EDUC1113



APA referencing and why it is used.The American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style is commonly used at university to acknowledge the original sources used in the research and writing process.?Any time you use an idea or quote from another source, you are expected to acknowledge that section of text with the authors' names and the year the source was published. But one might ask why is this common practice and what are its origins?(Main title) History of referencing in academiaPurpose of referencingReferencing allows you to acknowledge the contribution of other writers and researcher in your work. Any university assignments that draw on the ideas, words or research of other writers must contain citations. Referencing is also a way to give credit to the writers from whom you have borrowed words and ideas. By citing the work of a particular scholar, you acknowledge and respect the intellectual property rights of that researcher. As a student (or an academic) you can draw on any of the millions of ideas, insights and arguments published by other writers, many of whom have spent years researching and writing. All you need to do is acknowledge their contribution to your assignment.Referencing is a way to provide evidence to support the assertions and claims in assignments. By citing experts in your field, you are showing your marker that you are aware of the field in which you are operating. Your citations map the space of your discipline, and allow you to navigate your way through your chosen field of study, in the same way that sailors steer by the stars.References should always be accurate, allowing the reader to trace the sources of information you have used. The best way to make sure you reference accurately is to keep a record of all the sources you used when reading and researching for an assignment. (reference 1)Types of referencing used in academic papersEssentially there are three main groups of referencing styles. In text name styles: These styles involve giving the name of the author or organisation in the text with the year of publication and possibly the page number depending on the style and information recorded. Then all sources are listed alphabetically at the end of the assignment or article and labelled as references or similar.Consecutive numbering: This style uses superscript number in the text that connect with references in either footnote or chapter assignment endnotes. This system uses a different and consecutive number for each reference in the test. A list of sources is included at the end of the assignment. Recurrent numbering: this style uses bracketed (or superscript) numbers in the text that connect with a list of references at the d f the chapter or assignment. The same number can recur if the same source is mentioned more than once in the text. (reference 2)Citation Systems by Discipline Here are the major disciplines and the citation system they tend to use. Many disciplines use more than one style. In the sciences, there are confusing variations within a given style as well. So check with your tutor before deciding which citation system to use: Anthropology CMS (Chicago Manual of Style)Architecture APA (American Psychological Association)Arts MLA (Modern Language Association)Biology CBE (Council of Biology Editors)Business APA (American Psychological Association)Chemistry ACS (American Chemical Society)Education APA (American Psychological Association)English/Humanities MLA (Modern Language Association) or CMS (Chicago Manual of Style)Engineering IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)Earth Science CSE (Council of Science Editors)Environmental Science (Council of Science Editors)Geology CSE (Council of Science Editors) or GSA (Geological Society of America)History CMS (Chicago Manual of Style) or TurabianInformation Systems CMS (Chicago Manual of Style)Journalism Associated Press Stylebook Law The Bluebook SystemLinguistics APA (American Psychological Association)Mathematics AMA (American Mathematical Society)Management AMA (American Management Association)Medicine AMA (American Medical Association) Nursing APA (American Psychological Association)Philosophy MLA (Modern Language Association) or CMS (Chicago Manual of Style)Physics AIP (American Institute of Physics)Psychology APA (American Psychological Association) Political Science APSA (American Political Science Association)Social Science APA (American Psychological Association) or CMS (Chicago Manual of Style)Sociology ASA (American Sociological Association)(Reference 3 page 130)Why APAIt’s the purpose of higher education to develop new ideas; knowing how to use APA lets us take part in that ongoing, worldwide conversation.APA governs two things: best practices for both formatting a page and using sources.Formatting a PageAPA provides writers with a consistent format they can use every time they write. Consistency helps authors organize their arguments or research efficiently. From the information on the title page to the headers that divide information in the discussion, each section has a predetermined format.APA formatting also helps authors organize ideas along the same lines that researchers use, with a spin-off benefit: When you’re familiar with the different parts of APA, you’ll find it easier to read the resources you find in the library.All APA-formatted papers — from the papers you turn in for class to papers published in journals — contain most, if not all, of the following parts, always in the same order:Title pageAbstractIntroductionReview of the literatureMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionReferencesWhile you might not include all nine parts in academic papers, you still use a majority of these sections to order and present your ideas. (Reference 1)When do I need to reference?Deciding when to reference can be a bit complex. It is better to err on the side of referencing a source rather than assuming no one will notice the insertion of text from other sources. Lecturers and tutors are