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History of Computers Student Notes OutlineCounting boards and abaciHumans have needed to count as long as we have been aliveUntil the invention of __________________ humans used various objects to count for them such as ________________In the times of _________________ people created counting boards that allowed for the usage of units (10s, 100s etc.) in business transactionsCounting boards are documented as being used as early as ________ by the BabyloniansThe ______________________ as we know it today is considered to be ‘modern’ abacusAppearance first occurs circa 1200 AD in China These were actually the __________________________ and allowed people to utilize large numbers and __________________________________________Son of glove maker who aspired to be a _______________________________Fascinated with automataBest remembered for two machines; the Digesting Duck and the _________________________________The Digesting Duck was made up of over _____ parts were able to flap its wings, quack, drink water, eat, and even simulate defecatingBetween _________________________ Vaucanson built on the work of others and built a fully automated weaving loom (called the Jacquard Loom)Charles BabbageEnglish mathematician, engineer, philosopher and inventorBelieved that ______________________________ and went on to design the first two ___________________ computers; the Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine___________________________ was developed to compute the values of polynomial functionsBy using finite differences, it was possible to avoid the need of multiplication and division___________________________ marked the advancement of computers into the programmable realmUsing loops of Jacquards __________________ to control a mechanical calculator it implemented _____________ _____________ control, _____________________, and ____________________ to perform full general-purpose computations Countess of Lovelace (Augusta Ada Byron King)Daughter of Lord Byron (yes the poet) Ada had an unusual life as an aristocratic girl in the ___________________Mother insisted Ada’s tutors educate her in _____________________Met Charles Babbage at age 17 Eventually became her ______________________She was given the opportunity to see Babbage’s __________________ and became completely captivated by itWas asked to translate one of Babbage’s articles from French into EnglishAdding her own _________________ the ‘translated’ article was significantly longer than the original Included ideas such as ____________________ and how codes could be used to translate _________________ and ___________________ as well as _______________________Considered to be the ______________________Kondrad ZuseGerman born civil engineer, inventor and computer pioneerGreatest invention, the ________________, came about in 1941Z3 was the world’s first fully ___________________________________ computer based on a ______________________floating-point number and switching systemMost significant difference between the Z3 and modern computers is the ___________________________________________Developed what is considered to be the _____________________________ first programming language in 1945Called Plankalkul First language to utilize _________________________ to solve problems Used his new language to write the world’s first computer __________________________________________________________________________________________ in the US NavyHelped program the _______________________________ and _________________________Developed the first computer _____________________________Working on the ______________________- in ____________________ she discovered that the program it was running had a compiler errorUpon inspection she found a _______________ stuck between a set of _______________ and logged it in the engineering book as having found a ______________________ in the computerLater work led to the development of ____________________________John von Neumann (1903-1957)Austrian-Hungarian mathematician1945 undertook a study of computation that demonstrated that a computer could have fixed structure and that ________________________ and _______________________ could be stored in the same placeRevolutionary in terms of how we thought about computers and their usageProposed that computers should store ________________________ alongside the ________________________ they ___________________In his _________________________ report of _________________________ he described the stored program by drawing an analogy between digital computers and the _________________________________ENIAC 1946______________________ announced the advent of a machine that could complete ________________________ mathematical equations‘birth’ of ____________________-he Electronic Numerical Integrator and ComputerIntroduced the public by the US Army________________________ vacuum tubes8 feet tall3 feet deep100 feet longWeighed ______ tonsFirst set of calculations was to compute ______________________ for rocket launches and in only _________________ days completed a job that would have taken 3 months of effort by a dedicated mathematicianKeyboards and RAMACs 1956_______________________ researchers begin developing a method for _______________ input into the computer systemLater became known as a ______________________Introduction of the first _____________________ storage device305 ________________ shipped to Zellerbach PaperThe Random Access Method of Accounting and Control consisted of:50 ____________________ coated metal platters with 5 million bytes of data (do the math, that’s 5 megabytes)These platters were __________________ on a common drive which rotatedRAMACs were the first __________________ driversJack Kilby (1323-2005)July, ________ employed as an engineerKilby studied the exorbitant costs of manufacturing individual components required to build computersCalled the _________________________Realized that the individual transistors could be made of a single material and integrated onto a ___________________________Encouraged by a supervisor to provide a_____________________________In _________________ publicly announced the concept of the _________________Possibly one of the most significant accomplishments in world history1960-Development of Major Languages ________________________-Once again, the military comes into playSeveral manufacturers and the Pentagon developed ___________________________________________ or COBOLAimed at making code more easily readable and machine __________________ they hoped COBOL would run on most