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Practicing for “They Say”Give the Kids a BreakBy Steve Rushin FOUR SQUARE and seven years ago we had recess: 20 minutes, twice a day, of Darwinian contests whose very names—king of the hill, capture the flag, keep-away, dodgeball—screamed survival of the fittest. After all, monkey in the middle isn't just a playground game; it describes the chain of human evolution.Most of these games were passed down like heirlooms. They crossed continents and centuries with only small modifications, surviving into the modern age with names such as duck, duck, goose; Mother, may I; and Miss Mary Mack. Ancient Greeks jumped rope, Caesar's subjects played a form of jacks, and blindman's bluff was played in the court of Henry VIII. Pity, then, that none of these games may survive the decade, and for one deeply depressing reason: Red rover, red rover, recess is over.Or it is for many children. According to the National PTA, nearly 40% of U.S. elementary schools "have either eliminated or are considering eliminating recess." Twenty to 30 percent of schools offer 15 or fewer minutes of daily recess. Lifers at Leavenworth get more time in the exercise yard. And the U.S. Department of Education reports that 7% of all U.S. first- and second-graders—and 13% of all sixth-graders—get no recess whatsoever.How ever did this happen to the fabled fourth R? For starters, increased preparation for standardized tests mandated by No Child Left Behind leaves little time for recess. That legislation was passed by Congress, which through Sunday had spent 138 days in recess during this session, safe in the knowledge that eight-year-olds can't vote. In fairness to school administrators, no one should have to choose between childhood ignorance and childhood obesity. But there are lots of other reasons for the recess recession.One is fear of injury. Willett Elementary School in Attleboro, Mass., has been roundly ridiculed for banning tag and other so-called chase games. But similar bans were imposed long ago by many other schools in places such as Spokane; Cheyenne, Wyo.; and suburban Charleston, S.C. Attleboro merely fell in line behind them. Trouble is, life is a chase game. At my elementary school every recess ended like Round 8 of a prizefight: with a bell, the mending of cuts and at least two parties forced to sit in a corner.That kind of unsupervised play literally left its mark on me. The scar on my forehead? I hit a pipe while playing tag in the basement. My left front tooth? Knocked out by a thrown baseball as I daydreamed in the park. And those were just the accidents, independent of the teenage Torquemadas who intentionally inflicted all manner of torture. There were no junior high Geneva Conventions, and so almost everyone endured noogies, wedgies, swirlies, snuggies, sudsies, melvins, wet willies, pink bellies, Indian burns, Russian haircuts and Hertz doughnuts—and a litany of other poetic means of coercion.That was then, this is now. Last year a 15-year-old boy in Gold Hill, Ore., was charged with offensive physical touching for giving a 13-year-old boy a purple nurple. And therein lie two other reasons that recess is receding: 1) playground bullies and 2) fear of lawsuits over injuries incurred on school grounds. In Maine one school canceled recess for eighth-graders in an effort to end bullying, which is a little like scalping in an effort to end dandruff.It's a jungle out there, but you'll be hard pressed on most playgrounds to find a jungle gym, or monkey bars, or stainless-steel slides that in the summer months sizzle like a fajita skillet. Many seesaws are built with springs instead of the fulcrums that allowed one kid to jump off at the bottom, causing the other to drop abruptly, as if down an elevator shaft. And every piece of bubble-wrapped playground equipment—excuse me, play scap e equipment—is festooned with labels that warn of deadly consequences for the smallest misuse.If all of this has you saying, "Give me a break," you've just voiced a universal human need. We all need a break. Some Teamsters get two 15-minute breaks per shift, the Supreme Court is in recess from July to October, and the third Thursday of every June is National Recess at Work Day, whose founder, Rich DiGirolamo, suggests that adults drop whatever they're doing next June 21 and "play tag and dodgeball, jump rope and eat watermelon."Surely seven-year-olds deserve to do the same. And so National Recess Week was observed in September, with Recess Rallies in schools around America. The PTA and the Cartoon Network are sponsoring a Rescuing Recess campaign. Something called the American Association for the Child's Right to Play is also eager to resuscitate recess. All of them agree with G.K. Chesterton, who wrote, "Earth is a task garden; heaven is a playground."December 04, 2006 Sports Illustrated“Give the Kids a Break” Sentence Starters for Argument AnalysisObjective: To clearly recognize the claims made by an author in an argumentDirections: Complete the following sentences on your own sheet of paper. Taking into consideration the denotation and connotation of the underlined verbs, finish the sentences below based on Rushin’s article. If you wish to use any of the author’s exact words as part of your answer, you must enclose them in quotation marks. No quotation should exceed 6 words in length. Do not repeat yourself. Each sentence should be finished with different evidence from the article. Rushin questions whether the “fear of injury” and “fear of lawsuits over