Guidelines



Opioid Guidelines Summary

|Is the process |Guideline Title |Year |Purpose |Sponsorship and |Medical Perspective |Target Audience |Process (evidence based, |

|explicit? | | | |funding | | |consensus, unknown) |

|10 pt scale | | | | | | | |

|10/10 |APS-AAPM Clinical Guidelines |Pending 2008|To develop evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for|American Pain |Multidisciplinary |Physicians |Reviewed evidence report, |

| |for the Use of Opioids for | |use of opioid in adults with chronic non-cancer pain |Society, Academy of | | |Determined key topic areas to |

| |Chronic Non-cancer pain | | |Pain Medicine, State| | |address, |

| | | | |of Oregon | | |Modified Delphi process to develop|

| | | | | | | |and reach consensus on |

| | | | | | | |recommendation statements, |

| | | | | | | |Graded evidence for recommendation|

| | | | | | | |statements, |

| | | | | | | |Wrote supporting |

| | | | | | | |rationale/clinical correlation for|

| | | | | | | |recommendation statements, |

| | | | | | | |Peer review and revise |

|9/10 |Chronic Pain Medical Treatment |Pending 2008|Guidelines to treat pain in Worker’s Compensation cases. |American College of |Occupational |Worker’s |Evidence-based clinical practice |

| |Guidelines (Draft) | |It is intended to keep AAPM (American Academy of Pain |Occupational and |Medicine |Compensation |guidelines and consensus. The |

| | | |Medicine) members informed of the most current treatment |Environmental | |health care |American Academy of Pain Medicine |

| | | |guidelines that are being adopted from around the country.|Medicine (ACOEM), | |providers |and its board of directors has |

| | | | |American Academy of | | |researched and approved certain |

| | | | |Pain Medicine | | |evidence-based clinical practice |

| | | | |(AAPM), California | | |guidelines for the use in treating|

| | | | |Medical Treatment | | |pain patients. These guidelines |

| | | | |Utilization | | |are based on a complete review of |

| | | | |Schedule, State of | | |the relevant literature by a |

| | | | |California | | |diverse group of highly trained |

| | | | | | | |clinicians and prepared by |

| | | | | | | |weighing evidence from rigorous |

| | | | | | | |double-blind clinical trials and |

| | | | | | | |expert opinion. They continue to |

| | | | | | | |be reviewed on a regular basis, |

| | | | | | | |and when necessary, republished. |

|9/10 |VA/DoD clinical practice |2003 |To promote evidence-based management of individuals with |Dept. of Veteran |Family Practice |Advanced Practice|Evidence-based |

| |guidelines for the management | |chronic pain, identify the critical decision points in |Affairs and the |Anesthesiology, |Nurses, Health |Several methods were used to |

| |of opioid therapy for chronic | |management of patients with chronic pain who are |Dept. of Defense |Internal Medicine, |Care Providers, |analyze the evidence. The |

| |pain | |candidates for opioid therapy, allow flexibility so that |(United States |Pharmacology, |Nurses, |recommendations were based on the |

| | | |local policies or procedures, such as those regarding |Government) |Physical, Medicine, |Pharmacists, |evidence wherever possible. Where |

| |Available at: | |referrals to or consultation with substance use specialty,| |and Rehabilitation |Physician |no supporting evidence was |

| | |can be accommodated, decrease the development of | | |Assistants, |present, an expert consensus was |

| |y/summary.aspx?ss=15&doc_id=481| |complications, improve patient outcome (i.e., reduce pain,| | |Physicians |used to formulate the |

| |2&nbr=3474 | |decrease complications, increase functional status, and | | | |recommendations. The |

| | | |enhance the quality of life) | | | |recommendations are clearly stated|

| | | | | | | |immediately followed by a |

| | | | | | | |description of the quality of |

| | | | | | | |evidence that backs up such |

| | | | | | | |recommendations. |

|9/10 |Opioid Guidelines in the |2006 |To provide guidance for the use of opioids for the |American Society of |Neurology, |Health care |Evidence based |

| |management of chronic | |treatment of chronic non-cancer pain, to bring |Interventional |Rheumatology, |providers, |Evidence was collected from |