experts in their fields and will have read many of the materials you are using in your writing and are likely to recognise particular paragraphs or specific descriptions. Some of the specific times for referencing include:to inform the reader of the source of tables, statistics, diagrams, photographs and other illustrations included in your assignment When describing or discussing a theory, model, practice or example associated with a particular writer; or using their work to illustrate examples in your text (this links specifically to the next two items) To give weight or credibility to an argument supported by you in your assignment When giving emphasis to a particular theory, model or practice that has found a measure of agreement and support amongst commentators To inform the reader of the sources of direct quotations or definitions in your assignment When paraphrasing another person’s work, which is outside the realm of common knowledge, and that you feel is particularly significant, or likely to be a subject of debate. (reference 2)Common knowledge does not have to be cited at all. Facts, dates, and standard, accepted knowledge (such as that a given writer is from the Romantic Period or that many Sub-Saharan African nations struggle with AIDS infection) do not need to be cited. These do not need citations because they do not represent someone’s original idea or research. One accepted standard for common knowledge is that if the information appears in three or more sources, without citation, then it need not be cited. Beyond these guidelines, when in doubt, cite it. (Reference 3)What kind of information do I need to reference?Printed books are not the only sources that require acknowledgement. ANY words, ideas or information taken from ANY source requires a reference.Reference when you are using words or ideas from:books and journal articles;newspapers and magazines;pamphlets or brochures;films, documentaries, television programs or advertisements;websites or electronic resources;letters, emails, online discussion forums;personal interviews;lecturers or tutors (not always necessary, but check with your lecturer or tutor about their preferences before you draw on their ideas).Reference when you reprint any diagrams, illustrations, charts or pictures.References and BibliographiesReferences are the items you have read and specifically referred to, i.e. cited, in your assignment. A bibliography is a list of everything you read in preparation for writing an assignment. (reference 2) A bibliography may contain items you have read but not necessarily cited. Most assignments will only ask you for a reference list – not a bibliography. If you haven’t cited the source it shouldn’t be included in your reference list. If you are unsure of the assignment requirements please check with your tutor for further detailsHow many references should be included in a scholarly study? The answer sounds like the punch line to a weak joke, but the answer is, enough—enough to credit the work cited and reflect the relevant body of knowledge that supports that research question. A more pragmatic answer can be viewed through the reference lists of the articles published in a set of articles. In one issue four articles published. Three were empirical, theory-testing studies and one was a multi-case comparative study. The number of references in these articles ranged from 57 to 103. The appropriate number of references depends on the scope of the study. For example, in research with narrow study parameters this may limit the scope of references More complex research that may integrate the use of literature from journal, online articles, peer reviewed journals, books, and other sources may create the need for far more references.When writing a literature review, the references can increase dramatically. Even when multiple references are required it is best to be cautious against overly long reference lists and make sure that each reference used has a justifiable reason for being listed. (reference 4)Hints and tips for referencingStaying organized is crucial to success. If you are meticulous in notetaking during research, citing sources within your essay and listing the texts in your works cited or bibliography will be relatively easy. A top priority is to differentiate between your own words and those from your sources in your notes. Put all direct quotations into quotation marks (“ x ”) and cite the page number at the end of the last quoted sentence. As you take notes include the author name and title on every quoted passage. (reference 3) As you write your notes make sure you add your references into refWorks or another online referencing tool. This may seem redundant but it prevents getting confused about the correct source when you cut and paste evidence into your essay. Using the online tools will ensure your references are accurate and easy to collate at the end of your essay writing. Put all of your own comments inside [brackets] or use some other means to distinguish them from quoted material. It is also important to stay true to the text. Make sure that you represent responsibly what the source says. If you need to omit words, use ellipses to indicate this, but do not remove words when that will shift the meaning of the passage. Your cited material must represent the source consistently and accurately, even when you paraphrase. ConclusionWhen you are writing an essay, report, dissertation or any other form of academic writing, your own thoughts and ideas inevitably build on those of other writers, researchers or teachers. It is essential that you acknowledge your debt to the sources of data, research and ideas on which you have drawn by including references to, and full details of, these sources in your work.References (yes)Neville, C. (2010).?Complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism. Retrieved from (yes)Hamilton, C. L. (2011).?Anthem guide to essay writing. Retrieved from (yes) Yes) ................
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