313-323
PVBLI·OVIDI·NASONIS
METAMORPHOSON
LIBER·I·313-415
DE·DEVCALIONE·PYRRHAQVE·FABVLA
Annotationibus Instructa in Usum Discipulorum
[pic]
Annotations by Peter Cohee
© 2006
Learning expectations for and sample exam on Ovid’s Deucalion and Pyrrha
Learning Expectations. Publius Ovidius Naso (Ovid) was one of ancient Rome’s great masters of Latin poetry. Besides having great value in his own right, he is an excellent introduction to Vergil’s Aeneid and other Latin poets. We therefore want you to learn this sample well. Here are the standards we’ll use to evaluate your knowledge of it.
You will be expected to demonstrate your knowledge of:
the structure of sentences (i. e. the clauses and phrases of which they are made);
what part of speech any given word is;
the specific form of words (e. g. case and number, tense and mood, etc.);
the function of words in their clause or phrase (e. g. adjective modifying a noun, a pronoun’s case-function, etc.);
the meaning of words in their context (vocabulary);
features of poetic style and literary devices (e. g. chiasmus, simile, word-framing, etc.)
You will also be expected to:
correctly translate or accurately paraphrase selected phrases, sentences, or passages;
comment critically on a given passage, correctly citing and translating the Latin to support your view;
demonstrate understanding of select passages or sentences;
make meaningful comparisons or applications from the reading to real experience.
Sample Exam. You should expect to find questions like these on your Deucalion and Pyrrha exam/s:
∙ Identify the subordinate clauses and phrases in each of these examples:
Namque ego ... sī tē quoque pontus habēret, tē sequerer ... et mē quoque pontus habēret [pres. contrary to fact cond.]
dīc, Themi, quā generis damnum reparābile nostrī arte sit [indirect question]
nimbis ... remotis [ablative absolute]
superesse virum dē tot modo mīlibus ūnum ... vidit [acc. + infin. phrase]
∙ Identify the part of speech, specific form, and function of the following (371-374):
Inde ubi libātōs inrōrāvēre liquōrēs inroravere [verb, 1st conj., 1st pers. pl. perf. indic. act.]
vestibus et capitī, flectunt vestīgia sānctae vestigia [noun, 2nd decl. neut. pl., acc. dir. obj. of flectunt]
ad dēlūbra deae, quōrum fastīgia turpī deae [noun, 1st decl., fem. sing. gen. of possession, defining delubra]
pallēbant mūscō stābantque sine ignibus ārae. sine [preposition, with abl. of separation as object, ignibus
∙ Identify these examples of poetic style and literary devices and discuss their effect on the lines in which they occur:
fastigia ... pallebant ... stabant- ... arae [chiasmus]
caecis obscura latebris / verba [synchysis]
-que ... et ... et [polysyndeton]
∙ Scan (i. e. analyze into metric feet) the following line:
Inde genus dūrum sumus experiēnsque labōrum [Inde ge / nus du / rum sumus // experi / ensque la / borum]
∙ Translate this passage (#4, lines 344-348) as precisely as possible; point out any noteworthy poetic devices.
Iam mare lītus habet, plēnōs capit alveus amnēs,
surgit humus; crēscunt iuga dēcrēscentibus undis;
postque diem longam nūdāta cacūmina silvae
ostendunt līmumque tenent in fronde relictum.
∙ Accurately paraphrase #6 (lines 367-374) in your own words.
∙ What is/are some moral lessons Ovid means to impart in this story? You may wish to include the flood and its causes, the love between Deucalion and Pyrrha, their reverence, or the creation of a new race out of stones. Cite and translate or accurately paraphrase the Latin which supports your view/s.
1. Deucalion and Pyrrha land on Mt. Parnassus after the flood. Ov. metam. 1. 313-323
|1 |Sēparat Āoniōs Oetaeīs Phōcis ab arvīs, |[pic] |
|2 |terra ferāx, dum terra fuit, sed tempore in illō | |
|3 |pars maris et lātus subitārum campus aquārum. | |
|4 |Mōns ibi verticibus petit arduus astra duōbus, | |
|5 |nōmine Parnāsŏs, superantque cacūmina nūbēs. | |
|6 |Hīc ubi Deucaliōn (nam cētera tēxerat aequor) | |
|7 |cum cōnsorte torī parvā rate vectus adhaesit, | |
|8 |Cōrycidăs nymphās et nūmina montis adōrant | |
|9 |fātidicamque Themin, quae tunc ōrācla tenēbat. | |
|10 |Nōn illō melior quisquam nec amantior aequī | |
|11 |vir fuit aut illā metuentior ūlla deōrum. | |
1 separo, -are: separate, divide.
Aonii, -orum, m. pl.: the Aeonians (a people of the district of Boeotia in central Greece; acc. dir. obj. of separat.
Oetaeus-a-um: near Mt Oeta (map).
Phocis, Phocidis, f.: Phocis, a region of central Greece bordering on Boeotia; nom. subj. of separat.
ab: (prep + abl. sep.) from.
arvum, -i, n.: (cultivated, planted) field; in pl. = lands.
