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3rd 9 weeks Review: Anatomy Study GuideSenses-Cardiovascular System (Ch 8-11)Study: NB p. 1-23 Focus on Endocrine/Blood Concept Map, Note Summaries and Labeling DiagramsKEY FOR SENSES 1 & 2 nose-chemo, tongue-thermo and chemo, eye-photo, ear- mechanoreceptors3. DEAFNESS: Auditory nerves are damaged, CATARACTS: lens is cloudy, GLAUCOMA: increase in pressure of the eye, 4. PATHWAY OF EAR pinna, auditory canal, eardrum, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, fluid in cochlear canals (upper and middle/ lower)5. hammer, anvil, stirrup6. EARDRUM middle, AUDITORY CANAL outer and inner OSSICLESEYE: A-Iris B-Lens-C- Cornea D- Sclera D2 Retina E-Optic Nerve F-Optic Disk (Blindspot) EAR: Auditory/Eustachian Tube, B) Cochlea C) Semicircular D) Incus/Anvil E) Malleus/Hammer F) Pinna/Auricle G) Vestibule H Stapes I-Eardrum (Tympanic Membrane) J Ex. Auditory Canal Ch 8 Senses: What types of receptors are found in: Nose, Tongue, Eye, EarChoices include (chemo, thermo, photo and mechanoreceptors) Anatomically describe what happens when someone is affected by:Deafness, Cataracts, Glaucoma, MyopiaLook at your (Senses Labeling Sheet p. 2)Trace the pathway of sound through the ear. Remember to include auditory Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes). What is the common name for each of the three Ossicles above?Where would you find the: Tympanic Membrane, Auditory Canal, Cochlea Ossicles (Outer, Middle, Inner Ear)?Sclera, Cornea, Vitreous Humor, Optic Nerve, Fovea CentralisLABELING: Label & provide function for ear & eye:Ch 9 Endocrine System: Look at your Endocrine Concept Map and list hormones for the following glands:Gland HormonesFunctionsDISORDERThyroidT3, T4, CalcitoninMETABOLIC RATEGoiter-Cyst/Bulge in Neck (Iodine Deficency)ParathyroidPTH (Parathyroid)/Bone DensityOSTEOMALACIA, OSTEOPOROSISHypothalamusAdrenal GlandPituitary GlandThymusPancreasCh 10 Blood : List all leukocytes and their functions. What is the trick to remember their order of abundance? Never LET MONKEYS EAT BANANASNEUTROPHILS-MOST ABUNDANT, MONOCYTES, EOSINOPHILS, BASOPHILS (LEAST ABUNDANT)How many leukocytes does one have in comparison to red blood cells (erythrocytes)? 1 FOR EVERY 100 RBC. What is the typical lifespan of a red blood cell? 100-120 DAYSWhat are WBC, RBC & platelet clinical names? LEUKOCYTES;ERYTHROCYTES, THROMBOCYTESPlatelets are fragments of which leukocyte? MEGAKARYOCYTESUsing Figure 10.1 Trace the Pathway of Blood Cell development. What type of blood cell gives rise to almost all of the leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets? MYELOIDWhat type of stem cell produces lymphocytes? LYMPHOIDCh 11: Cardiovascular System: The Superior Vena Cava drains into which chamber….RIGHT ATRIUM CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM STUDY GUIDE 1 (Pp. 328 – 334) 1. Simply stated, what is the major function of the cardiovascular system? TO TRANSPORT GASES AND NUTRIENTS THROUGHOUT THE BODY2. What is the cardiovascular system's transport vehicle? THE HEART & VESSELS3. List 4 categories of materials carried in the blood. FORMED ELEMENTS, 4. What provides the force needed to move blood around the body? BLOOD PRESSURE5. What is the approximate size of the human heart? 1 FIST (APROX 1 LB)6. Describe the location of the heart. IN THE THORACIC CAVITY (5TH INTERCOSTAL SPACE-PERICARDIUM)7. What is the more pointed part of the heart called? In which direction does it point? APEX; LEFT HIP8. Where does one place a stethoscope to count the heart rate? AT THE BASE9. Where is the base of the heart? ANTERIOR OF HEART (TOP)10. What is the pericardium? Of which type of tissue is it made? SAC MADE OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE11. What is the purpose of the fluid produced by the pericardial membranes? SYNOVIAL FLUID REDUCES FRICTION12. What name is given to an inflammation of the pericardium? PERICARDITIS13. What dangerous situation can result? INFECTION; DEATH14. Describe the construction of the semilunar valves. MOON-LIKE STRUCTURE15. Under what conditions are the semilunar valves open? DURING SYSTOLE (HIGH PRESSURE16. What causes the semilunar valves to close? Why is this important?17. Describe the timing of the opening and closing of the 4 valves.18. What problem results from an incompetent valve? BLOOD LOSS19. What is valvular stenosis and what causes it? HARDENING OF VALVES- AGE/DIET20. What treatment is there for valves that do not work properly? VALVE REPACEMENT (BALOON AORTIC REPLACEMENT-REMOVE CLOTS)21. Of what use to the heart muscle is the blood that flows through its chambers? NONE THIS BLOOD DOESN’T NOURISH THE HEART22. How, then, does the heart muscle get oxygen and nutrients? CAROTID SINUS23. Why is it unhealthy for the heart to beat too fast? DEREGULATES CARDIAC CYCLE24. What is angina? What is a myocardial infarction? ANGINA PECTORIS-CHEST PAIN LACK OF BLOOD/OXYGEN TO HEART. