ARLINGTON HIGH SCHOOL COURSE INFORMATION SHEET



SOCIAL 35AP Review Chapter 1-6 (no 5)

The Later Middle Ages 1300

I. The Bubonic Plague (The Black Death)

A. Large food supply system, however insecure.

1. Heavy annual rains, crops damaged

2. Crop yield declines, farms abandoned

3. Chronic malnutrition, cities overcrowded, poor sanitation

4. Widespread famines, 1315-1317 and 1321

B. The spread of the disease

1. Genoese ships brought the plague to Europe in 1347

2. Followed trade routes, Venice, Genoa

3. Urban congestion, lack of sanitation

4. Bubonic form “Ring around the Rosie”

a. Large glands developed, “Bubos”

b. Disease spread by fleas on Black rats

5. Pneumonic form

a. Transmitted by people – along respiratory tract

6. Septicemic

a. Transmitted by unsanitary conditions / toileting practices / well water

C. Psychological impact

1. The four horsemen / grave diggers with carts “Bring out your dead”

2. “Gods demand” His divine wrath

3. Widespread suffering & death, especially among the poor / rickets afflicted survivors

4. Priests, nuns, monks were especially vulnerable (Assisting the sick)

5. The Flagellants, self-inflicted punishment to avoid God’s punishment

6. Anti-Semitism as jews were accused of poisoning wells (2,000 were hung)

a. Jacob von Konigshofen: The Cremation of the Strasbourg Jews (Sp. pg.302)

D. Population decline

1. Roughly 1/4th of the Western European population had died

2. London cut in half

a. 1348, 2,000 - 7,000 people died weekly

3. 1347 - 1361 24 million had died

E. Social and Economic consequences

1. Positive: Rising per capita wealth, higher wages, labor mobility,

equitable distribution of wealth

2. Negative: Increased use of slavery, profound pessimism exemplified in art

and literature.

II. The Hundred years war (1337 - 1453)

A. Struggle between the French and English over the Duchy of Gascony

B. Early English victories (fought almost entirely in France)

1. Crecy (1346), Poitiers (1356), Agincourt (1415), Advance toward Paris (1419)

2. English development of new weapons, longbow, cannon superior armor for knights.

C. English Kings: Edward III 1327-1377, Richard II -1399, Henry IV -1413

D. French: Phillip VI 1328-1350, John II -1364, Chales V -1380, Charlews VI - 1422

E. Joan of Arc (Maid of Orleans)

1. Significant role and inspiration for the French

2. English ultimately defeated and driven from France, Joan of Arc is captured

3. Condemned as a heretic and burned at the stake (1431)

4. Becomes the second patron saint of France

F. Consequences

1. Disrupted trade, commerce, and economies, French countryside devastated, Population decline, peasants heavily taxed, economic problems

G. Long Term results

1. English Parliament and nobles gain power, rise of nationalism through propaganda (Chaucer, Villon)

III. Decline of the Catholic Church’s prestige

A. Church corruption rampant

B. Babylonian captivity (Concordat of Bologna between Leo X, King Francis I)

1. French monarchy controlled the papacy (Catholic church)

2. Ultimately weakens the power of the papacy

3. Popes lived in Avignon, under the influence of French King

4. Pragmatic Sanction (1438) French Catholic church claims independence from Rome

C. The Great Schism (1378-1417)

1. Two popes claimed to be the legitimate leaders of Catholicism

2. Resided in: Rome: Pope Urban VI, France: Clement VII

3. Council of Constance (1414 - 1418) ended the Schism, implemented reforms

a. Election of Martin V

D. Conciliar movement

1. Belief that reform should come through periodic councils of Bishops, Cardinals,

Abbots and Laity.