2 terra ferax ... pars maris ... latus campus: all nom. in appos. to Phocis.
terra, -ae, f.: land.
ferax, feracis: fertile, productive.
dum terra fuit: temporal clause, “while.”
sum esse fui: be
sed: (coord. conj.) but.
tempus, -oris, n.: time.
in: (prep. + abl. of time when) in, at.
ille illa illud: (demonstr. adj.) that.
3 pars, partis, f.: part.
mare, maris, n.: sea; part. or poss. gen., defining pars.
et: (coord. conj.) and; joins pars and campus.
latus subitarum campus aquarum: note synchysis (ABAB).
latus-a-um: wide, broad.
subitus-a-um: sudden(ly appearing).
campus, -i, m.: plain, (uncultivated) field.
aqua, -ae, f.: water; gen. of material, describing campus.
4 mons, montis, m.: mountain; nom. subj. of petit.
ibi: (demonstr. adv.) there, in that place.
vertex, -icis, m.: peak, summit; abl. of means, “by,” “with.”
peto, -ere, peti(v)i, petitum: strive to reach, strike.
arduus-a-um: steep, lofty.
astrum, -i, n.: star; acc. dir. obj. of petit.
duo duae duo: two.
5 nomen, -inis, n.: name; abl. of respect, “by name.”
Parnasos, -i, m.: Parnassus, a high mountain in Phocis, special home of the god Apollo. See image above, right.
supero, -are: rise above, tower over.
-que: (enclitic coord. conj.) and.
cacumen, cacuminis, n.: peak, summit; nom. subj. of superant.
nubes, nubis, f.: cloud; acc. dir. obj. of superant.
6 Hic: (demonstr. adv.) here, in this place
ubi ... adhaesit: temporal clause, “when.”
Deucalion, -onis, m.: Deucalion, son of the Titan Prometheus; nom. subj. of vectus and adhaesit.
nam: (causal coord. conj.) for, you see ...
ceteri-ae-a: other (lower) things; acc. dir. obj. of texerat.
tego, -ere, texi, tectum: cover; note pluperfect tense!
aequor, -oris, n.: the sea, the great flood; nom. subj. of
texerat.
7 cum: (prep. + abl. accomp.) with.
consors, -sortis, c.: companion, partner, sharer.
torus, -i, m.: marriage bed; obj. gen. after consorte; “sharer of the marriage bed” = wife, i. e. Pyrrha, daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora.
parvus-a-um: small.
ratis, -is, f.: raft; abl. of means, “by” or “on.”
vehor, vehi, vectus sum: be carried, ride, sail.
adhaereo, -haerere, -haesi, -haesum: cling to, stick on.
8 Corycides, Corycidum, f. pl.: of the Corycian cave (on Mt Parnassus); the short acc. pl. ending is Greek..
nympha, -ae, f.: nymph, female woodland divinity; acc. dir. obj. of adorant.
numen, numinis, n.: divine power, god; acc. dir. obj. of adorant, connected to nymphas by et.
adoro, -are: worship, venerate; Deucalion and Pyrrha are the
understood subjects, “they.”
9 fatidicus-a-um: prophetic, oracular.
Themis, Themis, f.: Themis, the ancient goddess of justice, who occupied Parnassus before Apollo made his home and Delphic oracle there; (Greek) acc. dir. obj. of adorant.
quae ... tenebat: rel. clause defining Themin.
tunc: (demonstr. adv.) then, at that time.
oraculum, -i, n.: oracle, prophetic shrine; note the syncopated form orac(u)la; acc. dir. obj. of tenebat.
teneo, -ere, tenui, tentum: possess, occupy.
10 Non ... quisquam ... vir: “not any man” = “no man.”
illo: (demonstr. pron.) abl. of comparison, “than that one,” “than he.”
melior melior melius: better (comparative degree of bonus-a-um).
nec: (coord. conj.) nor.
amans, amantis: (pres. act. participle of amare); loving; note comparative degree.
aequum, -i, n.: right, justice, fairness; obj. gen. after amantior.
11 vir, viri, m.: man; nom. subj. of fuit.
aut: (coord. conj.) or.
illā: (demonstr. pron.) abl. comparison, “than her,” i. e. Pyrrha.
metuens, -entis: fearful (of), reverent (toward); note comparative degree.
ulla: (adj. pron., fem.) any woman; nom. subj. of understood fuit.
deus, -i, m.: god; obj. gen. after metuentior.
.
2. Jupiter clears the skies while Neptunus and Triton calm the waters. Ov. metam. 1. 324-335a
|1 |Iuppiter, ut liquidīs stāgnāre palūdibus orbem |[pic] |
|2 |et superesse virum dē tot modo mīlibus ūnum | |
|3 |et superesse vidit dē tot modo mīlibus ūnam, | |
|4 |innocuōs ambō, cultōrēs nūminis ambō, | |
|5 |nūbila disiēcit nimbīsque Aquilōne remōtīs | |
|6 |et caelō terrās ostendit et aethera terrīs. | |
|7 |Nec maris īra manet positōque tricuspide tēlō | |
|8 |mulcet aquās rēctor pelagī, suprāque profundum | |
|9 |exstantem atque umerōs innātō mūrice tēctum | |
|10 |caeruleum Trītōna vocat conchaeque sonantī | |
|11 |inspīrāre iubet fluctūsque et flūmina signō | |
|12 |iam revocāre datō. | |
1 Iuppiter, Iovis, m.: Jupiter (Jove), king of the gods, who sent the flood upon the wicked human race; nom. subj. of vidit, disiecit, and ostendit. See image above, with Victory, sceptre, and eagle.
ut ... vidit: temporal clause, “as,” “when.”
liquidis ... stagnare ... orbem et superesse virum ... unum et superesse ... unam: acc. + inf. phrases, objects of vidit. Note the parallel construction of word order.
liquidus-a-um: clear.
stagno, -are: be swamped, be covered.
palus, paludis, f.: pool; abl. of means, “by,” “with.”
orbis, orbis, m.: the world, the earth.
