIdentifies the risk of bias in language concerning gender, race, disability, and sexuality when writing up research in APA fieldsProvides links to APA's official guidelines on avoiding biasOffers suggestions on finding alternatives to gendered pronouns and using different descriptors when identifying people in your researchAPA Citations and Reference ListPerhaps the trickiest part to mastering APA Style is understanding the requirements for citing and listing secondary sources accurately. The following pages walk you through the details of writing citations and developing a reference page at the end of your paper. Read these guidelines carefully! It is important that you refer to your sources according to APA Style so your readers can quickly follow the citations to the reference page and then, from there, locate any sources that might be of interest to them. They will expect this information to be presented in a particular style, and any deviations from that style could result in confusing your readers about where you obtained your information.In-Text Citations: The BasicsAddresses the basic formatting requirements of using the APA Style for citing secondary sources within the text of your essayProvides guidance on how to incorporate different kinds of references to borrowed material, from short quotes to summaries or paraphrasesIn-Text Citations: Author/Authors Focuses on various details about referring to the authors of your sources within your essay, which can be difficult to do efficiently if the source has more than one author or has an unclear author (e.g. an organization)Describes how to cite indirect quotes, electronic sources, and/or sources without page numbersFootnotes and EndnotesRecommends using footnotes or endnotes to avoid long explanations in the textCovers two basic kinds of notes: bibliographic and digressiveReference List: Basic RulesGuides you through the general rules that apply to any reference list developed using APA StyleCovers everything from where the reference list appears to the capitalization of words in the titles of sourcesServes as a primer on formatting that will be followed in all of the following handouts on creating APA reference entriesReference List: Author/AuthorsWalks you through how to construct a reference entry for different text starting with a focus on authorNotes how the references are different depending on the number of authors or if there are multiple works by the same authorReference List: Articles in Periodicals Builds from the previous handout by looking specifically at how to refer accurately to a periodical sourceLists types of entries depending on the kind of journal (e.g. one paginated by volume), if the source is a magazine v. a newspaper, or the kind of article the source is (e.g. a letter to the editor)Reference List: BooksBuilds from the author handout by describing how to properly refer to book-length sources Addresses both the basic format as well as requirements for those unique book sources that require you to note specific details, such as whether it is a translation or part of a multivolume workReference List: Other Print SourcesOffers a short list of other less common print sources you might be citing in your manuscript and how to construct references for themCovers examples such as citing a source that is cited in another, or citing a government documentReference List: Electronic SourcesWalks through the requirements and unique qualifications (see the Notes throughout the page) for constructing references for electronic sources Covers sources from online periodicals and scholarly databases, to emails.Reference List: Other Non-Print SourcesFocuses primarily on how to reference video and audio texts that are used as sources, from movie clips to sound recordingsNotes that personal communication (e.g. an interview or conversation) is not to be included in the reference list.Tell the OWL You're Requesting Copies of This Resource Tell the OWL You're Linking to This Resource Copyright ?1995-2013 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.Welcome to the Purdue OWLPurdue OWLThis page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue (). When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice at bottom.General FormatSummary: APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (6th ed., 2nd printing).Contributors:Joshua M. Paiz, Elizabeth Angeli, Jodi Wagner, Elena Lawrick, Kristen Moore, Michael Anderson, Lars Soderlund, Allen Brizee, Russell KeckLast Edited: 2013-03-01 08:28:59Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in APA.To see a side-by-side comparison of the three most widely used citation styles, including a chart of all APA citation guidelines, see the Citation Style Chart.You can also watch our APA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel.General APA GuidelinesYour essay should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides. You should use a clear font that is highly readable. APA recommends using 12 pt. Times New Roman font.Include a page header? (also known as the "running head") at the top of every page. To create a page header/running head, insert page numbers flush right. Then type "TITLE OF YOUR PAPER" in the header flush left using all capital letters. The running head is a shortened version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation.Major Paper SectionsYour essay should include four major sections: the Title Page, Abstract, Main Body, and References.Title PageThe title page should contain the title of the paper, the author's name, and the institutional affiliation. Include the page header (described above) flush left with the page number flush right at the top of the page. Please note that on the title page, your page header/running head should look like this:Running head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPERPages after the title page should have a running head that looks like this:TITLE OF YOUR PAPERAfter consulting with publication specialists at the APA, OWL staff learned that the APA 6th edition, first printing sample papers have incorrect examples of Running heads on pages after the title page. This link will take you to the APA site where you can find a complete list of all the errors in the APA's 6th edition style guide.Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. APA recommends that your title be no more than 12 words in length and that it should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Your title may take up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced.Beneath the title, type the author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and last name. Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (PhD).Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate the location where the author(s) conducted the research.Image Caption: APA Title PageAbstractBegin a new page. Your abstract page should already include the page header (described above). On the first line of the abstract page, center the word “Abstract” (no bold, formatting, italics, underlining, or quotation marks).Beginning with the next line, write a concise summary of the key points of your research. (Do not indent.) Your abstract should contain at least your research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. You may also include possible implications of your research and future work you see connected with your findings. Your abstract should be a single paragraph double-spaced. Your abstract should be between 150 and 250 words.You may also want to list keywords from your paper in your abstract. To do this, indent as you would if you were starting a new paragraph, type Keywords: (italicized), and then list your keywords. Listing your keywords will help researchers find your work in databases.Image Caption: APA Abstract PagePlease see our Sample APA Paper resource to see an example of an APA paper. You may also visit our Additional Resources page for more examples of APA papers.How to Cite the Purdue OWL in APAIndividual ResourcesContributors' names and the last edited date can be found in the orange boxes at the top of every page on the OWL.Contributors' names (Last edited date). Title of resource. Retrieved from address for OWL resource?Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderlund, L., & Brizee, A. (2010, May 5). General format. Retrieved from the OWL You're Requesting Copies of This Resource Tell the OWL You're Linking to This Resource Copyright ?1995-2013 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.Welcome to the Purdue OWLPurdue OWLThis page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue (). When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice at bottom.MLA Overview and WorkshopSummary: Welcome to the OWL Workshop on MLA Style. This workshop will introduce you to the Modern Language Association (MLA) Style for writing and formatting research papers. To get the most out of this workshop, you should begin with the introductory material below, which covers what MLA Style is, why it is used, and who should apply this style to their work. Then you are invited to browse through the OWL's various handouts on different aspects of MLA Formatting and Citations standards, both as sources appear in-text and in final reference page. Click here to read about the 2009 MLA updates.Contributors:Kristen Seas, Allen BrizeeLast Edited: 2011-03-02 03:06:10Welcome to the OWL Workshop on MLA Style. This workshop will introduce you to the Modern Language Association (MLA) Style for writing and formatting research papers. To get the most out of this workshop, you should begin with the introductory material below, which covers what MLA Style is, why it is used, and who should apply this style to their work. Then you are invited to browse through the OWL's various handouts on different aspects of MLA Formatting and Citations standards, both as sources appear in-text and in final reference page.Note: This workshop should answer most of your basic questions about using MLA Style. However, if you are writing a complex document such as a thesis or lengthy manuscript, or if you have detailed questions, you should consult The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (Seventh Edition), which you can usually find at your local library or in many bookstores.The MLA also has a website that allows you to order the handbook online. The site also includes some answers to frequently asked questions on basic details of MLA Style that you can consult. Purdue's OWL also has a list of Additional Resources covering MLA Style as well.What is MLA Style?MLA Style establishes standards of written communication concerning:formatting and page layoutstylistic technicalities (e.g. abbreviations, footnotes, quotations)citing sourcesand preparing a manscript for publication in certain disciplines.Why Use MLA?Using MLA Style properly makes it easier for readers to navigate and comprehend a text by providing familiar cues when referring to sources and borrowed information. Editors and instructors also encourage everyone to use the same format so there is consistency of style within a given field. Abiding by MLA's standards as a writer will allow you to:Provide your readers with cues they can use to follow your ideas more efficiently and to locate information of interest to themAllow readers to focus more on your ideas by not distracting them with unfamiliar or complicated formattingEstablish your credibility or ethos in the field by demonstrating an awareness of your audience and their needs as fellow researchers (particularly concerning the citing of references)Who Should Use MLA?MLA Style is typically reserved for writers and students preparing manuscripts in various humanities disciplines such as:English Studies - Language and LiteratureForeign Language and LiteraturesLiterary CriticismComparative LiteratureCultural StudiesMLA Formatting and Notation StyleYou should start by becoming familiar with the general