2. General councils advocated powers superior to the pope

a. Marsiglio Padua, Defensor Pacis, excommunicated for defending councils

b. John Wyclif called for church reform, Lollards

1. Precursor to the reformation

3. Continued by Jan Hus (Hussites) Czech priest, rejected the Popes authority

a. Scripture alone should determine church belief, practice

4. Reunited under Pope Martin V

IV. Social underpinnings of the era

A. Marriage was typically prompted by economic factors, “marriage bouquets & bathing”

B. Divorce did not exist, as marriage was regulated by church

1. Females legally marry at 12, males at 14

C. Craft guilds: merchants and artisans who produced and distributed goods

1. Apprentices, Journeymen, Masters

V. Peasant revolts

A. France (The Jacquerie revolts 1358)

1. A precipitant for revolt: French taxation for the Hundred years war

2. Nobles killed, property destroyed

B. England (1381)

1. Brought about from the lord’s attempt to freeze wages

2. Provoked by rising peasant expectations

3. Precipitant was the re-imposition of the head tax on all adult males

4. Uprising defeated by Richard II

VI. Literature of the period

A. Dante Alighieri, Divine Comedy (Speil. Pg. 318)

1. Pilgrimage through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise

2. Critical of some church authorities

B. Christine De Pizan The Book of the City of Ladies denounced patriarchal society

C. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales

The Renaissance 1450

I. Overview

A. Beginning of the “modern period”

1. History proceeds continuously and transitions over time

2. Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Turks, (1453) Muslims

B. Renaissance “Rebirth” of classic Greece & Rome, termed by Jacob Burkhardt

1. Moves Western civilization from rural agrarian toward a commercial society

2. Capital gives rise to the growth of cities (Economic evolution)

a. Primarily through Italian trade – recovery and revival

3. Rise of secular thought and decline of the papacy

3. Capital (ism) led to the growth of central government

a. Coincides with the decline of feudalism

b. Capital plays increasingly important role / rise of slavery

5. Period of economic, financial, political and cultural renewal

a. Culture: Small mercantile elite

5. Communes and republics are developed

a. Popolo wanted positions in government and taxation equality

b. Signori and oligarchies established seeking political and economic independence from nobles.

C. Economic evolution

1. Decline of Feudalism (coincides with growth of capitalism)

a. Governmental system which runs society

b. Vassals owed allegiance to a king or lord

c. Lasts longer in Northern Europe

2. Independent city-states emerge as politically independent units (Beginnings of nationalism)

a. City-states govern all economic activity

1. Condotierre: city-state bureaucracies

2. Signoria: despots, one-man rulers who administered cities

3. Star chamber: a court that applied Roman laws

a. named from stars painted on ceiling

b. Florence: emerged as center of the Renaissance

Social Structure

a. Patricians: The elite, nobles, wealthy merchants, extremely wealthy merchants

b. Mediocri: middle class merchants and artisans “The middling sort”

c. Popolo Minuto: “Little people” bulk of population (85-90%)

d. Children / labor mortality rates – several children born in hopes a few would survive

3. Italy owed much of its wealth to geographic locale

a. Domination from international trade

b. Florentine wool industry

4. Trade quickly outgrew small business

a. Credit is established

5. Money lending and banking

a. Italians had a monopoly on lending for 300 years

b. Papacy frowned upon “Usury” Money lending

c. Banking derived from the success of trade

d. Fluid wealth led to land purchasing, reinvestment

e. Guilds: merchants and manufacturers to develop production of goods

II. Intellectual thought

A. Individualism

1. Concerned with the role of the individual and their place in the universe

2. A period of self reflection and full development of one’s potential, desire for success

3. Earmarked by ambition, belief in the power of individual skills and talents

4. Leon Battista Alberti, “Men can do all things if they will”

B. Secularism

1. Emphasis on the material world, “Here and now”

2. Juxtaposed to the teachings of the Papacy

C. Humanism (Humanitas) Latin

1. “New Learning” of Latin classics to learn about human achievements, interests, and capabilities.

2. Christian perspective to create a more perfect world to civilize mankind

3. Sought to unify pagan, secular and Christian thought

4. Shift from law, medicine & theology to Latin grammar rhetoric and metaphysics “humanities” or a revival of antiquity

5. Effort to revive the glory of the classic age, a return to original sources of Christianity

6. move away from scholasticism (Theological debates)

D. Revival of Antiquity “Man was the measure of all things”

1. Study of classic literature

2. Virtu; Essence of being a person through the showing of ones abilities

III. The Arts (quattrocentro, 1400’s / cinquecentro 1500’s)

A. Authors / inventors

1. Pico della Mirandola, Humanist On The Dignity of Man “To be whatever he wills”

2. Francesco Petrarch, (1304-1374) poet, thought predicts Renaissance, mocked scholatics

3. Boccaccio, Decameron tales of a lustful society, vernacular

4. Nicolo Machiavelli The Prince

a. Epic of political theory. How a ruler may attain, maintain and increase power

b. “It is much more safe to be feared than to be loved” (not hated)

c. wanted to unify Italy under one ruler, divine right

d. Political cunning, the end justifies the means. (Machiavellian)