2 et: (coord. conj.) and.
supersum, -esse, -fui: survive, remain alive.
vir, viri, m.: man (i. e. Deucalion).
de: (prep. + abl. sep.) from, out of.
tot: (incecl. demonstr. adj.) so many.
modo: (adv.) only.
milia, milium, n. pl.: thousands (of people); don’t confuse with miles, militis, m., soldier!
unus-a-um: one, a single.
milibus unum ... milibus unam: notejuxtaposition of
contrasting words.
3 video, -ere, vidi, visum: see, notice, observe.
unam: one woman (note gender, i. e. Pyrrha).
4 innocuus-a-um: innocent.
ambo ambae ambo: both; acc. pl. masc., in apposition to virum ... unum and unam.
cultor, -oris, c.: worshiper; acc. pl. in apposition.
numen, -inis, n.: divinity; obj. gen. defining cultores.
5 nubila, -orum, n. pl.: (storm) clouds; acc. dir. obj. of disiecit.
disicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum: scatter, break apart; Iuppiter is the subject.
nimbis- ... remotis: abl. absolute = temporal clause, “when.”
nimbus, -i, m.: black rain cloud.
-que: (enclitic coord. conj.) and; joins disiecit and ostendit.
Aquilo, -onis, m.: Aquilo, the north wind; abl. of means, “by,” “with,” modifying remotis.
removeo, -ere, -movi, -motum: remove, take away.
6 et ... et: (coord. conj.) both ... and.
caelo terras ... aethera terris: notechiastic (A:B :: B:A) arrangement by case (dative: accusative :: accusative:dative), with the double play on forms of terra. The placement of et ... et and the verb in the center makes this a “golden line.”
caelum, -i, n.: heaven, sky; dat. ind. obj. of ostendit.
terra, -ae, f.: land, earth; acc. dir. obj. of ostendit.
ostendo, -ere, -endi, -ensum: show, reveal
aether, aetheris, m.: the upper atmosphere, the sky; acc.
dir. obj. of ostendit.
7 Nec: (coord. conj.) Nor, And ... not.
mare, maris, n.: sea; subj. gen. defining ira..
ira, -ae, f.: wrath, anger; nom. subj. of manet.
maneo, -ere, mansi: remain, linger.
posito tricuspide telo: abl. absolute.
pono, -ere, posui, positum: put down, put away.
tricuspis, -idis: three-pronged.
telum, -i, n.: weapon, spear (i. e. his trident).
8 mulceo, -ere, mulsi, mulsum: calm, soothe, stroke.
aqua, -ae, f.: water; acc. dir. obj. of mulcet.
rector, -oris, m.: ruler (i. e. the sea god Neptunus), nom. subj. of mulcet, vocat, and iubet.
pelagus, -i, n.(note gender!): sea; obj. gen. defining rector.
supra: (prep. + acc. of extent of space) above, over.
profundum, -i, n.: the deep (sea).
9 exsto, -are: stand out, rise up out of.
atque: (coord conj.) and (also); connects the participles exstantem and tectum, both defining Tritona.
umerus, -i, m.: shoulder; acc. of ‘respect’, further defining tectum, lit. “covered-to-his-shoulders” = “with his shoulders covered” etc.
innatus-a-um: natural, native (i. e. in which he was born).
murex, muricis, m.: murex, a mollusk of the eastern Mediterranean; its defensive ‘ink’ makes a dark blue to purple dye; abl. of means, “by” or “with,” defining tectum.
tego, tegere, texi, tectum: cover.
10 caeruleus-a-um: sea-blue, dark blue.
Triton, Tritonis, m.: Triton, son of Neptunus; acc. dir. obj. of vocat and iubet.
voco, -are: summon, call forth (from the sea).
concha, -ae, f.: conch, a large sea-shell; dat. obj. of compound verb inspirare. See image next page.
-que: (enclitic coord conj.) and; joins vocat and iubet.
sono, -are: resound, echo, boom, blast.
11 inspiro, -are: blow into (+ dat.)
iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussum: order, command.
fluctus, -ūs, m.: wave; acc. obj. of revocare.
-que: (encl. coord conj.) and; joins inspirare and revocare.
et: (coord. conj.) and; connects fluctus with flumina.
flumen, -inis, n.: river; acc. obj. of revocare.
signo ... dato: abl. absolute.
signum, -i, n.: signal.
12 iam: (adv.) now, already; take closely with dato.
revoco, -are: call back, ‘revoke’.
do dare dedi datum: give.
