FMI 3-07.22, Counterinsurgency Operations

[Pages:182]FMI 3-07.22

Counterinsurgency Operations

OCTOBER 2004 EXPIRES OCTOBER 2006 HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

Distribution Restriction: Distribution authorized to the DOD and DOD contractors only to maintain operations security. This determination was made on 1 April 2004. Other requests for this document must be referred to Commander, US Army Combined Arms Center and Fort Leavenworth, ATTN: ATZL-CD (FMI 3-07.22), 1 Reynolds Avenue (Building 111), Fort Leavenworth, KS 66027-1352. Destruction Notice: Destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document.

This publication is available at Army Knowledge Online us.army.mil

Field Manual?Interim No. 3-07.22

*FMI 3-07.22

Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC, 1 October 2004 Expires 1 October 2006

Counterinsurgency Operations

Chapter 1 Chapter 2

Contents

Page

PREFACE .............................................................................................................iv

INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................vi

OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................ 1-1 Definition of Insurgency...................................................................................... 1-1 Elements of the Insurgency................................................................................ 1-1 Origins and Causes ............................................................................................ 1-3 Insurgent Doctrine .............................................................................................. 1-5 Dynamics of Insurgency ..................................................................................... 1-7 State Approach to Insurgency ............................................................................ 1-9

COMMAND AND CONTROL IN A COUNTERINSURGENCY ENVIRONMENT2-1

Section I ? Introduction.................................................................................... 2-1 General ............................................................................................................... 2-1 Fundamental Conditions .................................................................................... 2-2

Section II ? Role of the Army in Counterinsurgency .................................... 2-3

Section III ? Planning Consideration for Counterinsurgency...................... 2-4 Mission Analysis ................................................................................................. 2-4 Intelligence Estimate .......................................................................................... 2-4 Civil-Military Operations Estimate ...................................................................... 2-5

Section IV ? Command and Control ............................................................... 2-6 Command and Control of Counterinsurgency Forces........................................ 2-6 Army Special Operations Forces........................................................................ 2-7 Multinational Forces ........................................................................................... 2-9

Section V ? Coordination............................................................................... 2-10 Interagency Coordination ................................................................................. 2-10 Coordination with Host-Nation Civil Authorities................................................ 2-11 Coordinating Structures.................................................................................... 2-12 Civil-Military Operations Center........................................................................ 2-13

Distribution Restriction: Distribution authorized to the DOD and DOD contractors only to maintain operations security. This determination was made on 1 April 2004. Other requests for this document must be referred to Commander, US Army Combined Arms Center and Fort Leavenworth, ATTN: ATZL-CD (FMI 3-07.22), 1 Reynolds Avenue (Building 111), Fort Leavenworth, KS 66027-1352.

Destruction Notice: Destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document.

i

FMI 3-07.22

Chapter 3

Chapter 4 Chapter 5

Section VI ? Rules of Engagement................................................................2-13

Section VII ? Civil-Military Operations Mission Planning and Criteria of Success............................................................................................................ 2-15

Section VIII ? Other Planning Considerations .............................................2-16 Planning for Public Affairs and Media Teams...................................................2-16 Use of Interpreters ............................................................................................2-17

COUNTERINSURGENCY OPERATIONS .........................................................3-1

Section I ? Concept of Operations ..................................................................3-1 General ...............................................................................................................3-1 Command and Control........................................................................................3-1 Resource Allocation ............................................................................................3-2

Section II ? Civil-Military Operations...............................................................3-2 General ...............................................................................................................3-2 Population and Resource Control.......................................................................3-2 Control Program Phases.....................................................................................3-3

Section III ? Counterinsurgency Combat Operations ...................................3-8 Objectives ...........................................................................................................3-8 Intelligence ..........................................................................................................3-8 Host-Nation Security Force Operations ..............................................................3-8 Offensive Operations ..........................................................................................3-8 Defensive Operations .......................................................................................3-10 Clear and Hold ..................................................................................................3-11

Section IV ? Information Operations.............................................................3-14 Information-Environment-Based Threats..........................................................3-14 Information Operations in Support of Counterinsurgency ................................3-16 Application of IO Elements In Counterinsurgency Support ..............................3-18