e. “New” monarchs influenced by Machiavellian thought

6. Monarchs exercised considerable authority

7. Castigilione’s The Book of the Courtier (1518)

a. Describes the “Renaissance man” paint, sing, athletic, military

b. Influenced social conduct

8. Johann Gutenberg (et al.) Invention of moveable type

a. Gutenberg Bible, Transformed population of Europe

b. Brought about increased literacy of laypeople

c. Rise in propaganda

9. Marsilio Ficino, Translation of works of Plato

10. Leonardo Bruni, History of the Florentine People

11. St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, began by pope Julius II

B. Artists (Baroque style: ornamentation) (Disdain for medieval art, often secular themes)

1. Michelangelo (Il Divino-the divine one) “David” “Pieta” “Moses” Sistine chapel*

2. Leonardo da Vinci “The last supper” “Mona Lisa”

3. Sandro Botticelli, “The Birth of Venus” “Primavera”

4. Brunelleschi, Francesca, the development of perspective in art

5. Donatello: revived the classical figure, Bronze David

6. Raphael: “The school of Athens”

C. The role of women during the renaissance

1. Upper-class status decline

2. 2. Increase in infanticide and child abandonment

3. 3. Own but not sell land, several girls to convent

IV. Northern Renaissance (Low countries, Germany, France, Spain, England)

A. Influenced by the Italian Renaissance, but more religious

1. Focus of societal reform, driven primarily by Christian humanists

2. Develop an ethical way of life

3. Erasmus, Adages, In Praise of Folly (1509) “Christian (Dutch) humanist”

a. Education is the means to reform / first attempt at church reform

b. Christianity is an inner attitude of the heart (spirit)

c. Much of work banned by papal Index of prohibited books (handout)

d. Handbook of the Christian Soldier de-emphasized the sacraments

4. Thomas More, Utopia (1516) describes an ideal society

5. Thomas a Kempis, The Imitation of Christ inner piety more important than dogma

B. Art and literature were more religious in the North

1. Van Eyck, Bosch, Brughel, Rembrandt, Durer

V. The end of the Renaissance

A. City-states enter a period of fighting, economic decline, loss of trading routes

1. Peace of Lodi (1454) Signed by Florence, Milan, Venice (Republic)

2. Established political order between differing city-states

B. Battles between France and Spain fought on Italian peninsula

1. 1494 Charles VIII expels Medici (1512 return) Louis XII, League of Cambrai

2. Habsburg – Valois power struggle ensues

C. Exploration and colonization of the Americas

1. Shifts economic balance toward the Atlantic (France, Spain, England)

D. 1512 The Medici overthrow Florentine republic, Machiavelli forced into exile

D. Foreign armies (French, Charles VIII) conquered Italian city-states, continual warfare

1. Spain sacked Rome under Charles I (1527)

E. Many humanists migrate North of the Alps (Central & Northern Europe)

F. Italy would not unify until 1870, republicans pressured despots

VI. Politics

A. Spain

1. Marriage of Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon

a. “New Monarchs” Monarchy links classes of people to territory, Royal authority

2. Reconquista: wars of Northern Christian kingdoms to control peninsula

a. 1492 expulsion of Jews from Spain

3. Jews and Arabs conversion or expulsion

4. Inquisition (1478)

a. Isabella of Castille / Ferdinand of Aragon

b. Use of torture for confession of sins and conversion of Jews / Muslims

c. Tomas De Torquemada

d. Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella (Charles I) Inherited vast lands 1516

5. Intended to Christianize Spain

B. England (and the progression of Tudors)

1. War of the Roses (England, 1455-1471)

a. Civil war between the houses of York (White) and Landcaster (Red)

b. Parliament continues to consolidate and legitimize power.

b. Tudors garnish support from the upper middle class

c. Richard III (Lionhearted) killed at Bosworth field

d. Henry VII first Tudor to rule England

1. Used star chamber to asses fines and penalties for the crown

C. France

1. Charles VII increased the power of the state over the influence of the church

2. Charles VIII invaded Italian peninsula, victorious in Northern Italy

3. French monarchy strengthened under Louis XI “ the spider king”

a. Concordat of Bologna: Institutionalized French kings control over clergy

1. Pope Leo X and King Francis I, end pragmatic sanction of Bourges

2. compromise that assisted in keeping France Catholic, even into the reformation

3. In turn, France would recognize popes superiority over church councils

D. Holy Roman Empire controlled by Habsburg dynasty (Maximillian I)

VII. Renaissance families

A. Medici (Cosimo de’) Florence

1. Controlled Florentine politics

2. Wealth gained from banking and textile industry

3. Cosimo centralized power by banishing members of rival families

4. Manipulated and controlled Gov’t offices

B. Lorenzo de Medici (The magnificent) Cosimo’s grandson

1. Pazzi incident: Attempted murder in Mass (Manchester, Lit by fire pg. 44)

2. Extended families banking interests

3. Considerable influence with the pope in Rome

4. Catherine Medici married to extend her (Children’s) political interests

C. Council of seventy

1. Elected committees for domestic and foreign affairs

D. Sforza family Milan

1. Played off rivalries between other families of Milan

2. Ousted the Visconti family

E. Fuggers (Jacok)

1. Mining industry, silver, copper (Manchester, Lit by Fire pg. 48-49)

2. Most influencial in Spain

Reformation 1517

I. Background

A. Decline of the medieval church

1. Great Schism, Concilliar movement

2. Babylonian captivity

3. Scholasticism: deduced the existence of God from proof

a. (St.) Thomas Aquinas

4. William of Occam

a. Mankind could not understand God through reason

b. “Nominalists” rejected papal authority, church hierarchy

5. Hussites (Jan Hus) gained papal dispensation for Utraquist

a. Communion in both bread and wine

b. Led revolt, called before council of Constance, to resolve great Schism

c. Condemned as a heretic, burnt at the stake

B. New religious philosophy and organizations develop

1. Attempted church reforms prior to 1517 failed

2. Papacy seems more important than Christ

II. Individuals of the reformation

A. Martin Luther “Faith Alone”

1. Religious childhood, studied theology “Occam”

2. Father wanted Martin Luther to study law

3. Lightning storm as a conversion experience, Augustinian monk

4. Earned doctorate in theology

5. Wanted a church reform, not a separation from Catholicism

a. Salvation through “faith alone” “only with faith can you be saved”