computers for which a _______________________ existed___________________________First language developed for writing ____________________________Offered programmers __________________________ in organization1301 __________________________Announced on June 2, __________________ for use with mainframe computersMaximum storage capacity for this disk was ___________________ charactersHad __________________________ arms and heads which are still used in modern mechanical hard drivesIt was leased for ____________________ per month or purchased for ______________________1963Introduction of _____________________________________________________________Allowed for a standardized __________________ representation of each key on the keyboard;_________________________ (both upper and lower-case letters)Special characters Certain functions such as return (what we now call ‘enter’)Permitted the exchange of ____________ between _____________ of ________________ computer systems1964NetworkingFirst __________________ transaction processing_________________ reservation systemAllowed flight data to be retrieved in less than 3 seconds via a telephone network system that connected ______________ and ___________________________________ programming language _____________________Developed and released by ______________ and __________________ who needed an easy to learn programming language for their students at _______________________________1965Kristen Nygaard and Ole-John Dahl developed _____________________ the first ____________________ programming language Object-oriented languages group data and instructions into _____________ called objects Each object represents one facet of a system intended for _______________‘Space Race’_____________ race against Russia to land on the moon____________________________ space craft was guided into Earth’s orbit by the __________________________________________ in _________________Same computer would take ____________________ to the moon one year later1969______________________________________________________ (defense Advanced Research Project Agency) created ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) as an ________________________ environment for new ___________________________ technologiesThe first nodes that formed ARPANET were ________________ and _______________ Research InstituteFirst WAN to implement packet switching and ________________ protocols1970First ________________ was installed in Valdosta, Ga.ARPANET expanded by adding four more universities to its networkFirst mobile robot controlled by _________________________________________Called ShakeyEquipped with _______________________ cameraRange ______________Bump sensorsShakey transmitted the _________________ via sensors to a computer which then radioed back commands1972_____________________ CPU introduced________________ word (256 unique word arrangements of binary digits)Ability to work with the majority of the ___________________ system including upper and lowercase letters, all numbers (0-9), punctuation, and many other symbolsFirst true ________________________ is releasedDesigned by Al AlcornVery popular and revolutionized the arcade industry while launching the modern video game industry 1975______________ computer kit appeared on the front cover of Popular Mechanics Based on the ____________ CPU became wildly popular within a short period of timeInvented by _______________________ the 8800 sold for $300-$400. Roberts was the first person to use the term ‘_________________________’Paul Allen and Bill Gates licensed _____________________ as the software language for the AltairSteve WozniakDesigned a ____________________ in ___________________________Mountainview, CA computer store ordered 50 machines leading Steve Wozniak and ___________________________ to found their own computer firm 1977______________________________________Came ______________________________Easy to operate ___________________Could order it with either _____________________ or kilobytes of memory___________________ was releasedIncluded a Z80 CPU ______________________________4 kilobytes of memory____________________________ was primary language________________________________ storageManualsMachine was considered a bargain at $600In the first months of release, more than 10,000 units were sold______________________________________________________First personal Video Computer System ______________________________________________ processorDesigned to be connected to a homeShowckwave RiderJohn Brunner authoredIn the book a _____________ program attacks and runs through a network of computersJohn Shoch and Jon Hup that same year discover the first computer _______________Initially ___________________ to provide more efficient use of idle _______________________ in a ______________________ for ___________________ purposesUnfortunately worms tend to invade ______________ computers on a given network which ultimately creates a ____________________________Having read Mr. Brunner’s book Schoch adopted the term and this the first ‘virus’ was named1981_______________ PCRan on a ____________ ____________ processorUtilized the ___________________ operating system1984____________________ and ___________________ driven computer introducedBjarne Stroustrup published ___________________________________Developed the language due to a desire to write ___________________________ in a language faster than SimulaC++ became dominant ________________________________ programming language 1990Scientist at CERN developed _________________________Allowed Internet to expand into the __________________________ implementing things such as __________, __________, ___________, ____________, and queries to serversFirst OS that satisfied PC users and provided support for ___________________ large applications was released1991Finnish student __________________ was dissatisfied with the state of the computer software industry as they became more secretive ________________ and with their codeSubscribed to ______________________________Wanted to work with an operating system whose code was ____________ to the ____________________ userWrote first widely available _____________________ OS1993___________________________ processors released5th generation of the ______________ lineWas the basis for the _______________ and its clones_______________________________ web browser introduced Average user finally gained _________ access to the InternetPrior to this time all Internet access was through _________________ line browsers ................
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