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right39624000P3 | APUSH | Wiley | French & Indian War: Note Guide, D___ Name:Causes of the French & Indian War, 1754-1763The notes in this first section are review from the PBS Video.Both Britain and France had extensive land claims in the New World ______________________________ stretched from Quebec, Montreal and Detroit in the North all the way to the mouth of the Mississippi River in New Orleans to the South and from the Appalachian Mountains all the way to the Rocky MountainsClaimed more ______________________________ than Britain but Britain had far more actual colonists in the New World Britain dominated the Atlantic coastBoth wanted the rich Ohio ValleyBritain’s Atlantic coast was seen as too crowded and expansion westward was desiredFrance wanted to use the Ohio Country to link all of their forts/colonies and ______________________________ British expansionOhio Valley was a refuge for thousands of IndiansMost sided with the French who had tended to be more ______________________________ to local peoples than the British and, unlike the British, didn’t turn outposts into centers of expanding agricultural settlements Many were anxious to preserve the Appalachians as a barrier to westward expansion ______________________________ Confederacy dominated the region and its diverse Indian peoplesSought to play off one European power against the other, to its own ______________________________ It was in the interests of the Indians to perpetuate the existing colonial stalemate; their position would be greatly undermined by an overwhelming victory for either side British colonists began venturing beyond the Appalachian Mountains into the Ohio Valley, land claimed by France, in the 1750s, and began building a fortification in the region with the support of the ______________________________Halted by French forcesThe half-king had supported Britain in hopes of gaining more power from all of the ______________________________ Britain offered British colonists then built Fort ______________________________, under the leadership of George WashingtonHad to ______________________________ after a disastrous battle against the French and their Indian allies (1754)Keep in mind: this conflict is a continuation of decades of European conflict between Britain and FranceIn the 1750s, France was Britain’s biggest ______________________________ in the struggle to build a world empireConflict in the New World (French and Indian War) prompted fighting in Europe, Africa, and Asia (“Seven Years’ War” (1756-1763))Notable Wartime EventsBritish captured the disputed territory of ______________________________, which the French called Acadia, in 1755 Soldiers from MA then forced nearly 10,000 French settlers from their lands, arguing they were rebels without property rights, and deported them to France, the West Indies, and Louisiana English and Scottish Protestants took over the farms the French Catholics left behind For the most part, fighting of up to 1757 was a near ______________________________ for BritainIn 1757, ______________________________, ardent expansionist, became the prime ministerAngered by French victories, he committed the British to the conquest of Canada and elimination of all French competition in North AmericaAssembled the largest, best-equipped army ever seen in North America (50,000 soldiers)Attracted ______________________________ support by promising them that the Crown would agree upon clear/fixed boundaries between settlements and hunting groundsMany Indian tribes abandoned their ______________________________ alliances______________________________ prevented French reinforcements from crossing the AtlanticUltimately reversed the course of the war Took Fort ______________________________ at the forks of the Ohio and renamed it Fort Pitt (Pittsburgh today, in honor of the prime minister)Took the New York frontier, Quebec (the heart of French Canada), and MontrealAngered some British colonists by forcing them into the army and seizing supplies from the colonies British also focused on the ______________________________Conquered Cuba from SpainTook possession of several other Spanish and French colonies in the Caribbean The absence of cooperation among the colonies would prove to be the greatest weakness of the British in the warThe British called the ______________________________ Conference in 1754 to consider a collective response to the continued conflict with New France and the Indians Also wanted to improve relations with the Iroquois, who were upset with encroachment on their lands in NY______________________________, serving as deputy postmaster general for all of British North America, proposed the ______________________________to create one general government for the colonies Government would deal with Indian affairs, western settlement, make laws and raise money for common defense, etc. Both Britain and the colonists were ______________________________ of the plan and it was ultimately rejected by the colonial assemblies Britain thought it would create a powerful entityColonial assemblies feared the loss of their autonomy Treaty of Paris, 1763 (see boundary changes on color-coded map, page 4)Imperial rivalry ended with complete victory for the British EmpireFrench lost all of their possessions on the North American mainlandCeded claims east of the Mississippi to ______________________________Ceded New Orleans and regions west of the Mississippi