b. “The righteous shall live by Gods grace”

c. Major conflict: Faith vs. good works

d. Authority in the Bible not the Papacy

6. 95 Thesis (Oct. 31, 1517) Wittenberg castle / mailed to superior (Spiel. pg. 369)

a. Reform spurred by the practice of purchasing indulgences and church positions (Simony) Absenteeism (neglecting papal duties, Pluralism (holding several positions)

1. First emerged during the Crusades

2. Church has authority to remit penalties for sin, penance

3. Purchase of indulgences one may forgo repentance (pg. 97, Mman)

4. Sent to monks, translated into German / Leipzig debate (1519)

5. Leo X, St. Peter’s Basilica, indulgences sold to repay Fuggers

6. Condemned Catholic practice of Eucharist

7. Seven sacraments (Baptism, Confirmation, Communion, Penance, Holy Orders-Ordination, Marriage, Unction) reduced to two (Baptism and Communion).

b. Luther naive, subsequently threatened the income of the church

c. Pope Leo X issues statement (bull) excommunicating Luther (1520)

1. recant or be excommunicated

2. Luther burns letter

d. Diet (assembly) of Worms 1521

1. “I am bound by the scriptures…Here I stand alone”

2. Edict of Worms: Luther under “ban of empire”

3. Forbade him from preaching, declared a heretic

4. Leo X and Charles V signed

7. 1521 Luther has a large following

a. On Christian Liberty

8. The Twelve Articles

a. A complaint that nobles seized common lands and imposed rents

b. End to double taxation (double taxation)

c. Luther was cited

9. Peasant uprising (1525)

a. An Admonition to Peace Luthers attempt to prevent rebellion

b. 1525 Peasant revolts

1. 75 thousand peasants killed

2. Economic problems

3. Restrictions on independence

4. Hunting and fishing priviledges

c. Luther seems to contradict himself

d. Against the murderous, Thieving hoards of the Peasants

e. “Peasants should respect authority”

f. “Luther asks lords to “stab, smite and slay peasants”

B. John Calvin “Predestination”

1. Not educated by piety

2. Studied theology, University of Paris, humanist with judicial training

3. Calvin impressed by Luther’s ideas

4. Calvin believed that he was selected by God to reform the church

a. Institutes of the Christian Religion

1. Predestination, salvation was a gift from God

a. God determined saved from damned

b. Nothing that individuals can do

5. “Faith brings about good works”

a. No visible evidence of who is saved

b. Hard work is rewarded (bolstered Calvinism)

6. Thoughts on church and state

a. Stern & militant stance / Rejection of Medieval church practices

C. Anabaptists “To baptize again”

1. Belief in baptism for adults, pacifists, separation of church and state

2. Pacifists, “left wing of the reformation” / held no political offices

3. Women allowed into the ministry / polygamy

4. “Third baptism”, Anabaptists persecuted by drowning

5. Arguably, most unaccepted / radical of religious sects

D. William Tyndale (England, 1494-1536)

1. Printing of the New Testament

2. Sets the stage for Protestant reform in England

E. Ulrich Zwingli

1. Swiss humanist brought reformation to Switzerland

2. Reformed church of Zurich / strongly influenced by Zwingli

3. Ulrich Zwingli: Zurich (Sacramentarian: denied all sacraments)

4. Colloquy of Marburg, sought to unify Protestant theology (failed)

F. Henry VIII (King in 1509)

1. Writes: Defense of the Seven Sacraments “Defender of the Faith”

2. “King’s great matter” Wanted marriage to 1. Catherine of Aragon annulled

(Daughter, Mary)

3. Used Parliament to remove the English church from papal control

a. Believed cases were King’s, not the Popes authority (Clement VII)

b. Thomas Cranmer replaces Cardinal Thomas Wolsey

1. Wolsey blamed for losing case and dismissed

c. Henry orders Thomas More executed for not supporting new order

4. Act of Supremacy: Henry becomes head of the Church of England (Anglican)

a. Ten Articles: affirmed Lutheran theology (faith alone) rejected purgatory

5. Act in Restraint of Appeals: denied popes authority (Treason Act)

6. Act of Succession: required loyalty oath of all subjects

7. 2. Anne Boleyn gives birth to Elizabeth. Beheaded for adultery (1536)