injuries” are reasonable justifications for eliminating recess in American schools.1.Rushin acknowledges that . . .2.Rushin denies that . . .3.Rushin complains that . . .4.Rushin celebrates the fact that . . .5.Rushin deplores the tendency to . . .6.Rushin refutes the claim that . . .7.Rushin urges us to . . .8.Rushin refers to (Name one point of view on the issue other than his own to which he refers) in order to demonstrate that…From They Say, I Say (“Capturing Authorial Action”) - Graff and BirkensteinIdentifying an Author’s Argument and Claims using the Graff TemplateComplete this activity on your paper. Feel free to modify the format somewhat, but make sure that you respond to and analyze the passage and the author’s argument. The general argument made by _________________________________ in his/her work____________________________(author’s name) (title)is that ______________________________________________________________________________________________More specifically, he/she argues that _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.He/she (verb)* _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.He/she also (verb)* ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.In this passage, _____________________ suggests that ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.In conclusion, _________________________’s belief is that ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.* Here you may use paraphrase, summary, or direct quotation. If a direct quotation is used, it may not exceed 6 words in length. The above is a “Graff Template” adapted from Gerald Graff, Clueless in Academe (New Haven: Yale UP, 2003), pp. 169-170.Reprinted in Teaching Nonfiction in AP English (A Guide to Accompany 50 Essays) by Renee H. Shea and Lawrence Scanlon (Bedford/St. Martin’s: Boston, 2005), p. 199Finally, answer the five main questions for analyzing rhetoric. You must answer these questions in complete sentences and provide textual evidence to support your argument. Use the following as a guide on how to properly and effectively embed textual evidence. Main questions for analyzing rhetoric:What is the central point, the major idea, that the author wants readers to understand about the subject? (The text’s central claim or thesis – the “take-home” idea).What is the author’s primary purpose? What does the author want to do for the readers: inform them about something they need to know? Convince them to accept a proposition? Persuade them to think or act differently? Clarify an unclear concept? Amuse?What attitude toward the subject matter does the author want readers to believe the author holds? Serious about the subject? Whimsical? Reverential? Ironic? Angry? This is the tone of the piece. How does the author convince the readers that the author is credible, trustworthy, worth listening to? (His ethos).What emotional effect does the author want to have on his readers? Does the author want to make readers happy? Angry? Satisfied or dissatisfied? Comfortable or uncomfortable? (PathosHow to write a Quotation Sandwich… [Framing Quotations]“Because quotations do not speak for themselves, you need to build a “frame” around them in which you do the speaking for them. Quotations inserted into the text without such a frame may be called ‘hit-and-run’ quotations, likening them to car accidents in which the driver speeds away and avoids taking responsibility for the damage.”Example of a “Hit and Run” Quotation:Steve Rushin says that children should have a break because adults get breaks in their day. “Some Teamsters get two 15-minute breaks per shift, the Supreme Court is in recess from July to October.” “We all need a break.”“To adequately frame a quotation, you need to insert it into what we like to call a ‘quotation sandwich,’ with the statement introducing it serving as the top slice of bread and the explanation following it as the bottom slice. [See the underlined portions in the example below.] The introduction or lead-in should explain who is speaking and set up what the quotations says; the follow-up statements should explain why the quotation illustrates the character’s claim.”Example of a Quotation “Sandwich”:In his argument supporting scheduled recess for school children, Sports Illustrated columnist Steve Rushin argues that even many adults enjoy a scheduled break in their activities. Citing examples of “Lifers at Leavenworth,” Congress’s “138 days in recess,” and the Teamsters “two 15-minute breaks per day,” Rushin reminds us that “seven-year-olds deserve the same.” These illustrations of adults in recess not only create a strong argument rooted in the irony that children, who need more breaks, are being denied the right, but also urge Rushin’s readers to see this discrepancy and support the preservation of recess in their own communities.Verbs for Introducing Summaries and QuotationsVerbs for Making a ClaimVerbs for Expressing AgreementVerbs for Questioning or DisagreeingVerbs for Making Recommendationsargueassertbelieveclaimemphasizeinsistobserveremind usreportsuggestacknowledgeadmire agreecelebrate the fact thatcorroboratedo not denyendorseextolpraisereaffirmsupportverifycomplaincomplicatecontendcontradictdenydeplore the tendency to disavowquestionrefuterejectrenouncerepudiateadvocatecall fordemandencourageexhortimplorepleadrecommendurgewarnGraff, Gerald, and Cathy Birkenstein. “They Say/I Say” The Moves that Matter in Academic Writing. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2006. ................
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