formatting requirements of MLA Style, as well as the different standards for notation that MLA writers are expected to use. Because MLA is different than other writing styles, such as APA, you should pay attention to every detail of the Style, from general paper layout to abbreviations. The following pages will introduce you to some of these basic requirements of MLA Style to get you started in the right direction.General FormatCovers the basic requirements of page layout for a typical MLA manuscriptIncludes general guidelines to apply through the document and specific formatting details for the first page of the paperAlso provides an image of sample first page of an essay written in MLA Style Footnotes and EndnotesExplains the necessity for using notes and how to use them effectively in an MLA paperCovers different reasons for why you may use a footnote or endnote to supplement the main body of your paperDescribes how to number and format the notes to be consistent with MLA guidelinesFormatting QuotationsDescribes how to format quotations borrowed from secondary sourcesAddresses both short quotations worked into the writer's own sentences and long quotations that are blocked off as distinct materialAlso explains how to omit or add in words properly to clarify the meaning of a quotationAbbreviationsCovers MLA standards for abbreviating words commonly use in academic proseDescribes the different categories of abbreviations: time, locations, academic references, publishersIncludes guidelines for abbreviating information in citations in a Works Cited pageMLA Citations and Works Cited PageAs with any publishing style, the most difficult aspect of MLA Style to master are the requirements for citing secondary sources accurately. The pages included here walk you through the details of incorporating citations into the text of your paper as well as how to compose a works cited page of references at the end of your paper. Read these guidelines carefully. It is important that you refer to your sources according to MLA Style so your readers can quickly follow the citations to the reference page and then, from there, locate any sources that might be of interest to them. They will expect this information to be presented in a particular style, and any deviations from that style could result in confusing your readers about where you obtained your information.In-Text Citations: The BasicsAddresses the formatting requirements of using the MLA Style for citing secondary sources within the text of your essayOffers a few basic rules for using parenthetical citations, including when not to use such citationsIncludes examples of in-text citationsExplains the author-page formatting of the parenthetical citation and how that applies to different types of sourcesProvides examples of in-text citations based on the kind of source being cited, such as a literary work, an anonymous work, and work with multiple authorsAlso describes how to cite a source indirectly referenced in another sourceWorks Cited Page: Basic FormatGuides you through the general rules that apply to any works cited page using MLA Style, from where the page appears and how to list the worksWalks you through how to construct a reference entry for different text starting with a focus on authorServes as a primer on formatting that will be followed in all of the following handouts on creating MLA works cited entriesIncludes example Works Cited PageWorks Cited Page: BooksBuilds from the basic format page with a focus on how to create citations for types of commonly referenced book sourcesIncludes guidelines and examples for a variety of books depending on the number of authors, whether the work is a piece is a larger work, or if the book itself is part of multivolume collectionWorks Cited Page: Other Common SourcesProvides guidelines on how to reference other sources you may encounter during research that are considered books or non-periodical worksIncludes works that you might likely use but have different publication information, such as a government document, pamphlet, and dissertationsWorks Cited Page: PeriodicalsCovers the guidelines for developing a citation entry for works found in periodicals, typically articles in circulating publications that have different dates and volume/issue numbersLists types of entries depending on the kind of journal (e.g. one paginated by volume), if the source is a magazine v. a newspaper, or the kind of article the source is (e.g. a letter to the editor)Works Cited Page: Electronic SourcesWalks through the basic requirements and unique qualifications for constructing references for different types of electronic sourcesCovers more standard sources from online periodicals and scholarly databases, to less conventional sources like emails and video recordings found onlineIncludes OWL suggestions on how to cite weblog entries and comments posted to blogs (NOTE: consult your instructor to find out if these are acceptable research sources to use)Works Cited Page: Other Non-Print SourcesApplies the basic MLA citation rules to non-print sources you may use in your research, such as interviews and imagesProvides directions and examples of how to cite video and sound recordings, as well as three dimensional works like sculpturesPlease Note: If you know exactly what you're looking for concerning MLA, you can use the OWL Navigation to the left by looking under "Research and Citation" and clicking on "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." You may also use the search box at the top of the navigation bar to find resources.Tell the OWL You're Requesting Copies of This Resource Tell the OWL You're Linking to This Resource Copyright ?1995-2013 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.Welcome to the Purdue OWLPurdue OWLThis page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue (). When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice at bottom.MLA Formatting and Style GuideSummary: MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th ed.) and the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Purdue OWL StaffLast Edited: 2012-05-09 07:17:57Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in MLA.To see a side-by-side comparison of the three most widely used citation styles, including a chart of all MLA citation guidelines, see the Citation Style Chart.You can also watch our MLA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel.General FormatMLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing. MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages.Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material. Most importantly, the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers.If you are asked to use MLA format, be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition). Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition). The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries; it is also widely available in bookstores, libraries, and at the MLA web site. See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style.Paper FormatThe preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook, and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual. Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style.General GuidelinesType your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper.Double-space the text of your paper, and use a legible font (e.g. Times New Roman). Whatever font you choose, MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable one from another. The font size should be 12 pt.Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor).Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides. Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin. MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times.Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner, one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. (Note: Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page. Always follow your instructor's guidelines.)Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and, only when absolutely necessary, providing emphasis.If you have any endnotes, include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page. Entitle the section Notes (centered, unformatted).Formatting the First Page of Your PaperDo not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested.In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name, your instructor's name, the course, and the date. Again, be sure to use double-spaced text.Double space again and center the title. Do not underline, italicize, or place your title in quotation marks; write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization), not in all capital letters.Use quotation marks and/or italics when referring to other works in your title, just as you would in your text: Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play; Human Weariness in "After Apple Picking"Double space between the title and the first line of the text.Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name, followed by a space with a page number; number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.), one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. (Note: Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last name/page number header on your first page. Always follow instructor guidelines.)Here is a sample of the first page of a paper in MLA style:Image Caption: The First Page of an MLA PaperSection HeadingsWriters sometimes use Section Headings to improve a document’s readability. These sections may include individual chapters or other named parts of a book or essay.EssaysMLA recommends that when you divide an essay into sections that you number those sections with an arabic number and a period followed by a space and the section name.1. Early Writings2. The London Years3. Traveling the Continent4. Final YearsBooksMLA does not have a prescribed system of headings for books (for more information on headings, please see page 146 in the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, 3rd edition). If you are only using one level of headings, meaning that all of the sections are distinct and parallel and have no additional sections that fit within them, MLA recommends that these sections resemble one another grammatically. For instance, if your headings are typically short phrases, make all of the headings short phrases (and not, for example, full sentences). Otherwise, the formatting is up to you. It should, however, be consistent throughout the document.If you employ multiple levels of headings (some of your sections have sections within sections), you may want to provide a key of your chosen level headings and their formatting to your instructor or editor.Sample Section HeadingsThe following sample headings are meant to be used only as a reference. You may employ whatever system of formatting that works best for you so long as it remains consistent throughout the document.Numbered:1. Soil Conservation1.1 Erosion1.2 Terracing2. Water Conservation3. Energy ConservationFormatted, unnumbered:Level 1 Heading: bold, flush leftLevel 2 Heading: italics, flush left?????Level 3 Heading: centered, bold?????Level 4 Heading: centered, italicsLevel 5 Heading: underlined, flush leftHow to Cite the Purdue OWL in MLAEntire WebsiteThe Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 2010. Web. Date of access.Individual ResourcesContributors' names and the last edited date can be found in the orange boxes at the top of every page on the OWL.Contributors' names. "Title of Resource." The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, Last edited date. Web. Date of access.?Russell, Tony, Allen Brizee, and Elizabeth Angeli. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 4 Apr. 2010. Web. 20 July 2010.Tell the OWL You're Requesting Copies of This Resource Tell the OWL You're Linking to This Resource Copyright ?1995-2013 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.Checking Your CitationsNote: You have to use your best judgment when deciding which format to use, when citing your sources and sometimes you have to make slight modifications when something isn’t an exact fit into one of the formats. For questions about how to cite a source, you can email Purdue Owl. An email button is at the bottom of this page: GeneratorsSometimes students choose to use an online citation generator. Some citation generators are more accurate than others. The link below takes you to the screen shot of a good citation generator, if you choose to use one. Words of Advice: Always make sure your cross check it with the APA guidelines in Purdue Owl, to make sure it is cited correctly! note of the free plagiarism checker! Word of Caution: There are several means like this for teachers and professors to check your work. Do not take the risk of plagiarizing, as the consequences can be steep! Not only can you lose credit for grades and/or classes, but many institutions find it grounds for dismissal from their academic programs.Transitions Transitions between paragraphs need to provide a lead in from one topic to the next. See the example below.How people treat one another is a topic that is very important to me. I simply think that everyone should have the decency to treat other human beings with kindness, courtesy, and respect. When people treat others poorly it affects their quality of life and the quality of life of those around them. It is easy to give a compliment, often times, easier than it is to criticize. It breaks my heart when I see people treating others poorly. Poor treatment has some very contagious effects. It is difficult to feel negative, but be positive, just as it is difficult to feel positive and be negative. We are likely to communicate with others in the manner that others communicate with us. This is why I say it is contagious. Millions of people suffer from depression each year and many of those people are exposed to a negative environment every day. Think of the last time you did something kind like hold the door open for someone, pick something up for someone who dropped it, or said hi to a complete stranger. This sort of behavior is something we can all do to make the quality of life of those around us better. It doesn’t take much effort, and not only will it make the recipient feel good, but it will make ourselves feel good! I think that when people feel good they behave in more positive ways.If more people were to behave more positively their positive nature might catch on and people might behave in more respectful, kind, and courteous ways. I believe that if each of us practices these positive natures regularly it is realistic to expect to see some changes in the way people interact with one another. It is also my opinion that this would make the world a better place. Citing ReferencesIt is necessary to provide quotations for statements made in your paper that are stated by a source other than yourself. If you include something the author said in your paper and what the author said has not been changed into your own words you must bring attention to that in your paper by using quotation marks and citing your source. See example below.Short QuotesIf the quote is four lines or less start your quote with quotation marks and capitalize the first letter of the first word in the sentence. End your quote with quotation marks followed by the author’s name and the page the quote came from in parenthesis. End with a period. Example: “Dogs bark as a way to communicate” (Silverman 96).Long QuotesIf the quote is more than 4 lines long leave the quotations off and indent the quote. Indent the left and right sides of the quote, justify the text, and maintain the same spacing (single, double…) as in the rest of your paper. Follow your quote with a period. Last list the author’s last name and the page number in parenthesis. Example: Dogs bark as a way to communicate. Studies have proven that the communication they express in their feelings and these expressions are done through the tones of their barks. Often when a dog barks another will bark back and respond to that feeling. When one listens closely he or she will notice that they will either respond back in the same tone as a way of acknowledging the communication. If these dogs were to interact you would likely see the respondent expressing body language to either perpetuate or nurture the animal who initiated the communication, depending on the situation. (Silverman 96)If you include something the author said and you have given the author credit within the sentence you do not need a parenthetical citation: (Darby 17). Your quotations matter though! See the notations below.If the quote is an entire sentence (or sentences) start your quote with quotation marks and capitalize the first letter of the first word in the sentence. End your quote with a period and then the quotation marks.Example: “In 2004, Dr. Watkin discovered that cats have nine lives.” If a quote is only part of a sentence start your quote with quotation marks and do not capitalize the first letter of the first word. End your quote with quotation marks and follow with a period.Example: According to the latest research “cats have nine lives”. If you include something the author said and you have paraphrased (put it in your own words), you must still give the author credit. You can do it one of these two ways: Dogs bark to communicate with each other, according to Henry Silverman, author of Dogs are Cool. Dogs bark to communicate with each other. (Silverman 2005) 2005 is the year of the publicationGeneralizations Generalizations are vague statements or ideas, in other words, statements and ideas that are not precise or certain. When you are generalizing something you do not need to quote it or give the author credit. Example of a Generalization: Animals can communicate with each other. ................
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