8. 3. Jane Seymour (died in childbirth) gave Henry an heir to throne, (Edward VI)

9. Thomas Cromwell, Chief minister

a. Dissolved monasteries and confiscated lands

b. Executed over issue of religious reform

9. 4. “Another” Anne of Cleves (Flemish Mare), never consummated / annulled

10. 5. Catherine Howard, beheaded after 18 months for adultery

11. 6. Catherine Parr, outlived Henry

12. Six Articles passed (1539) Reaffirms many Catholic sacraments

13. Successors to Henry’s throne (Tudor)

a. Edward VI, Strong Protestant beliefs, adopted Calvinism

1. Ruled 1547-1553, son of Jane Seymour, age 9 when took throne

b. Mary Tudor, Daughter of Catherine of Aragon (1553-1558)

1. Attempted movement to return England to Catholicism

2. Married Phillip II of Spain

3. “Bloody Mary” forceable return of subjects to Catholicism

a. burned protestants

c. Elizabeth I, (Tudor) conformity to the church of England

1. Writes the Thirty-nine articles

2. Restored protestant beliefs

a. Puritans: those who would “purify” protestant beliefs of Catholic practices

G. The Hapsburg dynasty

1. Charles V

a. Inheritance of diverse territory

b. Defended Catholicism

c. Hapsburg-Valois wars (1521 - 1555)

1. Advanced Protestantism, however fragmented Germany

2. Four total wars, against Francis I of France

3. Attempt to thwart growing ottoman turk empire

4. Schmalkaldic league – Protestant princes allied with Henry II (Fra.)

d. Peace of Augsburg 1555

1. Ends war between Charles V and Protestant German states

2. Princes could determine territorial religion

3. Compromise: religion of the ruler of each state would be religion of state, officially Catholic church recognizes Lutheranism

III. Counter reformation (External) / Catholic reformation (Internal)

A. Papacy attempted to reform by creating religious interest in Catholicism

1. A reaction to the Protestant reforms

2. The sacking of Rome (1520)

3. Council of Trent (1545 -1563)

a. Pope Paul III

1. Originally called by pope to unify Christianity

a. first, second session failed (wine, dancing)

2. Third session

a. Attempt to oppress Protestant theology

b. Belief in “faith alone” denied, “faith and good works”

c. Tridentine decrees forbade sale of indulgences

d. Only church could interpret scriptures

3. Catholics emerged reinvigorated to combat Protestants

4. Rejected Lutheran and Calvinist theology

B. New religious orders

1. The Jesuits (society of Jesus)

a. Founded by Ignatius of Loyola The Spiritual Exercises (Spiel. pg. 389)

b. Goal: “To help souls”

c. Jesuit schools adopted humanist curriculum / missionary aspect

d. Militarily organized “Give me your child, you can have the man”

e. “The rule of god” “Absolute obedience to the pope”

2. The Congregation of the Holy Office

a. Established by Pope Paul III

b. Authority over all Catholics to arrest, imprison and execute

c. Published Index of Prohibited Books

IV. Results of the Reformation

A. Skepticism toward papal power and Catholicism,

B. Protestants develop their own rigid orthodox

1. Originally what made Luther split with the church

C. Destroyed unity of Europe as an holistic Christian society

D. Catholic vs. Protestant “style” (chalices and churches)

V. Differences between Catholicism and Protestantism

A. Protestants

1. Stress the role of the bible

2. a priesthood of all believers

3. Denied some or all of the Catholic sacraments

B. Catholics

1. Retained hierarchy of church and positions

2. Authority of the Pope asserted

3. Belief in good works and faith

Expansion and Religious wars 1560

I. Background

A. Religious affiliation is used to rationalize war

II. French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) series of nine wars

A. Habsburg-Valois wars (1562) Duke of Guise massacred Huegenots

1. Spain emerges victorious and becomes more powerful

2. Primarily fought in Italy

3. Extensive financing of the war, develops as a precondition to upheaval

a. Sales of publi offices: Tax exempt class, “Nobility of the robe”

b. Concordat of Bologna: Treaty with the papacy

1. Francis I agrees to papal supremacy over councils

2. French monarchy can now appoint church positions

3. Establishes Catholicism in France

4. Ends dynastic conflicts and begins wars based on theology

5. Treaty of Chateau-Cambresis, ends Habsburg-Valois wars

6. Creates a polarization with Huguenots

7. Precipitants

a. Calvinists attacks on Catholic churches, statues, windows, etc.