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION-CLINICAL TERM FOR HEART ATTACK MYOCARDIAL TISSUE DIES. 25. What distinguishes Pulmonary Veins from other veins in the body? ONLY OXYGEN RICH VEINS IN BODYCARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM STUDY GUIDE 2 (Pp. 334 – 339) How many times per day are the 6 L of blood circulated through the body? 3x/MIN ( 60 MIN x 24 HRS 4320 TIMES /DAY)What is the responsibility of the autonomic nervous system to the heart? CONTROL BLOOD PRESSUREWhat is the responsibility of the intrinsic conduction system of the hearT? SEND ELECTRICAL IMPULSESWhy is the intrinsic conduction system not like tissue found anywhere else in the body? NERVE BUNDLES ARE SEGMENTEDIn which direction does the heart muscle depolarize? UNIDIRECTIONAL (ATRIA-VENTRICLE) TOP DOWNWhat is the average contraction rate of a normal healthy heart? 70 BPMWhat is the function of the SA node? REGULATE CARDIAC CYCLEWhat is the common name of the SA node? PACEMAKERExplain what would happen to the heart's beating if the AV node was damaged. What is this condition called?FIBRILLATIONUnder what conditions might an artificial pacemaker be required? WHEN MYOCARDIUM IS DAMAGED/ HEART ATTACK Define ischemia. DECREASED BLOOD FLOW TO HEARTWhat happens when the heart is in fibrillation? IRREGULAR HEART IMPULSESWhy is fibrillation dangerous? BLOOD CAN’T CIRCULATE THROUGH HEART/CHAMBERS CAN’T FILLDefine tachycardia. RAPID HR GREATER THAN 100 BPM (BEATS PER MIN)Define bradycardia. SLOWER THAN 40 BPMHow does the timing of the contraction of the atria compare to each other? THEY SERVE AS A DUAL PUMP AND LEFT ATRIA CONTRACT ALMOST SIMULTANEOUSLY (REVIEW CARDIAC CYCLE TABLE BELOW)Define systole and diatole. To the action of which chambers do these words refer? SYSTOLE-VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION; DIASTOLE-LOWER PRESSURE ATRIA RELAXWhat is the length of one cardiac cycle? (0.8 SEC)What 2 syllables describe the heart sounds? LUB DUPWhat causes each of the sounds that the heart makes? LUB-VENTRICLES CLOSING DUP- SHARPER NOISES EJECTS BLOOD INTO THE AORTA-SYSTEMIC & PULMONARY CIRCUITWhat is a heart murmur? MITRAL VALVE DOESN’T CLOSE ALL THE WAY What causes the blood to make sounds when there is a murmur? BLOOD LEAKAGEIn which people (ages) are heart murmurs fairly common? Why is this so?Define cardiac output. AMOUNT OF BLOOD EJECT THROUGH EACH CHAMBER x HEART RATEDefine stroke volume. AMOUNT OF BLOD EJECTED /CHAMBERWhat causes the stroke volume to increase? STROKE VOLUME- HEART RATE, EXTERNAL STRESSORSWhat percent of the blood in the ventricles is pumped out at a time? What does Starling's law say is the critical factor that controls the stroke volume?What factor determines how much the heart muscle is stretched? EXERCISE, STRESSORS Name a factor that changes that affects venous return. HORMONAL, AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Name 2 factors that will decrease stroke volume. HEART SIZE, OVERLOADName 4 factors that influence heart rate. DISEASE, ANEMIA, METABOLISM, ORGAN ISSUESWhat is the effect of physical or emotional stress on the heart? OVERWORKS THE HEARTName 2 hormones that affect heart rate. ANGIOTENSIN; ADH, RENINWhat can a deficiency of calcium do to the heart? AFFECTS THE Q-T INTERVAL; HYPOTENSION What about hypercalcemia? HYPERTENSION (HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE)How might the heart respond to a deficiency of potassium? DYSRHYTHMIAS, PALPITATIONSWhat is the resting heart rate range of a fetus? 110-160- BPMWhat is the average heart rate of females? 60-70 BPMWhat is the average heart rate of males? 