to ______________________________ (they had actually made this agreement in 1762)Note: Napoleon would reacquire New Orleans from Spain in 1800, and then sell it to the U.S. in 1803Spain ceded ______________________________ to Britain in return for all its Caribbean colonies and the Philippines (in the Pacific), which it had lost during the warNote: After the Revolutionary War and subsequent Treaty of Paris (1783) (another Treaty of Paris!!??), Florida was returned to Spain; it would later be incorporated into the U.S. in 1822France regained small Caribbean islands it had lost during the war528383518415000British agreed to allow French Canadians to practice ______________________________ freelyImmediate Results/Aftermath of WarIndians were outraged; what right did the French have to give away their land? Confederacy of tribes laid plans for a coordinated attack on British frontier posts in 1763 (______________________________ Rebellion)Wanted to wage a holy war; purify themselves, rid themselves of European ways, and return to their traditionsFeared the British settlers would soon drive them, or the game they depended on, awayChief Pontiac (see picture, right) organized the rebellionAttacked many British forts in the westKilled more than 2000 settlersGeneral Amherst, the new military governor of the western region, proposed that his officers infect Indian tribes by distributing infected smallpox blankets______________________________ resulted in an epidemic that spread with great speedConflict ended in stalemate but laid the groundwork for the Royal Proclamation of 1763To resolve frontier tension and prevent further costly conflicts with Indians, Britain passed the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which set aside the crest of the Appalachian Mountains as “______________________________”The specific authorization of the Crown would be required for any purchase of these protected Indian landsColonists were ______________________________Had expected that removal of the French threat would allow them to move unencumbered into the westIn PA, ______________________________ responded by butchering 20 neighboring Indians (1763)Colonial authorities moved to arrest themHundreds of frontiersmen marched in protestProsecution of the Paxton boys failed for lack of witnesses Their defenders criticized PA’s government for ______________________________ Indians while it neglected the interests of backcountry colonists Britain proved unable and unwilling to______________________________ the westward migrationIndians, weakened by the recent war, chose to sign away lands rather than resist and lose more menThe war helped develop a ______________________________ perspective amongst colonists Many colonists began to see themselves as ______________________________ from the BritishBritish soldiers and officers were “aristocratic” in contrast to colonial volunteer companies Officers treated soldiers terribly Colonies built or improved roads for transporting mails and goodsHighly opinionated newspapers circulated and began focusing on intercolonial affairs, as communities demanded coverage of events in distant colonies where their men might be fighting Enlightenment ideas became more frequent in the pressThe press focused increasingly on intercolonial affairs with a continental perspectiveCommerce among the colonies increased 4-fold after the warIn the aftermath of the war, Britain would be forced to end ______________________________Britain had to reorganize its North American empire, raise revenue, maintain forces, quell Indian uprisings, and stifle discontent among the French and Spanish populations of Canada and FloridaLaid groundwork for the conflict between the British and the colonists that led to the ______________________________right5842000Transformation of EmpireBritain had to reorganize its North American empireBegan with the ______________________________ line of ‘63Enacted a series of measures that many colonists, who had started developing a sense of a separate identity, would find objectionable Stationed tens of thousands of troops in newly ______________________________ territories to keep natives and former French/Spanish subjects under controlColonists viewed these troops as a standing army that might turn against them if they exercised too much libertyIn 1765, Britain forced the ______________________________ of British troops, which required local residents to house and feed British soldiersThe war (in the Old and New Worlds) added an enormous expense To help pay massive war debt, Britain passed legislation to help bring ______________________________ to the empireSugar Act of 1764 and Stamp Act of 1765 (to be discussed in upcoming documents)Such acts raised questions about taxation and representationThe French and Indian war would be a major turning point in the relationship between Great Britain and the colonies Before the war, Britain’s policy of salutary neglect allowed Britain and the colonies to benefit under loosely enforced ______________________________ rulesAfter the war, the British government took a more ______________________________ approach to raise more money and tighten its control over their growing American EmpireThe shift in colonial policy provoked colonial resistance and planted the seeds of revolutionUse markers/colored pencils to highlight boundary changes after the French and Indian War (1754-’63) ................
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