APA Style
[Pages:2]Subsequent citations should use only the first author's name, followed by et al. In 1980, Jackson et al. indicated success (p. 13). For six or more authors, use the first author's name and et al. even for the first citation. In 2014, Hardy et al. proved that intense cold makes no difference to the resulting bloom (p. 56).
CORPORATE AUTHOR According to the British Museum (1999), ...
AUTHORS WITH THE SAME LAST NAME Researchers urged caution (J. Ford, 2001, p. 11; T. Ford, 2004, p. 13).
MULTIVOLUME WORK Use the page number and date; indicate the volume in the reference section only.
TWO OR MORE WORKS IN THE SAME PARENTHESES Tudor officials immediately issued warrants for their arrest (Smith, 1973; Jones, 1980).
AN ENTIRE WORK Zelazny's "Creatures of Light and Darkness" (1969) features characters in the form of Egyptian gods and goddesses.
WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY Cite the specific work only, not the anthology or its editor.
The effective use of a character who is never named is deftly handled by Zelazny in "My Name is Legion" (1976).
MULTIMEDIA SOURCES
VIDEO OR FILM Cite as in-text document using release date. If citing a specific scene or excerpt, include the range of hours, minutes, and seconds you plan to reference, like so: (00:02:15-00:02:35). Navajo myth is used in recent films such as Chris Eyre's Skinwalkers (2002). PODCAST/YOUTUBE Use video/podcast author name, if known, title, and posting date. Include the range of hours, minutes, and seconds you plan to reference, like so: (00:02:15-00:02:25). No missing fingers on Gordon Ramsey's video "How to Finely Chop an Onion," on YouTube (2013).
LECTURE/PUBLIC ADDRESS The hazards of hyperbaric and underwater welding were ably discussed by Delfin, et al. in an address delivered at the WaterWelders Annual Meeting (2019).
OTHER SOURCES
THE PURDUE OWL Karl Stolley and Allen Brizee (2011) write in the Online Writing Lab at Purdue University, "Research-based writing in American institutions, both educational and corporate, is filled with rules that writers, particularly beginners, aren't aware of or don't know how to follow."
GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION A significant threat to the state's water quality is nutrient pollution caused by excess nitrogen and phosphorus entering the environment (California CDC 18-84, 2017).
PERSONAL INTERVIEW No personal communication is included in your reference list; instead, parenthetically cite the communicator's name, the phrase "personal communication," and the date of the communication in your main text only. (F. Masters, personal communication, February 12, 2001). P. Owens made difficult moments as an ER nurse seem easy (personal communication, October 9, 2002).
APA style updated July 2018 from: g_and_style_guide/general_format.html
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APA Style
American Psychological Association Citation Style, 6TH ed.
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APA STYLE IS...
...a method for documenting sources used in college research, especially in the social sciences. Because these fields emphasize the date a work was created, most APA citations (references) show the date right after the name of the creator(s).
This guide provides citation guidelines for many popular resources used in college research. However, it is not possible to include every example. If you do not find an example of a source you have used in your research, please consult the sixth edition of the APA Manual.
REFERENCE LISTS
CITING BOOKS Book citations in APA generally require author
name, publication year, work title, publication city, and publisher.
GENERAL BOOK FORMAT Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.
Stein, T. (2012). Rainmakers holiday. New York, NY: Omni.
SINGLE AUTHOR Stein, T.
TWO AUTHORS Use the ampersand (&) instead of "and". Smith, J. K., & Jones, S. (2019).
MORE AUTHORS For 3 to 7 authors, list every author by last name and initials, with a comma between authors until the last author, when an ampersand (&) is used. Tan, A.M., Sun, J.P., Hall, J. T., Marks, M., Yale, I. J., Ivan, D. A., & Jackson, J. J. (1999). Depression and self-esteem. Journal of Mental Health, 44, 2104-2210.
MANY AUTHORS If there are more than seven authors, after the sixth author's name, use an ellipses in place of the remaining names, and then provide the final author's name. Lee, F. H., Choi, L. L., Hall, T. Q., ...Martin, J. (2018). Mitochondrial DNA. New York, NY: Quest.