b. Henry III establishes the Catholic league

c. Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre (1572) Paris, France

1. Marriage of Henry of Navarre, Margaret of Valois

2. Henry of Guise had Gaspard de Coligny attacked Huguenot leaders

3. Parisian Huguenots killed (3,000), also in Lyons, Orleans, Meaux

4. Approx. 20,000 total

B. War of the Three Henrys

1. Henry of Guise (Cath) Henry of Navarre (Calvin.) King Henry III (Cath.)

2. Results

a. Politiques: a sect of people wanting to restore a strong monarchy

b. Henry of Guise, King Henry III are assassinated,

c. Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) now on the throne

1. “Paris is worth a mass” End of Catholic league and conflict,

converts to Catholicism

2. Edict on Nantes (1598) sanctioned Huguenots religious toleration

3. Freedom to worship, assemble, public offices

4. Precursor to French Absolutism

III. Dutch revolt (Spanish Netherlands)

A. Phillip II (Spain) inherited lands from Charles V (Habsburg) who abdicated the throne

1. Seventeen provinces, Calvinism appealed to the middle classes of dutch

2. Phillip II appoints Margaret to end protestant sects in Netherlands (Calvinist refuge)

a. Spain attempted to impose Inquisition and make Europe Catholic

3. Calvinists rioted against Phillip II, led by William of Orange

4. Duke of Alva “Council of Blood” sent to execute calvinists, later removed

5. Alexander Farnese sent to end revolt

6. Result: Pacification of Ghent

a. Union of Utrect; Protestant. Union of Arras: Catholic

7. Elizabeth I defends the Prot. cause

B. Spanish Armada defeated by the English fleet (1588)

1. One of the most decisive victories in naval warfare

2. Prevents Phillip II (married Mary) from war with England and defeating the Dutch

IV. Thirty Years War (1618-1648) (BDSF) Protestants fight Catholics across Europe

A. Background

1. Lutheran princes form the Protestant Union (1608)

2. Catholic league (1609) formed to counter the Prot. alliance at Palatinate

3. Bourbons of France and Habsburgs of Austria both supported Catholicism

B. Bohemian period (1618-1625)

1. Civil war between Prot. Union and Catholic league

2. Ferdinand I attempts to revoke Protestant rights

3. Ferdinand’s officials thrown from castle window: “Defenestration of Prague” (1618)

4. Forcible conversions and Jesuits convert Bohemia to Catholicism

5. Battle of White Mountain: Bohemia made Catholic / Frederick V into exile (Holland)

C. Danish period (1625-1629)

1. King Christian IV of Denmark (Lutheran) led army into northern Germany

2. Albert of Wallenstein victorious (Under Ferdinand II)

3. Edict of Restitution (1629) restored Catholic territories lost to Protestants

4. Outlawed Calvinism, led to Swedish involvement

D. Swedish period (1630-1635)

1. Gustavus Adolphus (Lutheran) of Sweden victorious

a. Sweden becomes a strong European power

2. Denmark, Poland, Finland under Swedish control

3. Ferdinand and Wallenstein assassinated.

4. Ended Habsburg hopes of German unification. Peace of Prague

E. French (International or Franco-Swedish) period (1635-1648)

1. Cardinal Richelieu (France) declares war on Spain & Austrian Habsburgs

2. Peace of Westphalia (1648)

1. Reasserted Peace of Augsburg but recognized Calvinism

2. Recognized power and authority of German princes determine own religion

3. Influence of Holy Roman Empire diminished

a. 300 independent German states recognized

4. Swiss confederation and Netherlands (Dutch) independence established

5. Allowed French influence in German affairs of state

6. Treaty of Munster, recognized Dutch independence, remained Hapsburg

3. Treaty of Pyrenees (1659) Spanish Netherlands to France, Demise of Spanish power

F. Results

1. Roughly 1/3 German population killed, France arguably the “winner”

2. Proved to be disastrous for German economy, Eastern Germany enserfed

3. Refugees and the spread of disease

4. Loss of agricultural land, and labor (Serfs) Period of peasant revolts

V. England

A. Elizabeth I

1. “neither a good protestant, nor papist” John Knox

2. Act of uniformity – Book of common Prayer

3. Challenged by cousin Mary queen of Scots

a. Mary fled to England, beheaded from plot to assassinate Elizabeth

4. Conflict with Spanish Economic interests / shipping

a. Phillip II prepared Spanish Armada to attack England

b. Pope offered financial support

c. Spanish armada defeated

VI. Explorations

A. Background

1. Motives include the further growth of Christianity

2. Desire for greater material wealth (economic) “God, Glory and Gold”

3. Nations under control of strong monarchies

4. Development of colonies, rivalries develop over trade and territory

B. Portugal

1. Henry “The Navigator” establishes navigation and exploration school at Sagres

2. Early leaders in expansion overseas, mounted canons on ships

3. Controls transport of gold / slave trade / ivory / spice

C. Spain

1. Columbus: discoveries in the new world

2. Vasco da Gama: Reached India

3. Magellan: Cape horn, Cape of good hope / first known circumnavigation of Earth