3. Triton blows on his conch shell trumpet and the flood recedes. Ov. metam. 1. 335b-342
|1 | Cava būcina sūmitur illī, |[pic] |
|2 |tortilis, in lātum quae turbine crēscit ab īmō, | |
|3 |būcina, quae, mediō concēpit ubi āëra pontō, | |
|4 |lītora vōce replet sub utrōque iacentia Phoebō. | |
|5 |Tum quoque, ut ōra deī madidā rōrantia barbā | |
|6 |contigit et cecinit iussōs inflāta receptūs, | |
|7 |omnibus audīta est tellūris et aequoris undīs | |
|8 |et quibus est undīs audīta coercuit omnēs. | |
1 cavus-a-um: hollow.
bucina, -ae, f.: trumpet, horn (i. e. the concha).
sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum: take up.
illī: (demonstr. pron.) dat. of agent, lit. “by that one,” “by
him,” (i. e. Triton).
2 in latum ... quae ... ab imo: rel. clause defining bucina, unusual because of the late position of the relative pronoun quae, an example of hyperbaton. Note how the twisting word order depicts the inner complexity of the shell. Translate as quae tortilis crescit ab imo turbine in latum.
tortilis, -e: twisted, winding.
in latum: “in width.”
turbo, -inis, m.: whorl, spiral; abl. of manner, “in a spiral,” “spiral-fashion.”
cresco, -ere, crevi: increase.
ab: (prep. + abl. of source/separation) from.
imum, -i, n.: lowest point, bottom.
3 quae ... litora voce replet sub utroque iacentia Phoebo: rel. clause defining the repeated bucina (epanalepsis).
medio concepit ubi aera ponto: indefinite temporal/ circumstantial clause, “when(ever)” etc. Another example of hyperbaton, with the subordinating conjunction ubi postponed late into its own clause.
medius-a-um: middle (of).
concipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum: take in, fill up with; the understood subject is the bucina. The perfect tense is ‘gnomic’, indicating what always happens in such instances; translate as simple present or present perfect.
āër, āëris, m.: air, breath; (Greek) acc. dir. obj. of concepit.
pontus, -i, .m.: sea; abl. of place where, “in.” What ‘word-
picture’ does the wide separation of medio and ponto create?
4 litus, -oris, n.: shore; acc. dir. obj. of replet.
vox, vocis, f.: sound; abl. of means, “by” or “with.”
repleo, -ere, -plevi, -pletum: fill.
sub: (prep. + abl. of place where) under.
uterque utraque utrumque: either (of two).
iaceo, -ere, iacui: lie, be situated.
Phoebus, -i, m.: another name for Apollo, the sun god; by metonymy, Phoebus = the sun itself. What does Ovid mean by “under either sun”? What word-picture has he created by the wide
separation of litora and iacentia?
5 Tum: (adv.) Then.
quoque: (adv.) also.
ut ... contigit et cecinit ... receptus: temporal clauses, “as,” “when.”
os, oris, n.: mouth; in pl. = lips; acc. dir. obj. of contigit.
deus, -i, m.: god, divinity (i. e. Triton); possessive gen., “of” or “the god’s.”
iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussum: order, command.
madidus-a-um: dripping wet, soaked.
inflo, -are: blow into; defines bucina.
receptus, -ūs, m.: (order to) retreat, withdrawal; ‘cognate’ acc. dir. obj. of cecinit.
rorans, -antis: moist, wet.
barba, -ae, f.: beard; abl. of cause, “from,” “because of.”
6 contingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum: touch, contact; the subject is still bucina, the conch shell.
et: (coord. conj.) and; connects contigit with cecinit.
cano, -ere, cecini: signal, ring out; the subject is still bucina.
7 omnis, -e: every; in pl. = all.
audio, -ire, -ivi, -itum: hear, obey.
tellus, -uris, f.: land; ‘possessive’gen. in a sense that is almost of place where, i. e. the waters on land and in the sea. The ‘waves of the land’ are rivers and streams.
aequor, -oris, n.: sea.
unda, -ae, f.: wave, water; abl. of ‘agent’, “by.”
8 quibus est undis audita: rel. clause defining the undas understood by omnes. To translate, alter to et (bucina) coercuit omnes (undas a) quibus (bucina) est audita.
undis: this noun is said to be ‘attracted into its own relative clause’; this happens in Latin when a word that would be subject or direct object is modified by certain adjectives (such as omnis) then further defined by a relative clause.
coerceo, -ere, -cui, -citum: force together, get under control.
[pic]
Neptunus stands, wielding his trident, while Triton, rising from the sea beneath him, blows on his conch shell trumpet. Sculpted by Gian Lorenzo Bernini in1620, now in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. Height: 182.2 cm.
4. Deucalion and Pyrrha understand that they are alone in the world. Ov. metam. 1. 344-355
|1 |Iam mare lītus habet, plēnōs capit alveus amnēs, |[pic] |
|2 |surgit humus; crēscunt iuga dēcrēscentibus undis; | |
|3 |postque diem longam nūdāta cacūmina silvae | |
|4 |ostendunt līmumque tenent in fronde relictum. | |
|5 |Redditus orbis erat; quem postquam vīdit inānem | |
|6 |et dēsōlātās agere alta silentia terrās, | |
|7 |Deucaliōn lacrimīs ita Pyrrham adfātur obortīs: | |
|8 |“O soror, o coniūnx, o fēmina sōla superstes, | |
|9 |quam commūne mihi genus et patruēlis orīgō, | |
|10 |deinde torus iūnxit, nunc ipsa perīcula iungunt, | |
|11 |terrārum, quāscumque vident occāsus et ortus, | |
|12 |nōs duō turba sumus; possēdit cētera pontus.” | |
1 Iam: (adv.) Now.
mare, maris, n.: sea; nom. subj. of habet.
litus, -oris, n.: shore, coastline; acc. dir. obj. of habet.
habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum: occupy, possess.
plenus-a-um: full.
capio, -ere, cepi, captum: take in, contain.
alveus, -i, m.: stream- or river-channel.
amnis, -is, m.: (waters of a) stream, river.