Section V ? The Media ....................................................................................3-18

INTELLIGENCE .................................................................................................. 4-1 General ...............................................................................................................4-1 Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield Planning Considerations...................4-2 Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield Assessment ......................................4-5 The Threat...........................................................................................................4-8 Types of Intelligence Support ...........................................................................4-12 ISR Planning in Counterinsurgency Operations ...............................................4-16

PSYCHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS AND MILITARY POLICE SUPPORT........5-1 General ...............................................................................................................5-1

Section I ? Psychological Operations.............................................................5-1 Mission Of Psycohological Operations ...............................................................5-1 Tactical Psychological Operations......................................................................5-2 Tactical Psychological Operations Team............................................................5-2 Advising the Supported Commander..................................................................5-3 Loudspeaker Operations.....................................................................................5-3 Printed Products .................................................................................................5-3 Face-To-Face Communications .........................................................................5-4 Pretesting and Posttesting ..................................................................................5-4 Town and Area Assessments .............................................................................5-4 Radio and Television Station Assessments........................................................5-4 Civil Disturbance .................................................................................................5-4 Propaganda Assessments and Counterpropaganda .........................................5-4 Psycohological Operations Considerations ........................................................5-5

ii

Contents

Chapter 6

Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E Appendix F Appendix G Appendix H Appendix I Appendix J

Section II ? Military Police ............................................................................... 5-5 Maneuver and Mobility Support Operations....................................................... 5-5 Area Security ...................................................................................................... 5-6 Police Intelligence Operations............................................................................ 5-6 Law and Order Operations ................................................................................. 5-6 Internment and Resettlement Operations .......................................................... 5-7 Detainee Operations .......................................................................................... 5-7 USA Criminal Investigation Division Command ................................................. 5-7 Military Working Dogs ........................................................................................ 5-7

HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS, MOVEMENT SECURITY, AND CIVIL DISTURBANCES ............................................................................................... 6-1 General ............................................................................................................... 6-1

Section I ? Health Service Support Considerations ..................................... 6-1

Section II ? Security During Movements........................................................ 6-2 Convoy Operations............................................................................................. 6-2 Vehicle Hardening Procedures........................................................................... 6-5 Vehicle Weapon Improvements ......................................................................... 6-6

Section III ? Civil Disturbance Measures ....................................................... 6-9 Threat Analysis................................................................................................. 6-10 Crowd Characteristics ...................................................................................... 6-10 Types of Resisters............................................................................................ 6-12 Tactical PSYOP Teams.................................................................................... 6-12 Elements of a Control Force Formation ........................................................... 6-13 Control Force Formations................................................................................. 6-15 Vehicles and Formations.................................................................................. 6-18 Crowd Control................................................................................................... 6-18

Section IV ? NonLethal Equipment and Weapons ...................................... 6-20

CIVIL-MILITARY OPERATIONS ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST .......................A-1

USE OF INTERPRETERS .................................................................................B-1

POPULATION AND RESOURCES CONTROL ................................................C-1

ORDER OF BATTLE FACTORS.......................................................................D-1

INTELLIGENCE INDICATORS.......................................................................... E-1

INTELLIGENCE ANALYSIS TOOLS AND INDICATORS................................ F-1

LEADER CHECKLIST FOR HEALTH SERVICE SUPPORT AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE ..........................................................................................................G-1

MEDICAL EVACUATION ..................................................................................H-1

PLANNING FOR DETAINEE OPERATIONS AND FIELD PROCESSING OF DETAINEES ........................................................................................................ I-1

LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS IN COUNTERINSURGENCY.............................. J-1

GLOSSARY ..........................................................................................Glossary-1

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................ Bibliography-1

iii

Preface

PURPOSE

This FMI establishes doctrine (fundamental principles and TTP) for military operations in a counterinsurgency environment. It is based on existing doctrine and lessons learned from recent combat operations. Additional counterinsurgency doctrine is being developed. It will be combined with the doctrine in this FMI and published as an FM prior to October 2006. Send any comments to the Combined Arms Center at Fort Leavenworth per instructions in the proponent statement below.