| |non-cancer pain | |consistency in opioid philosophy among the |Pain Physicians |Anesthesiology, |Physicians |database searches of PubMed and |

| | | |many diverse groups involved, to improve the |(ASIPP) |Internal Medicine, | |EMBASE, 2 systematic reviews, 2 |

| |Available at: | |treatment of chronic non-cancer pain, and to | |Psychiatry | |narrative reviews. In all, 42 |

| | |reduce the incidence of drug diversion | | | |studies were evaluated and rated |

| |y/summary.aspx?ss=15&doc_id=880| | | | | |according to the quality and |

| |6&nbr=4853#s22 | | | | | |strength of evidence. The methods |

| | | | | | | |were used by an expert consensus |

| | | | | | | |to formulate recommendations. Then|

| | | | | | | |the guidelines were validated by a|

| | | | | | | |peer review. |

| | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

|9/10 |Evidence-Based Recommendations |2000 |To assist physicians in improving the quality of care they|College of |Neuropathic pain, |Physicians who |Evidence-based These |

| |for Medical Management of | |provide to their patients in the following categories: |Physicians and |Headache, |treat patients |recommendations come from a |

| |Chronic Non-Malignant Pain: | |headache, neuropathic pain, opioid use and musculoskeletal|Surgeons of Ontario |musculoskeletal pain|with headache, |systemic review and meta-analyses |

| |Reference Guide for Clinicians | |pain. | |physicians |neuropathic pain,|of many different articles. Each |

| | | | | | |musculo-skeletal |area of concern was evaluated with|

| |Available at: | | | | |pain. |a rating system of the quality of |

| | | | | | |evidence present. A survey and |

| |ons/pain.htm | | | | | |focus group were conducted with |

| | | | | | | |various physicians beforehand to |

| | | | | | | |identify the areas of greatest |

| | | | | | | |concern. The recommendations are |

| | | | | | | |based on the evidence presented in|

| | | | | | | |the article. |

|8/10 |Prevention of Psychoactive |2002 |To prevent the uptake of psychoactive substance use, or |WHO, National Drug |Not specified |Healthcare & |Evidence based |

| |Substance Use: a selected | |delay the age at which use begins (primary prevention) and|Research Institute, | |public health |A thorough literature review of |

| |review of what works in the | |to prevent substance abuse from becoming problematic among|Australia, | |workers, policy |what evidence exists for the |

| |area of prevention | |people already using psychoactive substances, which limit |Government of Japan | |makers, |efficacy of preventive |

| | | |the degree of individual or social damage caused, and | | |researchers |interventions in regulation of |

| |Available at: | |which assist abusers who may wish to stop using | | | |physical and economic availability|

| |who.int/mental_health/evide| | | | | |of illicit psychoactive substances|

| |nce/en/prevention_intro.pdf | |NOTE: This article does not specifically target guidelines| | | |was conducted. |

| | | |for opioid use, but rather preventive action toward all | | | |From these reviews, 287 studies |

| | | |pychoactive substances. It has been included here because | | | |were assessed for quality by |

| | | |of its thourough and explicit methodology of how these | | | |applying Cochrane’s guidelines. |

| | | |preventive guidelines have been created. The review of | | | |Based upon the review of these |

| | | |evidence based articles in their methodology is excellent.| | | |article, recommendations were |

| | | | | | | |created by a consensus. |

|7/10 |Health Care Association of New |2006 |To reduce the incidence and severity of pain and, in some |The Health Care |Multidisciplinary |Management, |Review of government regulations, |

| |Jersey Pain Management | |cases, help minimize further health problems and enhance |Association of New | |Medical |literature review, expert |

| |Guideline | |quality of life. To provide professional staff with |Jersey Best Practice| |Directors, |opinions, and consensus that are |

| | | |standards of practice that will assist them in the |Committee | |Physicians, Nurse|consistent with evidence-based |

| |Available at: | |effective assessment, monitoring and management of the | | |Managers, |criteria |

| |docs/hcanjbp_pain| |resident’s pain. To educate the resident, family and | | |Pharmacists, | |