2 surgo, -ere, -rexi: rise up, become visible.
humus, -i, f. (note gender!): earth, ground; nom. subj. of surgit.
cresco, -ere, crevi: grow, increase.
iugum, -i, n.: mountain ridge or pass; nom. subj. of crescunt.
decrescentibus undis: abl. absolute; note the word-play cre-sc-unt ... de-cre-sc-entibus.
decresco, -ere, crevi: (begin to) subside, decrease.
unda, -ae, f.: wave, water.
3 post: (prep. + acc. of limit of time) after.
-que: (enclitic coord. conj.) and.
dies, -ei, f.: day.
longus-a-um: long.
nudatus-a-um: bare, exposed to view.
cacumen, -inis, n.: tree-top; acc. dir. obj. of ostendunt.
silva, -ae, f.: forest, woodland; nom. subj. of ostendunt and
tenent.
4 ostendo, -ere, -tendi, -tensum: show, reveal.
limus, -i, m.: mud; acc. dir. obj. of tenent.
teneo, -ere, tenui, tentum: keep, hold.
in: (prep. + abl. place where) on.
frons, frondis, f.: leafage, leaves.
relinquo, -ere, -liqui, -lictum: leave behind.
5 reddo, -ere, -didi, -ditum: restore.
orbis, -is, m.: world, earth.
quem postquam ... vidit ... terras: temporal clause containing two acc. + inf. constructions as objects of vidit.
quem = orbem; ‘connective relative’, which does not introduce a true relative clause. The pronoun is here equivalent to a conjunction + demonstrative, et eum (orbem); translate as “it.”
postquam: (subord. conj.) after (not “afterward/s”!)
video, -ere, vidi, visum: see, observe.
quem (esse) inanem: acc. + inf. phrase, object of vidit.
inanis, -e: empty, devoid of (other) life.
6 et: (coord. conj.) and.
desolatas agere alta silentia terras: acc. + inf. phrase, second obj. of vidit.
desolatus-a-um: desolate, laid waste, empty.
ago, -ere, egi, actum: here = “to be in.”
altus-a-um: deep, profound.
silentium, -ii, n.: silence; acc. obj. of agere.
terrae, -arum, f. pl.: (lands of) the world; acc. subj. of agere.
7 Deucalion, -onis, m.: Deucalion.
lacrimis ... obortis: abl. absolute.
ita: (demonstr. adv.) in the following way, like this.
Pyrrha, -ae, f.: Pyrrha, cousin and wife of Deucalion; acc. dir. obj. of adfatur.
adfor, -fari, -fatus sum: speak to, address.
oborior, -iri, -ortus sum: well up, burst forth.
8 O ... o ... o: what’s the emotional effect of these repeated vocative interjections?
soror ... coniunx ... femina: voc. appositives.
soror, -oris, f.: sister; here = (female) cousin.
coniunx, -iugis, c.: spouse, partner; note iunxit and iungunt.
femina, -ae, f.: woman
solus-a-um: only, sole; note: de-sol-atas and sol-a.
superstes, supersitis, c.: survivor, surviving.
9 quam ... iunxit ... iungunt: rel. clause, defining soror, coniunx, and femina, “whom” etc.
genus ... origo ... torus: nom. compound subjects of singular iunxit.
communis, -e: common, shared.
genus, -eris, n.: family, clan, “blood;” Deucalion and Pyrrha are cousins, son and daughter of the Titan brothers Prometheus and Epimetheus.
mihi: (pers. pron.); dat. ind. obj. after iunxit and iungunt.
patruelis, -e: from a father’s brother, uncle’s.
origo, -inis, f.: birth, origin; nom. subj. of iunxit.
10 deinde: (adv.) then; scan as one syllable.
torus, -i, m.: marriage-bed; nom. subj. of iunxit.
iungo, -ere, iunxi, iunctum: join together (as a married couple).
nunc: (adv.) now.
ipse ipsa ipsum: nom. pl. neut., “themselves,” “the very.”
periculum, -i, n.: danger; nom. subj. of iungunt.
11 quascumque ... ortus: indef. rel. clause defining terrarum, “whichever,” “whatever.”
occasus, -ūs, m.: setting (of the sun); nom. subj. of vident.
ortus, -ūs, m.: rising (of the sun); nom. subj. of vident.
12 nos: (pers. pron.) we; nom. subj. of sumus.
duo duae duo: two.
turba, -ae, f.: population; take closely with terrarum.
possideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessum: occupy, possess; pres. perfect tense = “has taken possession (of).”
ceteri-ae-a: other (things); acc. dir. obj. of possedit.
pontus, -i, m.: the sea; nom. subj. of possedit.