CORPORATE/ORGANIZATION AUTHOR British Museum. (2011). ... UNKNOWN AUTHOR Roget's thesaurus. (2018). ...
TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR Include the author's name for each entry. Order according to the year (earliest first). Leist, R.(1982). ... Leist, R.(2012). ...
TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR, SAME YEAR. Include the author's name for each entry. Order according to year. Within a single year, order alphabetically by title. Give repeated years a lowercase letter suffix. Neff, R.J. (1999a). ... Neff, R. J. (1999b). ...
AUTHOR WITH AN EDITOR Post, J. (2000). Preventing Teen Suicide. T. Sims (Ed.) Los Angeles: University of California Press.
AUTHOR WITH A TRANSLATOR Goya, J. (2003). Spain in 1492. (C.A. Martinez, Trans.). London: John Wiley & Sons.
EDITOR WITH NO AUTHOR Fritz, N. L. (Ed.). (2003). Empathetic voices. New York, NY: Taylor.
WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY Jason, T. (2011). Read it: Engaging today's readers. In J. Kempe (Ed.), Training readers (pp. 41-46). Boston, MA: Coles.
EDITION OTHER THAN FIRST Shaw, M. T., Hill, D., & Fine, T. (1999). Dental hygiene (2nd ed.). Denver, CO: Shameson Sons.
MULTIVOLUME WORK Craig, K. (Ed). (2012). Strange tales (Vols. 1-3). New York, NY: Scripps Brothers.
ENCYCLOPEDIA/DICTIONARY Kray, R. (1984). Calligraphy. In The Waterford Encyclopedia (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: Waterford Press.
FOREWORD, INTRODUCTION, PREFACE, OR AFTERWORD Dill, P. (1977). Preface. In K. Vlasic (Ed.), Preserving food (iv-xi). Boston, MA: Archer.
ARTICLES IN PERIODICALS In APA periodical
citation, authors are named by their last name followed by initials; the publication year goes between parentheses and is followed by a period. Only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized for article titles. Periodical titles are written in title case and followed by the volume number, which, with the title, is also italicized.
MAGAZINE Wise, L. (2002, July20). Bloopers: Box office blunders. Omni, 11 (4), 22-24.
SCHOLARLY JOURNAL (PAGINATED BY ISSUE) Bose, J. (1966). "Romantic poets revisited." In Journal of Poetry, 2(1), 12-22.
DAILY NEWSPAPER Gil, P. (2008, May 2). ISIS retreat. The Post, p.A2.
EDITORIAL IN NEWSPAPER (WITHOUT AUTHOR) Editorial: New taxes? Really? [Editorial]. (2018, Nov. 22). Colima Courier, p. B12.
LETTER TO THE EDITOR Haynes, L. [Letter to the editor]. (2003, May/June). History in Review, p. 56.
BOOK OR FILM REVIEW Solo, N. B. (2009, June 30). Beguiling through fear. [Review of the film The Deep Night, directed by Ned Aponte and Rob Ortiz, 2018]. New York Times, late ed., p. E4.
ONLINE SOURCES In APA citation, online sources often
include DOIs (digital object identifiers). If a DOI is available, it is used in place of a URL. The DOI is frequently found on the first page of an online source. APA generally cites author, date, page title, site title, available page numbers, and a URL or DOI.
GENERAL FORMAT Author. (Year [use n.d. if not given]). Article or page title. Larger Publication Title, volume number(issue number). Retrieved from address
ENTIRE WEBSITE The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U. (2008). The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. Retrieved March 25, 2019, from
PAGE FROM A WEBSITE Smith, A. L. (2012, July). Global warming: A third world issue. Our World. Retrieved from
PAGE FROM WEBSITE WITH UNKNOWN AUTHOR Keto or bust. (2018). NPR. Retrieved from
IMAGE FROM A WEBSITE Baca, M. (1919). El Santo. New Mexico Museum of Art. Retrieved from
ONLINE BOOK Diaz, C. & M. Martin. (2009). Haunted Las Cruces and Mesilla. Retrieved from
PORTION OF AN ONLINE BOOK Mesa, C. (1942) "The Battle of Townton." In Medieval warfare. Retrieved from
ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE JOURNAL Bent, T. (1956). Adult Learners. HPT Journal, 22(4), 13-17.
ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE MAGAZINE/NEWSPAPER Tolleson, J. (2006). Espa?a. Retirement Living. Retrieved from:
ENTIRE BLOG Curtis, S. (2007, January 29). My box office. [Web log]. Retrieved from
SINGLE BLOG ENTRY Curtis, S. (2019, March 1). Intermission. [Weblog post]. My Box office. Retrieved from
COMMENT OR RESPONSE ON A BLOG POST J. Brown. (2007, May 4). Quit or die? [Web log comment]. Retrieved from
EMAIL Not included in references.
MULTIMEDIA SOURCES Electronic sources in APA format
may include a digital object identifier (DOI) number. When a DOI is evident, it may be used in place of a URL address. An online source should include either a DOI or a URL.
VIDEO OR FILM Myers, K. (Producer), & Jay, J. (Director). (2001). Riding the Santa Fe Trail [Motion Picture]. USA: Screen Gems.
PODCAST/YOUTUBE UNM Los Altos Multimedia Lab. (2016, July 2). Shadow and light in black and white. [YouTube video]. UNM Los Altos. Retrieved from
TELEVISION SHOWS (RECORDED EPISODES, BROADCAST TV OR RADIO PROGRAM, NETFLIX/HULU/GOOGLE PLAY, AND ENTIRE SERIES Dean, C. (Director). (2004). "The Patch Box." Haunted Antiquities: The complete third season [Television series]. Vancouver, BC: Magus Brothers.
SONG OR ALBUM (SPOTIFY, ONLINE ALBUM, CD) Tallus, T. (1999). Lady bird. [Recorded by Orla]. On Renaissance Dances. London, UK: ELP Records.
LECTURE/PUBLIC ADDRESS Bent, J. (2002, May 7). Keynote address on engaging adult learners. Performance Technology Conference, Hotel Monnaie, New Orleans, LA.
OTHER SOURCES
THE PURDUE OWL Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderlund, L., & Brizee, A. (2010, May 5). General format. Retrieved from
DISSERTATION Madrid, C. (2014). Images in wood and paint: Santeros in Southwestern Art (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from UMI e-Pubs (15521).
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
APA adds to MLA style by including page number(s) and date. The date is generally provided parenthetically next to author(s') names, while page numbers always appear parenthetically at the ends of sentences. The date is important in social science because it helps demonstrate the relevance (newness) of the work being cited. AUTHOR NAMED IN A SIGNAL PHRASE Philosopher Emma M. Garcia (1999) refers to this phenomenon as "cumulative memory" (p. 75).
AUTHOR NOT NAMED IN A SIGNAL PHRASE This phenomenon is also referred to as "crowd mentality" (Garcia, 1999, p. 75).
UNKNOWN AUTHOR This phenomenon is also referred to as "crowd mentality" (Philosophical Musings, 1999, p. 75).
UNKNOWN PAGE NUMBER According to Garcia (1999), this phenomenon is also referred to as "cumulative memory" (Mass Hysteria section, para. 13).
MORE THAN ONE WORK BY THE SAME AUTHOR Philosopher Emma M. Garcia refers to this phenomenon as "cumulative memory" (1999, p. 75), which she hints at in earlier work as well (1987, p. 366).
TWO AUTHORS NOTE: Use "and" between authors' names in the text and an ampersand "&" in parentheses, as shown below. In text: Ross and Ito (2011) confirm detection of a Missense mutation (p. 7). In parentheses: A Missense mutation may be the cause (Roe & Ito, 1999, p. 7). MANY AUTHORS For three to five authors, list every author the first time you make the reference. Use "and" before the final author in the text and an ampersand (&) in parentheses. In subsequent citations, use only the first author's name, followed by et al. 3-5 authors: In 1980, Jackson, Lee, Hill, Ha, and Jing indicated success (p. 13).
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