| |mgmt2.pdf | |staff. To limit liability to health care providers. | | |Pharmacy | |

| | | | | | |Consultants | |

|7/10 |Pain and substance |2007 |To identify elements of good practice in the management of|The British Pain |Not specified |Non-specialist |These recommendations have been |

| |misuse: improving the patient | |pain and in the prescription of opioid drugs |Society, The Royal |(non-specialists -- |healthcare |prepared by a consensus group of |

| |experience | | |College of |primary care) |providers |professionals from the |

| | | | |Psychiatrists, The | | |fields of pain management and |

| |Available at: | | |Royal College of | | |substance misuse. Additional |

| |book| | |General | | |contributions have been made by |

| |_drug_misuse_main.pdf | | |Practitioners and | | |experts from other relevant |

| | | | |The Advisory Council| | |disciplines. Research evidence is |

| | | | |on | | |referenced, where such evidence is|

| | | | |the Misuse of Drugs | | |available. |

| | | | | | | | |

|7/10 |Assessment and management of |2006 |To provide guidelines for the proper assessment of pain |Institute for |Not specified |Health care |Evidence based- with every |

| |acute pain | |and how to treat that pain |Clinical Systems | |providers |recommendation that is presented, |

| | | | |Improvement (ICSI, | | |there is supporting evidence |

| | | | |Blue Cross and Blue | | |stated in the paper as well. This |

| | | | |Shield of Minnesota,| | |supporting evidence is rated |

| | | | |HealthPartners, | | |according to its quality as well. |

| | | | |Medica, Metropolitan| | | |

| | | | |Health Plan, | | | |

| | | | |PreferredOne and | | | |

| | | | |UCare Minnesota | | | |

|7/10 |Achieving Balance in National |2000 |To encourage governments to achieve better management by |WHO, University of |Not specified |Health care |Evidence-based |

| |Opioids Control Policy: | |identifying and overcoming regulatory barriers to opioid |Wisconsin, | |professionals and|Guidelines are presented and are |

| |Guidelines for Assessment | |availability |Comprehensive Caner | |their |then are immediately backed up |

| | | | |Center (Madison, | |organizations, |with evidence from certain studies|

| | | | |Wisconsin), Pain and| |those that make |or quotes from authority. No |

| | | | |Studies Group | |national drug |rating of the quality of the |

| | | | | | |control policy |evidence is present however. |

| | | | | | |and those who |The authorities quoted in these |

| | | | | | |implement it |guidelines are U.N and WHO experts|

| | | | | | | |in the field of substance abuse of|

| | | | | | | |opioid analgesics for |

| | | | | | | |international drug control policy.|

| | | | | | | |Therefore it can be classified as |

| | | | | | | |a consensus as well. |

|7/10 (the true |Pharmacologic management of |2007 |Proper treatment guidelines for patients with neuropathic |Author affiliations:|Not Specified |Physicians who |Evidence-based and consensus |

|guidelines are |neuropthic pain: Evidence-based| |pain |University of | |treat patients |Systematic literature reviews, |

|being mailed to|recommendations | | |Rochester School of | |with neuropathic |randomized clinical trials, and |

|me because they| | | |Medicine and | |pain |existing guidelines were reviewed |

|are not | | | |Dentistry, | | |at a consensus meeting. |

|available on | | | |University of | | |Medications were considered for |

|the web) | | | |Wisconsin, | | |recommendation if it was supported|

| | | | |University of | | |by at least one |

| | | | |Pennsylvania, Aarhus| | |methodologically-sound clinical |

| | | | | | | |trial. |

| | | | |Helsinki University | | | |

| | | | |Central Hospital, | | | |

| | | | |University of | | | |

| | | | |Washington, | | | |

| | | | |University of | | | |

| | | | |California | | | |

| | | | |University of | | | |

| | | | |Liverpool, College | | | |

| | | | |School, Health and | | | |

| | | | |Science University, | | | |

| | | | |PortlandGutenberg | | | |

| | | | |Universität, of | | | |

| | | | |California, San | | | |

| | | | |Diego, | | | |

|6/10 |Pain Assessment and |2003 |To assist clinicians in developing an evolving treatment |Janssen |Not specified |Clinicians with |Evidence-based and consensus |