90-100 BPMWhy does your heart rate increase when you have a fever? YOU ARE FIGHTING AN INFECTION Under what circumstances does congestive heart failure occur? ARTERIAL BLOCKAGEDefine atherosclerosis. HARDENING OF THE ARTERIESList 3 factors that can weaken the heart and lead to congestive heart failure. BLOCKAGE, HYPERTENSION, HIGH CHOLESTEROL Why does a person who has failure of the left side of the heart have difficulty breathing? ISSUES WITH AORTIC outputWhy does a person who has failure of the right side of the heart have edema (swelling) of the feet and ankles, etc? Issues with blood flow to the pulmonary circuit (oxygen deficiency)What is the highest oxygen concentration vessel in fetal circulation? UMBILICAL VEINWhich hormone is responsible for blood cell formation? ERYTHROPOEITIN Which chemical starts hemostasis (blood clotting)? SEROTONINWhich vessels are found under the a) arm, SUBCLAVIAN b) hip region ILLIAC c), abdominal region ABDOMINAL AORTA d) liver VESSELS e) foot ? DORSAL PEDALISName the 3 layers of the heart. Which one would contain heart muscle? EPICARDIUM, MYOCARDIUM, ENDOCARDIUM; MUSCLE: MYOCARDIUM VESSELS: TUNICA EXTERNA, TUNICA MEDIA (MUSCLE- THICKER IN ARTERIES THAN VEINS), TUNICA INTERNA (EPITHELIUM)What is the clinical term for the “pacemaker”? SINOATRIAL NODEStages of the cardiac cycle[3][edit]AV valves*Semilunar valves?Status of ventricles and atria1. Atrial Systoleopenclosed? Atria contract and pump blood ? Ventricles, already partially filled from phase 5, receive last ~30% of blood, for a final resting volume of approximately 130mL.2. Isovolumetric Contractionclosedclosed? Ventricles begin to contract. Ventricular muscle initially shortens only a little, but intraventricular pressure rises sharply ? Ventricular volume unchanged3. Ventricular Ejectionclosedopen? Pressures in left and right Ventricle exceed pressures in Aorta (80mmHg) and Pulmonary Artery (10mmHg). Ejection is rapid at first, slowing down as systole progresses. ? Amount ejected each ventricle per stroke at rest is 70-90mL. Approximately 50mL of blood remains in each ventricle at the end of systole4. Isovolumetric Relaxationclosedclosed? Valves close as Ventricles relax and pressure within Ventricles drops below 120mmHg. This ends once Ventricular Pressure falls below Atrial pressure and AV valves open ? pump blood to rest of body5. Ventricular Fillingopenclosed? ventricles relaxed ? ventricles passively fill with approximately 70% of their final volume. As the ventricles fill, rate of filling decreases and the AV valves drift towards closing? atria expand and are filling* AV (atrioventricular) valves: 1) mitral valve – between the left atrium and the left ventricle2) tricuspid valve – between the right atrium and the right ventricle? Semilunar valves:1) aortic valve – between the left ventricle and the aorta2) pulmonic valve – between the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteryADDITIONAL PRACTICEKEY Cardiovascular Study GuideIsengard-Anatomy CPLearning Objectives:RBC & WBC Formation (Red Blood Cell terms, reticulocyte, granulocyte, myeloid stem cells)Red blood cells are formed with reticulocytes. They originate in bone marrow and will be recycled in the spleen. Various hormones are required for RBC formation. Erythropoeitin is one of the main hormones.-White Blood Cells are categorized as granulocytes or agranulocytes (possessing no granules).Most WBCs arise from myeloid stem cells with the exception of the lymphocytes. Granulocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils & basophilsAgranulocytes are the monocytes ,lymphocytesSteps of Hemostasis (Blood Stoppage) Vascular Spasms (Serotonin Secretion)Platelet Plug- Prothrombin Activator-forms plugFibrinogen will generate fibrin ( a tissue that will cover the injury)Steps of Clotting Cascade (Diagram these steps below) Prothrombin, Thrombin, etc. the hormones responsible for producing:Erythrocytes-ErythropoeitinLeukocytes-Interleukins &Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs) Platelets-ThrombopoeitinDistinguish the differences between antibodies and antigens.Antigens are markers that identify the blood type as a person’s own(for example, Type A blood would possess A antigens. Antibodies are generated as an immune response to protect blood from foreign agents. For example,Type A blood would produce B antibodies and vice versa. Identify these in the table below10572751657985001057275127698500105727588646000200977556261000310515049593500List the steps of the cardiac cycle19202402237740b b00b b25958802054860 b00 b19202401363345h00h24765001483995g00g15316201943735g00g1920240368935f00f6737351228090e00e3027045949960e00e2111375800100d00d1325245561340c00c24288751029335a00a13957301363345a00a1.Location and Size Use the letters to label the heart