4. John Cabot: Sighted Newfoundland

5. Hernan Cortez: Landed on coast of Mexico

a. Established So. American colonies / conquistadors destroyed Aztec empire

D. Netherlands, France, England (colonize N. America)

1. Dutch East India Company established

a. Fostered commercial imperialism

2. France and England primarily interested in colonization

a. English colonies: 1607, Jamestown 1620 Mass. Bay

b. Dutch: 1625 New Amsterdam

VI. Women

A. Protestants saw marriage as a contract

B. Catholics as a sacramental union

C. Worked in several diverse occupations

D. Subsistence agriculture

E. Witches

1. Undiagnosed illness / misfortunes attributed to witchcraft

2. Malleus Maleficarum / Misogyny (hatred of women especially the elderly)

3. Provided a legal basis for execution of women

VII. Arts and Literature

A. Literature

1. Montaigne: Essay’s “Know thyself”

a. Use self-knowledge to understand the world

b. Middle-way: moderation and toleration

2. Elizabethan and Jacobean

a. Shakespeare reflects ideas of classical culture, humanism, individualism

b. King James version of the Bible

B. Art & Music

1. Peter Paul Rubens, typified baroque painting The Landing of Marie de Medeci

2. Baroque- Combine classics of Renaissance and religion of reformation – ornate style

3. Music: Johann Sebastian Bach, concertos and cantatas

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment 1600

I. Background

A. General intellectual shift

B. logic and mathematics are utilized to foster “the age of light”

C. Secular humanism fosters the polarization of church vs. State

D. New religious thought, nothing is accepted by “faith alone”

II. Scientific Revolution

A. Preconditions to the scientific revolution

1. Established University systems develops scholars

2. Inquiry developed from Renaissance humanism

1. Departure from Medieval theory

B. Individuals of Science

1. Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

a. English politician, rejected Copernicus and Kepler

b. experimental approach to theory

c. Empirical method, inductive reasoning

d. Empiricism: examination of Phenomena

2. Rene Descartes (refined the “scientific method”)

a. Deductive reasoning based on observation, analytic geometry

b. Focus on Physical (matter) and Spiritual (mind) (Cartesian dualism)

c. Cogito, Ergo sum “I think therefore I am”

d. Discourse on Method (Spiel. 478)

e. Math as a foundation for science (mind over matter)

3. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) (Spiel. 466)

a. Heliocentric: stars and planets revolve around the sun (Condemnation)

b. On the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres

c. Raised questions about Aristotle’s Astronomy/ Physics

d. Contrary to religious doctrine

4. Tyco Brahe (1546-1601)

a. Differentiated from theories of Copernicus

b. Denmark, built sophisticated observatory- Uraniborg

c. Collected massive amounts of data- To reject Aristotelian- Ptolemaic System

5. Johannes Kepler (Brahe’s assistant) (Spiel. 467)

a. Develops three laws of planetary motion

1. Ellipse, speed variation, orbit relation to distance

5. Galileo Galilei (1564 -1642)

a. Formalized experimentation/ systematic observation using telescope

b. Laws of motion and inertia, discovered four moons of Jupiter

c. Tried for heresy and imprisoned

d. The Starry Messenger: Legitimized Copernican Theory

e. Dialog on: Ptolemaic and Copernican- Again supported Copern. Theory

f. Body in motion stays in motion unless deflected by external sources

6. Issac Newton (1642-1727)

a. Applied previous scientific research

b. Law of universal gravitation

1.Object stays in motion unless deflected

2. Rate of change in proportion to force acting upon it

3. Every action- Equal and opposite reaction

c. Principia synthesized the Scientific revolution

d. Pope epitaph, “God said let Newton be! And all was light”

7. Benedict de Spinoza (1632-1677)

a. Dutch philosopher, Pantheism/ Monism.

b. “Toleration of all beliefs”

c. Cartesian

8. Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)

a. Originated science of probability- Pensees Attempt to convert Rationalists to Christianity

b. Calculating machine

C. Individuals Of Medicine

1. Paracelsus (1493-1541)

a. Macrocosm- parts of universe represented in all people

b. Father pf Modern Medicine (Homeopathy/ Holistic Drugs)

2. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

a. On the Fabric of the Human Body: Study of Anatomy/ Physiology

3. William Harvey (1578- 1657)

a .On the motion of the heart and Blood. Heart responsible for circulation

D. Results of the Scientific revolution

1. Social institutions change

a. growth of agriculture, surplus of food, broke the pattern of life

b. population explosion

c. defoliation of forests and demand for wood

d. longitudinal transition to a new source of energy: coal

2. Political thought becomes apparent, politically articulate middle class

a. Evolution of political systems

3. Scientific thought perpetuated

4. integral to the Age of Light (Enlightenment)