| |Documentation Tool and | |plan for their chronic pain patients on opioid therapy. |Pharmaceutical |(Clinicians) |chronic pain |The PADT was developed by a group |

| |Guidebook (PADT) | | |Products | |patients |of experts in pain and addiction |

| | | | | | | |medicine. It was field-tested |

| | | | | | | |among 27 physicians who |

| | | | | | | |administered it to 388 patients |

| | | | | | | |with chronic pain. The physicians |

| | | | | | | |were asked to evaluate the |

| | | | | | | |original and a revised version of |

| | | | | | | |the PADT and provided feedback on |

| | | | | | | |length and relevance to daily |

| | | | | | | |practice. |

|6/10 * |Guidelines for the Management |2005 |Cancer Pain Management |American Pain |Oncology |Physicians |Evidence Based |

| |of Cancer Pain in Adults and | | |Society | | | |

| |Children | | | | | | |

|6/10 * |Clinical Guidelines |Unkn-own |Treating pain patients |American Pain |Primary care |Physicians |Evidence Based |

| | | | |Society | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

|6/10 * |Clinical Practices for Low Back|2008 |Help physicians to be more confident when suggesting |American Pain |Primary care |Primary care |Evidence Based |

| |Pain | |therapies for low back pain |Society, American | |physicians | |

| | | | |College of Physicals| | | |

|6/10 * |Guideline for the Management of|2002 |Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis and Juvenile Chronic |American Pain |Rheumatology |Physicians |Evidence Based |

| |Pain in Osteoarthritis, | |Arthritis pain management |Society | | | |

| |Rheumatoid Arthritis and | | | | | | |

| |Juvenile Chronic Arthritis | | | | | | |

|6/10 * |Guideline for the Management of|1999 |Sickle-Cell Disease acute pain management |American Pain |Not specified |Physicians |Evidence Based |

| |Acute Pain in Sickle-Cell | | |Society | | | |

| |Disease | | | | | | |

|6/10 * |Guideline for the Management of|2005 |Fibromyalgia pain management |American Pain |Not specified |Physicians |Evidence Based |

| |Fibromyalgia Syndrome Pain in | | |Society | | | |

| |Adults and Children | | | | | | |

|5/10 |Interagency Guideline on Opioid|2007 |Of part 1: assist the primary care provider who does not |American College of |Primary care |Primary care |State health officials, actively |

| |Dosing for Chronic Non-cancer | |specialize in pain medicine in prescribing opioids for |Occupational and | |providers |practicing physicians who |

| |Pain: an educational pilot to | |adults in a safe and effective manner when… |Environmental | |treating patients|specialize in pain management, and|

| |improve care and safety with | |Of part 2: to assist primary care providers in treating |Medicine and the | |who receive |others in the medical and |

| |opioid treatment | |patients whose morphine equivalent dose (MED) already |Washington State | |health care |scientific community developed the|

| | | |exceeds 120 mg per day |Agency Medical | |through state |guidelines through a consensus. |

| | | |State Goals: 1. Provide clear, easy-to-use guidelines for |Directors’ Group | |agency programs |Boards and commissions that set |

| | | |general practitioners in prescribing opioids in a safe and| | | |practice standards reviewed the |

| | | |effective manner 2. Raise awareness of the risks and | | | |guidelines (Board of Osteopathic |

| | | |possible ineffectiveness of high doses 3. Provide | | | |Medicine and Surgery, Board of |

| | | |strategies to wean patients from unsafe doses of opioids | | | |Pharmacy, Dental Quality Assurance|

| | | |4. Provide strategies to support patients through the | | | |Commission, Medical Quality |

| | | |process | | | |Assurance Commission, Nursing Care|

| | | | | | | |Quality Assurance Commission, |

| | | | | | | |Optometry Board, Podiatric Medical|

| | | | | | | |Board) |

|5/10 |Achieving Balance in National |2000 |To encourage governments to achieve better management by |WHO, University of |Not specified |Health care |Review and analysis of sources of |

| |Opioids Control Policy: | |identifying and overcoming regulatory barriers to opioid |Wisconsin, | |professionals and|authority (Conventions monitored |