5. Deucalion continues speaking to Pyrrha. Ov. metam. 1. 356-367
|1 |“Haec quoque adhūc vītae nōn est fīdūcia nostrae |[pic] |
|2 |certa satis; terrent etiamnum nūbila mentem. | |
|3 |Quis tibi, sī sine mē fatīs ērepta fuissēs, | |
|4 |nunc animus, miseranda, foret? Quō sōla timōrem | |
|5 |ferre modō possēs? Quō cōnsōlante dolērēs? | |
|6 |Namque ego, crēde mihi, sī tē quoque pontus habēret, | |
|7 |tē sequerer, coniūnx, et mē quoque pontus habēret. | |
|8 |Ō utinam possim populōs reparāre paternīs | |
|9 |artibus atque animās fōrmātae īnfundere terrae! | |
|10 |Nunc genus in nōbīs restat mortāle duōbus | |
|11 |(sīc vīsum superīs) hominumque exempla manēmus.” | |
1 Haec ... vitae ... fiducia nostrae: synchysis.
hic haec hoc: (demonstr. adj.) this (present).
quoque: (adv.) even, also, too.
adhuc: (adv.) still; quoque adhuc non = not even yet.
vita, -ae, f.: life; obj. gen. after fiducia.
non: (adv.) not.
sum esse fui: be.
fiducia, -ae, f.: confidence, (sense of) security.
noster nostra nostrum: (possess. adj.) our.
2 certus-a-um: certain, secure; nom. pred. adj. to fiducia.
satis: (adv.) sufficiently, enough.
terreo, -ere, terrui, territum: terrify, frighten.
etiamnum: (adv.) even now, even still.
nubila, -orum, n. pl.: clouds, cloudy skies; nom. subj. of terrent.
mens, mentis, f.: mind; acc. dir. obj. of terrent.
3 Quis ... , [si ... erepta fuisses,] ... animus ... foret: mixed conditional sentence; the subordinate ‘protasis’ or “if” clause, inserted in the middle of the sentence, begins a contrary-to-fact condition of past time, its verb pluperfect subjunctive; the main ‘apodosis’, is a rhetorical question, its verb imperfect subjunctive, potential in nature.
quis: (interrog. adj.) what (kind of).
tibi: (pers. pron.) to you; dat. possess.
si: (subord. conj.) if.
sine: (prep. + abl. sep.) without.
me: (pers. pron.) me.
fata, -orum, n. pl.: death; dat. of sep., "from.”
eripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptum: rescue; the compound tense, instead of the usual erepta esses, emphasizes the (hypothetical) completion
of the act in past time.
4 nunc: (adv.) now.
animus, -i, m.: feeling, attitude; nom. subj. of foret.
miseror, -ari, -atus sum: pity; the feminine vocative gerundive, addressed to Pyrrha = “pitiable woman.”
foret = esset; Quis animus tibi ... foret = “What would your feelings be?” “What feelings would you have?”
Quo ... modo: lit. “In what way” = “How?”
solus-a-um: alone, by yourself.
timor, -oris, m.: fear; acc. obj. of ferre.
5 fero, ferre, tuli, latum: bear, endure, suffer; complem. infin. to posses.
possum posse potui: be able; the imperf. subj. is potential in a rhetorical question.
Quo consolante: abl. absolute = “Who would (be there to) console you in your grief?”
quis: (interrog. pron.) who?
consolor, -ari, -atus sum: console, comfort.
doleo, -ere, dolui: grieve, express sorrow.
Above: Prometheus, creator of man,
shows off his new discovery to Athena.
6 Namque: (coord. conj./adv.) For (you see) ...
ego: (pers. pron.) I; nom. subj. of sequerer.
credo, -ere, -didi, -ditum: believe (+ dat. pers.).
si te ... pontus haberet, te sequerer ... et me ... pontus haberet: present contrary-to-fact conditions.
te: (pers. pron.) you; acc. dir. obj. of haberet.
pontus, -i, m.: sea, flood; nom. subj. of haberet.
habeo, -ere, habui, habitum: have, possess.
7 sequor, sequi, secutus sum: follow.
coniunx, -iugis, c.: spouse, life partner.
et: (coord. conj.) and.
me: (pers. pron.) acc. dir. obj. of haberet.
8 utinam: (adv.) would that, I wish that; introduces an independent optative subjunctive, expressing an unfulfillable wish.
populus, -i, m.: people, race; acc. obj. of reparare.
reparo, -are: restore, bring back to life.
paternus-a-um: of (my) father; according to one myth, Prometheus first made humans from clay made of soil and his spit;
see image above.
9 ars, artis, f.: skill, craft; abl. of means, “by,” “with.”
atque: (coord. conj.) and (also).
anima, -ae, f.: soul, living spirit; acc. obj. of infundere.
formo, -are: shape, mold.
infundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusum: pour or breathe into (+ dat.).
terra, -ae, f.: earth, soil; dat. obj. of compound verb.
10 genus, -eris, n.: race; nom. subj. of restat.
in: (prep. + abl. of ‘place where’) in.
resto, -are, -stiti: remain, survive.
mortalis, -e: mortal, human.
duo duae duo: two.