SCOPE

To make this text useful to leaders involved in counterinsurgency operations regardless of where these operations may occur, the doctrine contained herein is broad in scope and involves principles applicable to various AOs. This FMI is not focused on any region or country. Insurgencies have some common characteristics, but their ideological basis may vary widely. Fundamental to all counterinsurgencies is the need to help local authorities establish safety, security, and stability, because insurgents thrive on chaos and instability.

APPLICABILITY

The primary audience for this manual is conventional-force leaders at division-level and below. It supports Army Education System instruction on the theory and conduct of counterinsurgency operations.

DESCRIPTION OF FIELD MANUALS?INTERIM

An FMI is a DA publication that provides expedited delivery of urgently needed doctrine the proponent has approved for use without placing it through the standard development process. Unless an FMI is rescinded, information it disseminates is incorporated into a new or revised FM. FMIs expire after two years, unless superseded or rescinded.

ADMINISTRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS

This publication uses the term insurgent to describe those taking part in any activity designed to undermine or to overthrow the established authorities. In the text, terms that have joint or Army definitions are italicized and the number of the proponent manual follows the definition. FMI 3-07.22 is not the proponent manual for any terms. President refers to the President and the Secretary of Defense, or their duly deputized alternates and successors. Headquarters, US Army Training and Doctrine Command is the proponent for this publication. The preparing agency is the Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate, US Army Combined Arms Center. Send written comments and recommendations on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) directly to: Commander, US Army Combined Arms Center and Fort Leavenworth, ATTN: ATZL-CD (FMI 3-07.22), 1 Reynolds Avenue (Building

iv

Preface

111), Fort Leavenworth, KS 66027-1352. Send comments and recommendations by e-mail to web-cadd@leavenworth.army.mil. Follow the DA Form 2028 format or submit an electronic DA Form 2028.

v

Introduction

BACKGROUND

The American way of war includes mass, power, and the use of sophisticated smart weapons. However, large main force engagements that characterized conflict in World War II, Korea, and Operations Desert Storm and Iraqi Freedom in the Middle East have become the exceptions in American warfare. Since the American Revolution, the Army has conducted stability operations, which have included counterinsurgency operations. Over the past half-century alone, the Army gained considerable experience in fighting insurgents in Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Laos, Philippines), Latin America (Colombia, Peru, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua), Africa (Somalia), Southwest Asia (Afghanistan), and now the Middle East (Iraq). Dealing with counterinsurgency since the Vietnam War has fallen largely on SOF; however, conventional forces have frequently come into contact with insurgent forces that seek to neutralize the inherent advantages of size, weaponry, and conventional force TTP. Insurgents use a combination of actions that include terror, assassination, kidnapping, murder, guerrilla tactics such as ambushes, booby traps, and improvised explosive devices aimed at US and multinational forces, the host country's leaders, and ordinary citizens.

The stunning victory over Saddam Hussein's army in 2003 validated US conventional force TTP, but the ensuing aftermath of instability has caused review of lessons from the Army's historical experience and those of the other services and multinational partners. One of the key recurring lessons is that the United States cannot win other countries' wars for them, but can certainly help legitimate foreign governments overcome attempts to overthrow them. US forces can assist a country confronted by an insurgency by providing a safe and secure environment at the local level and continuously building on the incremental success.

The impetus for this FMI came from the Iraq insurgency and the realization that engagements in the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) would likely use counterinsurgency TTPs. Consequently this FMI reviews what we know about counterinsurgency and explains the fundamentals of military operations in a counterinsurgency environment.

COUNTERINSURGENCY DESCRIPTION

Counterinsurgency is those military, paramilitary, political, economic, psychological, and civic actions taken by a government to defeat insurgency (JP 1-02). It is an offensive approach involving all elements of national power; it can take place across the range of operations and spectrum of conflict. It supports and influences an HN's IDAD program. It includes strategic and operational planning; intelligence development and analysis; training; materiel, technical, and organizational assistance; advice; infrastructure development; tactical-level operations; and many elements of PSYOP. Generally, the preferred methods of support are through assistance and development programs. Leaders must consider the roles of military, intelligence, diplomatic, law enforcement, information, finance, and economic elements (MIDLIFE) in counterinsurgency.

vi

 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download