E. Scientific Societies:

1. English Royal Society- Little Government Involvement

2. French Royal Academy of Sciences – Gov’t control/ Finances

3. Scientific Academy (Braudenburg)

III. The Enlightenment (Age of Light)

A. Principles of:

1. Reason: Strive to understand aspects of life through critical evaluation

2. Scientific Method: Used to explain society and nature

3. Progress: Improve society and individuals (Progress is possible)

B. Individuals of reason

1. Bernard Fontenelle (1657 -1757)

a. Plurality of Worlds, Eulogies of Scientists

b. Hypothesized the importance of intellectual progress

c. Claimed the church was fraudulent

d. popularized secularism

2. Pierre Bayle (1647 - 1706)

a. delineated “Skepticism” Historical and Critical Dictionary

b. Journalist, Protestant, wrote four volume dictionary on Skepticism

1. Most widely read book in France beside the Bible

2. No absolute truth, only relative truth

c. “Nothing can be known beyond all doubt”

3. John Locke

a. Essay concerning human understanding, Second Treatise of Civil Gov’t.

b. Rejected theories of Descartes

c. Theories on learning / ideas derived from experience (not innate)

d. Tabula Rasa: Human development by education and social experiences

e. People should be served by elected Government, contract between ruler/people. Against theories of Hobbes.

C. The Philosophes (Philosophers) Develops in France to reform society

Examined: The meaning of life / God, Cause and effect, Good vs. Evil.

Followed “classicism” of Greece and Rome, Freedom of expression

1. Montesquieu (1689 - 1755)

a. Persian Letters

b. The Spirit of Laws : argued for popular sovereignty (Spiel. 490)

c. separation of powers, no monarchy, no nobility

d. Questioned basis of French society and society in general

e. Political power should be shared by all social classes, represented middle class

f. U.S. and French Constitutions

2. Voltaire ( Francois-Mame Arouet) (Spiel. 492)

a. Candide series of misfortunes, Age of Louis XIV

b. Diest, believed in God but not an established church

c. Social and political reformer, enlightened rulers

d. Policy current: theories become more inflexible

e. Criticized Rousseau

2. Denis Diderot (1713 - 1784) D’Alembert

a. Encyclopedia works of philosophy to change way of thinking

1. Placed on papal Index of Prohibited books

2. widely read, most influential in France

4. Paul D’Holbach (1723 - 1789)

a. Atheist, wrote System of Nature

5. David Hume

a. Ideas reflect sensory experiences (observation and reflection)

b. Treatise on Human Nature

c. “The science of man”

d. sensory experiences

e. philosophy undermines “power of reason” associated with the enlightenment

6. Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712 -1775)

a. The Social Contract “men are born free, yet everywhere they are in chains”

b. Represented the poor and emerging classes

c. “General will” and popular sovereignty through the search for freedom.

d. Emile, Regarding education and ethics.

7. Marie- Jean De Condorcet (1743-1794)

a. The progress of the Human Mind- Humans progressed through nine stages of history, the tenth being perfection.

D. Enlightenment influence on Monarchs

1. Prussia Frederick II (The Great) (1762-1796)

a. Allowed religious and philosophical freedom

b. improved education, economy and legal reforms instituted

c. Maintained Junker nobility, territorial expansion

2. Russia Catherine II (The Great) (1762 - 1796)

a. Sought to rule as enlightened monarch, Charter of the Nobility

b. Brought Western ideas / culture to Russia

c. Territorial expansion included Poland

d. Pugachev’s Rebellion (Cossacks)

1. Rebels killed landlords

1. Led by Emelian Pugachev, ended by Habsburg troops

2. led to reforms of Maria Teresa and Joseph II

e. Did not attempt to reform serfdom (Domestic)

3. Austria

a. Maria Teresa

1. Church and state regulated by Government

2. levied taxes, improved agriculture

b. Joseph II

1. Granted religious toleration, attempted to abolish serfdom

3. Leopold II (Josephs brother) forced to cancel reforms

4. France (Louis XV)

a. Appointed Rene De’Maupeou (taxation difficulties)

1. abolished French Parliaments

2. Created a Lackey Parliament

b. Louis XVI

1. Reinstated Old parliament

2. Dismissed De’Maupeou

5. Precondition to financial and political crisis

IV. Results of the Enlightenment

A. Political reform from above (Gov’t was a science)

B. Literacy and reading increased

C. Rise of Salons

1. Drawing rooms used as a forum for philosophic

discussions and public debate

E. Signified the end of absolutism (France)

F. Pushed theology to background

G. Rococo style (Louis XV) reduces baroque forms to decorative style

1. utilized different materials, wood, metal, stucco, glass, porcelain

2. Often birds, nature replaced religious objects

3. Antoine Watteau

4. Giovanni Battista Tiepolo

5. Balthasar Nevmann

H. Beliefs

1. Rationalists: stressed deductive reasoning or mathematical logic

2. Empiricists: Inductive reasoning, emphasis on sensory experiences

3. Philosophes: teachers and journalists who popularized the Enlightenment.

4. Physiocrats: Stressed economic implications for land/ rejected mercantilism.

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