11 sic: (demonstr. adv.) thus.
videor, -eri, visus sum: seem (like a good idea).
superi, -orum, m. pl.: “the upper (ones),” the gods; dat. of reference due to visum (est), “thus have the gods decided.”
homo, hominis, c.: human being; the genitive is a kind of partitive, with homines and exempla being really appositives: “examples (namely), of human beings.” Hom-in-es are hum-an-i, that is, beings made of humus, dirt, clay.
exemplum, -i, n.: example, specimen; nom. in predicate apposition to nos (implied in nobis): as examples.
maneo, -ere, mansi: remain, survive (as).
6. Deucalion and Pyrrha decide to go to Themis’ temple and pray for help. Ov. metam. 1. 367-374
|1 |Dīxerat, et flēbant. Placuit caeleste precārī |[pic] | |
|2 |nūmen et auxilium per sacrās quaerere sortēs. | |Left: an ancient Roman altar. A |
|3 |Nūlla mora est; adeunt pariter Cēphīsidăs undās, | |small fire would be built on top |
|4 |ut nōndum liquidās, sīc iam vada nōta secantēs. | |and offerings of incense, wine, |
|5 |Inde ubi libātōs inrōrāvēre liquōrēs | |grain, and sacrificial meat would |
|6 |vestibus et capitī, flectunt vestīgia sānctae | |be burnt there. (Source: |
|7 |ad dēlūbra deae, quōrum fastīgia turpī | |Wikipedia). |
|8 |pallēbant mūscō stābantque sine ignibus ārae. | | |
1 dico, -ere, dixi, dictum: speak; pluperfect tense = “he finished speaking.”
et: (coord. conj.) and
fleo, -ere, flevi: weep; note shift to plural ‘inceptive’ imperfect: “they began to weep.”
placeo, -ere, placui: lit. please, be pleasing. The true grammatical (and compound) subject is precari ... et ... quaerere: “’It’ was pleasing (to Deucalion & Pyrrha) to” = “They decided to” etc.
caelestis, -e: heavenly, divine.
precor, -ari, -atus sum: pray to; nom. subj. of placuit.
2 numen, numinis, n.: divinity, divine being, i. e. Themis; acc. obj. of precari.
auxilium, -ii, n.: help, aid; acc. obj. of quaerere.
per: (prep. + acc.) through, by means of.
sacer sacra sacrum: sacred, holy.
quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quaesitum: ask for, request.
sors, sortis, f.: (in pl.) oracle, oracular responses.
3 nullus-a-um: no, none, not any.
mora, -ae, f.: delay, hesitation; nom. subj. of est.
sum esse fui: be.
adeo, -ire, -i(v)i: go to, approach.
pariter: (adv.) side by side, together.
Cephisidus-a-um: of the river Cephisus; the (Greek) acc. pl. ending is short.
unda, -ae, f.: (in pl.) water; acc. dir. obj. of adeunt.
4 ut ... sic: comparative correlative pair with concessive force: “though not yet ... even so” etc.
nondum: (adv.) not yet, not at that time.
liquidus-a-um: clear; the river’s waters are nondum liquidae because they are still muddy from the flood.
iam: (adv.) now, already.
vadum, -i, n.: channel; acc. obj. of secantes.
notus-a-um: known, familiar.
seco, -are: cut.
5 Inde: (adv.) Then, Next, After that.
ubi ... capiti: temporal clause, “when,” “after.”
libo, -are: pour (a little) out in sacrifice.
inroro, -are: moisten, sprinkle on (+ dat.); the ending –ēre is the alternate (not ‘syncopated’!) form of –ērunt.
liquor, -oris, m.: water; acc. dir. obj. of inroravere.
6 vestis, vestis, f.: clothing; in pl. = clothes, robes; dat. obj. of compound verb.
caput, capitis, n.: head; dat. obj. of compound verb.
flecto, -ere, flexi, flectum: turn (in a different direction).
vestigium, -ii, n.: step, track; acc. dir. obj. of flectunt.
sanctus-a-um: holy, sacred, religious.
7 ad: (prep. + acc. of destination) to.
delubrum, -i, n.: shrine; note that words for a single building are often plural in Latin, being made of many parts.
dea, -ae, f.: goddess (i. e. Themis); gen. of possession.
quorum fastigia ... pallebant ... stabantque ... arae: rel. clauses defining delubra; note chiasmus. The gen. is possessive; translate as singular: “whose” or “of which” etc.
fastigium, -ii, n.: gable, roof-top; nom. subj. of pallebant. Notice how Ovid likes to put near-rhymes right above one another in two lines, such as vestigia and fastigia or in lines 342-343 (#3 and #4), omnes and amnes.
turpis, -e: foul, unsightly (because old and because it had been so long since people were reverent enough to care for Justice
(Themis) and worship her.
8 palleo, -ere, pallui: grow pale, be discolored.
muscus, -i, m.: moss; abl. of cause or means, “with,” or “because of.”
sto, stare, steti: stand.