| |Guidelines for Assessment | |availability |Comprehensive Caner | |their |by the U.N and WHO experts in the |

| | | | |Center (Madison, | |organizations, |field of substance abuse of opioid|

| | | | |Wisconsin), Pain and| |those that make |analgesics) for international drug|

| | | | |Studies Group | |national drug |control policy |

| | | | | | |control policy | |

| | | | | | |and those who | |

| | | | | | |implement it | |

| | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

|4/10 |Promoting Pain Relief and |2001 |Working together to prevent abuse of prescription pain |American Academy of |Not specified |Doctors, nurses, |Consensus by law enforcement |

| |Preventing Abuse of Pain | |medications while ensuring that they remain available for |Family Physicians | |pharmacists, |agencies, health care |

| |Medications: A Critical | |patients in need. |American Academy of | |other healthcare |practitioners, and patient |

| |Balancing Act (A Joint | | |Hospice and | |professionals, |advocates |

| |statement from 21 Health | | |Palliative Medicine | |law enforcement | |

| |Organizations and the DEA) | | |American Academy of | |personnel and the| |

| | | | |Pain Medicine | |general public | |

| | | | |American Alliance of| | | |

| | | | |Cancer Pain | | | |

| | | | |Initiatives | | | |

| | | | |American Cancer | | | |

| | | | |Society | | | |

| | | | |American Medical | | | |

| | | | |Association | | | |

| | | | |American Pain | | | |

| | | | |Foundation | | | |

| | | | |American Pain | | | |

| | | | |Society | | | |

| | | | |American | | | |

| | | | |Pharmaceutical | | | |

| | | | |Association | | | |

| | | | |American Society of | | | |

| | | | |Anesthesiologists | | | |

| | | | |American Society of | | | |

| | | | |Law, Medicine & | | | |

| | | | |Ethics | | | |

| | | | |American Society of | | | |

| | | | |Pain Management | | | |

| | | | |Nurses | | | |

| | | | |American Society of | | | |

| | | | |Regional Anesthesia | | | |

| | | | |and Pain Medicine | | | |

| | | | |Community-State | | | |

| | | | |Partnerships to | | | |

| | | | |Improve End-of-Life | | | |

| | | | |Care | | | |

| | | | |Drug Enforcement | | | |

| | | | |Administration | | | |

| | | | |Last Acts | | | |

| | | | |Midwest Bioethics | | | |

| | | | |Center | | | |

| | | | |National Academy of | | | |

| | | | |Elder Law Attorneys | | | |

| | | | |National Hospice and| | | |

| | | | |Palliative Care | | | |

| | | | |Organization | | | |

| | | | |Oncology Nursing | | | |

| | | | |Society | | | |

| | | | |Partnership for | | | |

| | | | |Caring, Inc. | | | |

| | | | |University of | | | |

| | | | |Wisconsin Pain & | | | |

| | | | |Policy Studies Group| | | |

|4/10 |Responsible Opioid Prescribing:|2007 |To offer to physicians clear and concise guidance in |Federation of State |Not specified |All physicians |Consensus |

| |A Physician's Guide | |managing the risks of pain management with opioids |Medical Boards | | |Most of the guidelines come from |