image abovea.Atria (2)b.Ventricles (2)c. Sup. and Inf. Vena d.Pulmonary Trunk e.Pulmonary Veinsf.Aortag. (AV) Valves (What are their names & how many flaps are in each one?) Bicuspid-2 Left / Tricuspid 3 flaps righth. Semilunar Valves- pulmonary leads to lungs/ aortic leads to aorta (main artery of the body).5.Cardiac Circulation- blood flows from the atria to the ventricles. Valves do not allow backflow. B.Physiology of the Heart (pp. 368–374)1.Intrinsic Conduction System of the Heart: Setting the Basic Rhythma.Intrinsic Conduction System- Electrical impulses through nerve signals control heart rate. SA Node & AV node signal contraction in a healthy heart. ii.Ischemia-Dead heart tissue usually resulting from a heart attackiii.Fibrillation Heart rhythms become out of sync (Defibrillators are used to restart the heart impulses).2.Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds- Lub Dub Noises are generated when blood exits the atria (Lub) and then passes through the through the semilunar valves AORTA- & PULMONARY (Dub).Murmurs-Additional sounds from the lub dub rhythm may indicate backflow from one of the AV valves that close improperly.Calculating Cardiac Output (CO) CO= HR (Heartrate)X SV (Amount of blood pumped through the heart in one time). a.Regulation of Stroke Volume (SV) AV and Semilunar Valves typically control stroke volume. b.Factors Modifying Basic Heart Rate (HR)-Stressful situations can lead to an increase in angiotension, vasoconstrictors, and other hormones that would speed up or slow down the heart rate to accommodate to one’s environment. II.BLOOD VESSELS (pp. 374–395)A.Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels (pp. 374–377)1.Tunics- Tunica Interna- Inner lining of vessel-very slick to reduce friction in bloodflowTunica Media (composed of involuntary smooth muscle)Tunica Externa-Strong outer layer of vessels2.Structural Differences between Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries More muscular in arteries for blood pumpingVessels are folded inward in veins preventing backflowB.Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels (pp. 378–386) (Key attached separately on webpage as an Adobe document)1.Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation (Figure 11.12)a.Arterial Branches of the Ascending Aortai.Right and Left Coronary Arteriesb.Arterial Branches of the Aortic Archi.Brachiocephalic Trunkii.Left Common Carotid Arteryiii.Left Subclavian Arteryc.Arterial Branches of the Thoracic Aortai.Intercostal Arteriesii.Bronchial Arteriesiii.Esophageal Arteriesiv.Phrenic Arteriesd.Arterial Branches of the Abdominal Aortai.Celiac Trunkii.Superior Mesenteric Arteryiii.Renal Arteriesiv.Gonadal Arteriesv.Lumbar Arteriesvi.Inferior Mesenteric mon Iliac Arteries2.Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation (Figure 11.13)a.Veins Draining into the Superior Vena Cavai.Radial and Ulnar ii.Cephalic Vein mon Iliaciv.Subclavian Veinv.Vertebral Veinvi.Internal Jugularvii.Brachiocephalic viii. Azygos Veinix. Tibial & Fibular Veinsx.Great Saphenous Veinsxi.Gonadal Veinsxii.Renal Veinsxiii.Hepatic Portal xiv.Hepatic veins3.Special Circulations (Figures 11.14–11.17)a.Arterial Supply of the Brain and the Circle of Willis(Pictured to the right; is responsible for circulating blood through the brain from the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system). Fetal CirculationThis process shuttles blood from the mother to the developing fetus with several important steps. The placenta (site of nourishment-similar to a yolk sac) will transfer blood flow to the baby’s developing liver. All oxygen poor blood will then travel to the baby’s heart through the DUCTUS VENOSUS and then pass through the heart. DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS delivers blood back to the fetus after maternal circulation. One important step in this process is that blood flow does not enter pulmonary circulation but rather bypasses it through the FORAMEN OVALE ( a hole between the two atria). This important step happens because the baby’s lungs are NOT fully functional and therefore they do not require pulmonary circulation. c.Hepatic Portal CirculationThis process is important for digestion. It delivers necessary nutrients from digestive tract to the blood for circulation throughout the body. Hepatic refers to the liver (Hepatitis-Inflammation of the Liver) ................
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