Tables



APPENDICES

|Appendix A. Operationalization control variables |

| | |Minimum |Maximum |Mean |Std. Deviation |

|Variable |Values | | | | |

|Gender |0 = male; 1 = female |0 |1 |0.48 |0.50 |

|Age |in years |15 |93 |36 |14 |

|Education |(0) uncompleted elementary; (1) completed |0 |7 |2.97 |2.53 |

| |elementary; (2) incomplete vocational/technical; | | | | |

| |(3) complete vocational/technical; (4) incomplete | | | | |

| |preparatory university; (5) complete preparatory | | | | |

| |university; (6) some university/lower level higher | | | | |

| |education; (7) university with degree/higher level | | | | |

| |higher education | | | | |

|Socio-economic |(0) Lower class; (1) working class; (2) lower |0 |4 |1.75 |0.95 |

|class |middle class; (3) upper middle class; (4) upper | | | | |

| |class | | | | |

|Income |10 steps (0 = lowest; 9 = highest) |0 |9 |3.75 |2.21 |

|N = 8,332 |

|Source: WVS (Egypt, 2000; Iraq, 2001, 2006; Jordan, 2001, 2007; Morocco, 2007; Saudi Arabia, 2003). |

|Notes: The statistics on income do not include the inputted scores for Jordan 2007. The gender ratio, age and education (in terms of illiteracy|

|rates) have been compared to general population statistics (CIA World Factbook) for these countries and turn out to be roughly the same: the |

|illiteracy rates and age are a bit higher, but this can be related to the surveys only included people 18 years of age and over. |

|Appendix B. Factor analysis on items of support for democracy |

| |Factor 1 |Factor 2* |Factor 3 |

|Political system: Having experts make decisions | | |0.443 |

|Political system: Having the army rule | | | |

|Political system: Having a democratic political system | |0.468 | |

|In democracy, the economic system runs badly |0.617 | | |

|Democracies are indecisive and have too much squabbling |0.824 | | |

|Democracy may have problems but is better | |0.464 | |

|Eigenvalue |1.599 |1.346 |1.052 |

|% of Variance |25.8 |22.4 |17.5 |

|*The items related to this factor are used in the regression analyses, since they seem to be conceptually closest to the theoretical factor in this |

|study. |

|Source: WVS (All Arab countries with all items available: Morocco, 2001; Iraq, 2001, 2006; Jordan, 2001); N = 3,407. |

|Note: Factor loadings with a weight less than 0.3 are not included in the table. Principal Axis Factoring with oblique rotation was used. |

|Appendix C. Tolerance items include per country |

| | | | | | | |Saudi Arabia|

|Would not like to have neighbours who |Egypt 2000|Iraq 2004 |Iraq 2006 |Jordan 2001 |Jordan 2007 |Morocco 2007 |2003 |

|are: … | | | | | | | |

|Different race |X | | |X |X |X |X |

|Immigrants/foreign workers |X | | |X |X |X |X |

|Jews |X |X |X | | | | |

|Different religion | |X |X |X |X |X |X |

|Different language | | | | |X |X | |

|Christians | |X |X | | | | |

|Kurds, Esids | |X |X | | | | |

|From another country of origin | | | |X | | | |

|Appendix D. Factor analysis on items of commitment and orthodoxy |

| |Factor 1* |Factor 2* |Factor 3 |

|Are you a religious person? (0–2) |0.321 | | |

|How often do you attend religious service? (0–6) | | | |

|How important in life is: Religion? (0–3) |0.458 | | |

|How important is God in your life? (0–1) | | | |

|What are important child qualities?: religious faith (0–9) |-0.392 | | |

|Is suicide justifiable? (0–9) | |0.423 | |

|Is drinking alcohol justifiable? (0–9) | |0.425 | |

|Eigenvalue |1.500 |1.066 |1.013 |

|% of Variance |21.4 |15.2 |14.5 |

|*These items related to this factor are used in the regression analyses, since they seem to be conceptually closest to the |

|theoretical factor in this study. |

|Source: WVS (All Arab countries with all items available: Egypt, 2000; Jordan, 2001; Morocco, 2001); N=2,978. |

|Note: Factor loadings with a weight less than 0.3 are not included in the table. Principal Axis Factoring with oblique rotation |

|was used. |

|Appendix E. Factor analysis of items on the relationship between of politics and Islam |

| |Factor 1* |Factor 2* |

|Politicians who don’t believe in God are unfit for public office (0–4) | | |

|Churches give answers: the social problems (0–1) | |0.433 |

|Religious leaders should not influence how people vote (0–4) | |0.245 |

|Better if more people with strong religious beliefs in public office (0–4) |0.558 | |

|Only laws of the Shari’a (0–4) |0.620 | |

|Eigenvalue |1.559 |1.007 |

|% of Variance |31.2 |20.1 |

|*These items related to this factor are used in the regression analyses, since they seem to be conceptually closest to the theoretical|

|factor in this study. |

|Source: WVS (All Arab countries with all items available: Egypt, 2000; Iraq, 2001, 2006; Jordan, 2001); N = 2,978. |

|Note: Factor loadings with a weight less than 0.2 are not included in the table. Principal Axis Factoring with oblique rotation was |

|used. |

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