| | | | |Abbott Laboratories | | |the expert opinion of the author |

| | | | |Alliance of State | | |with the help of an advisory |

| | | | |Pain Initiatives | | |board. List of references from |

| | | | |Alpharma | | |which examples and evidence have |

| | | | |Pharmaceuticals LLC | | |been drawn are listed throughout |

| | | | |American Academy of | | |the book. Also there is an |

| | | | |Pain Medicine | | |additional list of resources. The |

| | | | |American Pain | | |process by which the guidelines |

| | | | |Foundation | | |were created is not very explicit.|

| | | | |American Society for| | | |

| | | | |Pain Management | | | |

| | | | |Nursing | | | |

| | | | |Candlelights | | | |

| | | | |Childhood Cancer | | | |

| | | | |Foundation | | | |

| | | | |Center for Practical| | | |

| | | | |Bioethics | | | |

| | | | |Cephalon, Inc. | | | |

| | | | |Endo Pharmaceuticals| | | |

| | | | |Internal Association| | | |

| | | | |for Pain and | | | |

| | | | |Chemical Dependency | | | |

| | | | |Mayday Fund | | | |

| | | | |National Pain | | | |

| | | | |Foundation | | | |

| | | | |Pain & Policy | | | |

| | | | |Studies Group, | | | |

| | | | |University of | | | |

| | | | |Wisconsin | | | |

| | | | |Purdue Pharma L.P. | | | |

| | | | |SAMHSA/CSAT | | | |

|3/10 |OxyContin Abuse and Diversion |2003 |To identify how Purdue marketed and promoted OxyContin to |United States |Not specified |Congressional |Consensus |

| |and Efforts to Address the | |see if their marketing strategy promoted OxyContin abuse. |General Accounting | |requesters |Interviews, Analysis of company |

| |Problem | |Also to see what actions have been taken to address |Office | | |documents and data tied together |

| | | |OxyContin abuse and diversion. | | | |by a consensus statement |

|3/10 |Avoiding Opioid Abuse While |2007 |To help clinicians (including primary care physicians, | |Primary care |Primary care |Consensus |

| |Managing Pain: a Guide for | |nurse practitioners, psychiatrists, and others who treat | | |physicians, nurse|“These recommendations are based |

| |Practitioners | |pain) to sort out the clinical, regulatory, and ethical | | |practitioners, |on the work of numerous experts in|

| | | |issues associated with the prescribing of opioid | | |psychiatrists, |the fields of pain management and |

| | | |analgesics and to reduce the risk of medication misuse, | | |and others who |addiction” merely list the sources|

| | | |abuse, and diversion. | | |treat pain |cited in a reference section at |

| | | | | | | |the end of ch. |

|2/10 |Public Policy Statement on the |2004 |Explain the rights and responsibilities of healthcare |American Academy of |Not specified |Health Care |A consensus document from the |

| |Rights and Responsibilities of | |professionals in the use of opioids for the treatment of |Pain Medicine, | |Professionals |American Academy of Pain Medicine,|

| |Healthcare Professionals in the| |pain |American Pain | | |the American Pain Society, and the|

| |use of Opioids of the Treatment| | |Society, American | | |American Society of Addiction |

| |of Pain | | |Society of Addiction| | |Medicine. |

| | | | |Medicine | | | |

|2/10 |Use of opioid analgesics for |2002 |For the proper treatment of chronic non-cancer pain. |Canadian Pain |Not specified |Physicians who |Consensus statement and list of |

| |the treatment of chronic | | |Society | |treat those with |references |

| |noncancer pain- a consensus | | | | |chronic | |

| |statement and guidelines from | | | | |non-cancer pain | |

| |the Canadian Pain Society, 2002| | | | | | |

|2/10 |Clinical Practice Guidelines |2002 |Maintaining an optimal level of comfort and safety for |The American College|Not specified |Physicians of |Consensus statement |

| |for the sustained use of | |critically ill patients |of Critical Care | |various | |

| |sedatives and analgesics in the| | |Medicine (ACCM), | |disciplines | |

| |critically ill adult | | |Society of Critical | | | |

| | | | |Care Medicine | | | |

| | | | |(SCCM), American | | | |

| | | | |Society of Health | | | |

| | | | |System Pharmacists | | | |

|1/10 |Pain Management Without |2006 |Assist healthcare providers in understanding that opioid |Center for Substance|Not specified |All healthcare |List of resources and referrals |

| |Psychological Dependence: A | |medications can effectively manage pain, distinguishing |Abuse Treatment, | |providers | |

| |Guide for Healthcare Providers | |between physical and psychological dependence, and |SAMHSA, HHS | | | |

| | | |reducing their patients’ risk of psychological dependence | | | | |

| | | |on opioids during pain management. | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

|1/10 |Action Plan to Prevent the |2001 |To reduce the existing and potential costs to public |DEA |Not specified |The public, |Unknown |

| |Diversion and Abuse of | |health and safety by having a significant and immediate | | |schools, the | |

| |OxyContin | |impact on the diversion and abuse of OxyContin | | |healthcare | |

| | | | | | |industry, and | |

| | | | | | |state and local | |

| | | | | | |governments | |

|1/10 |New York's Medical Conduct |2007 |To encourage better pain management and to dispel |New York State Board|Not specified |Physicians, |Unknown |

| |Program - Pain Management: A | |physician fears of unwarranted legal consequences. |for Professional | |medical |The New York State Board for |

| |Guide for Physicians | | |Medical Conduct | |residents, |Professional Medical Conduct |

| | | | | | |physician |consisting of physicians and |

| | | | | | |assistance and |non-physicians set these |

| | | | | | |specialist |guidelines. How they did it is |

| | | | | | |assistants. |unknown. |

|1/10 |UCLA Pain Medicine Program: |2008 |Effective pain management and analgesia with inpatients |UCLA Department of |Not Specified |Inpatient medical|Only the guidelines are present |

| |Pain Management Guidelines for | | |Anesthesiology | |professionals |without explanation to how they |

| |Inpatients | | | | | |were created |

| | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

|1/10 |A Pharmacist’s Guide to |2000 |To ensure that controlled substances continue to be |DEA |Pharmacology |Pharmacists, and |Unknown |

| |Prescription Fraud | |available for legitimate medical and scientific purposes | | |other healthcare | |

| | | |while preventing their diversion into the illicit market | | |professionals | |

|1/10 |Wyoming Workers’ Safety and |2007 |For Health Care Providers who have been providing acute |Wyoming Workers’ |Not specified |Health Care |Based on the State Boards of |

| |Compensation Division | |pain management treatment to injured workers beyond 4 |Safety and | |Providers who |Colorado, Washington, and Ohio |

| |Treatment Guidelines-Chronic | |months and where efforts to remove the cause of pain or to|Compensation | |have been |without further explanation |

| |Non-Malignant Pain | |treat it with other modalities have failed |Division | |providing acute | |

| | | | | | |pain management | |

| | | | | | |treatment to | |

| | | | | | |injured workers | |

| | | | | | |beyond 4 months | |

| |A Practical Approach to |1999 | | | | | |

| |Determine Cutoff Concentrations| | | | | | |

| |for Opiate Testing with | | | | | | |

| |Simultaneous Detection of | | | | | | |

| |Codeine, Morphine, and | | | | | | |

| |6-Acetylmorphine in Urine | | | | | | |

| |General Clinical Practice |1996 | | | | | |

| |Guideline Management of Pain | | | | | | |

| |Using Dangerous Drugs and | | | | | | |

| |Controlled Substances | | | | | | |

| |Management of Pain Using |1996 |Parameters for patient management strategies |Florida Guidelines | | | |

| |Dangerous Drugs and Controlled | | |for Management of | | | |

| |Substances: Florida Statutes | | |Pain | | | |

| |Chapter 458 (Medicine) and | | | | | | |

| |Chapter 459 (Osteopathic | | | | | | |

| |Medicine) | | | | | | |

| |Medical Society of Virginia’s |1996 |Treatment of Patients with chronic non-cancer pain |Medical Society of | | | |

| |Guidelines for the Use of | | |Virginia Pain | | | |

| |Opioids in the Management of | | |Management | | | |

| |Chronic Non-Cancer Pain | | |Subcommittee | | | |

| |Opioids for Chronic Cancer and |1992 | | | | | |

| |Non-Cancer Pain: A Survey of | | | | | | |

| |State Medical Board Members | | | | | | |

| |TIP 24: A Guide to Substance |1997 |To help physicians, nurses, physician assistants, and | | | | |

| |Abuse Services for Primary Care| |advanced practice nurses (nurse practitioners and clinical| | | | |

| |Clinicians | |nurse specialists) screen their patients for substance use| | | | |

| | | |disorders, conduct brief interventions for patients in the| | | | |

| | | |early stages of problem development, and appropriately | | | | |

| | | |refer more severely affected patients for in-depth | | | | |

| | | |assessment and treatment. | | | | |

| |WHO Guidelines for poison |1997 | |WHO | | | |

| |control | | | | | | |

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