-que: (enclit. coord. conj.) and; joins fastigia and arae.
sine: (prep. + abl. sep.) without.
ignis, -is, m.: (sacrificial) fire, flame.
ara, -ae, f.: altar; nom. subj. of stabant.
|[pic] | |
| |The goddess Themis, the abstract |
| |embodiment of the just and lawful|
| |order of things. Daughter of the|
| |primordial elements Gaia (Earth) |
| |and Ouranos (Sky), she is here |
| |shown in the posture of a Sibyl, |
| |the oracular priestess of Apollo,|
| |sitting in a tripod kettle, |
| |holding a laurel branch, and |
| |looking into a patera or |
| |sacrificial bowl, in which she |
| |sees future things. |
7. Deucalion and Pyrrha pray to Themis, who gives them weird advice. Ov. metam. 1. 375-383
|1 |Ut templī tetigēre gradūs, prōcumbit uterque |[pic] | |
|2 |prōnus humī gelidōque pavēns dedit ōscula saxō; | |Themis ‘ temple at |
|3 |atque ita “Sī precibus” dīxērunt “nūmina iūstīs | |Delphi, site of |
|4 |victa remollēscunt, sī flectitur īra deōrum, | |later temple of |
|5 |dīc, Themi, quā generis damnum reparābile nostrī | |Apollo, who took |
|6 |arte sit et mersīs fer opem, mītissima, rēbus.” | |over her oraclular |
|7 |Mōta dea est sortemque dedit: “Discēdite templō | |shrine and powers. |
|8 |et vēlāte caput cīnctāsque resolvite vestēs | | |
|9 |ossaque post tergum magnae iactāte parentis.” | | |
1 Ut ... gradus: temporal clause, “As,” “When.”
templum, -i, n.: temple; gen. of ‘possession’.
tango, -ere, tetigi, tactum: touch; -ēre is the alternate (not ‘syncopated’!) 3rd pers. pl. perf. act. ending = -ērunt. Deucalion & Pyrrha, “they,” are the understood subject.
gradus, -ūs, , m.: step; acc. dir. obj. of tetigere.
procumbo, -ere, -cubui: fall down, lie down; note shift to singular with uterque and shift to vivid present tense.
uterque utraque utrumque: each, both (of two); nom. subj.
of procumbit.
2 pronus-a-um: face down (in humility); the adj. is ‘proleptic’:
“each one falls (so that they are) face down.”
humus, -i, f. (note gender!): earth, ground; locative, “on.”
gelidus-a-um: cool.
paveo, -ere, pavi: tremble
do dare dedi datum: put, give.
osculum, -i, n.: kiss; acc. dir. obj. of dedit.
saxum, -i, n.: stone, i. e. of the temple steps; dat. ind. obj.
of dedit.
3 atque: (coord. conj.) and (indeed).
ita: (adv.) thus, in the following way; modifies dixerunt.
Si ... numina remollescunt, si flectitur ... deorum, dic: general conditions, with the verbs of the subordinate protases (“if” clauses) pres. indicat., and the main verb imperative.
prex, precis, f.: prayer; abl. of means, “by.”
dico, -ere, dixi, dictum: say, tell.
numen, -inis, n.: divine power, god or goddess; nom. subj. of remollescunt.
iustus-a-um: just, right.
4 vinco, -ere, vici, victum: win over, convince.
remollesco, -ere: be moved (to change), become mild again.
flecto, -ere, flexi, flectum: bend, change.
ira, -ae, f.: anger, wrath; nom. subj. of flectitur.
deus, -i, m.: god; subj. gen. modifying ira.
5 Themis, -is, f.: Themis, goddess of justice; vocative.
qua ... sit: ind. question, the ‘object’ of dic. Also, note the symmetrical ‘framed’ word-order:
[quā arte].
qui quae quod: (interrog. adj.) what?, which?
genus, -eris, n.: race; obj. gen. after damnum.
damnum, -i, n.: loss, destruction; nom. subj. of sit.
reparabilis, -e: repairable, restored.
noster nostra nostrum: (possess. adj.) our.
6 ars, artis, f.: skill, art, craft; abl. of means, “by.”
sum esse fui: be.
et: (coord. conj.) and; joins dic with fer.
mergo, -ere, mersi, mersum: drown, overwhelm, flood.
fero, ferre, tuli, latum: bring, give; imperative.
ops, opis, f.: help, aid; acc. dir. obj. of fer.
mitis, -e: mild; note superlative degree and vocative case.
res, rei, f.: thing; in pl. often = “the world.”
7 moveo, -ere, movi, motum: move (emotionally).
dea, -ae, f.: goddess (i. e. Themis).
sors, sortis, f.: oracle, oracular response; acc. dir. obj. of dedit.
Discedite ... velate ... resolvite ... iactate: imperative mood.
et ... –que ... –que: polysyndeton.
discedo, -ere, -cessi: go away from, leave (+ abl. sep.).
8 velo, -are: veil, cover.
cingo, -ere, cinxi, cinctum: bind up, tie up.
-que: (enclitic coord. conj.) and; joins velate and resolvite.
resolvo, -ere, -solvi, -solutum: loosen, untie.
vestis, -is, f.: clothing, cloak; acc. dir. obj. of resolvite.
9 os, ossis, n.: bone; acc. dir. obj. of iactate.
-que: (enclitic coord. conj.) and; joins resolvite with iactate.
post: (prep. + acc. motion toward) behind.
tergum, -i, n.: back.
magnus-a-um: great.
iacto, -are: throw, toss.
parens, -entis, f.: mother; gen. of poss. defining ossa.
[pic]
Deucalion and Pyrrha pray to Themis for help and advice. Painted basin, Oraza Fontana or his workshop, 1565-71. Los Angeles, J. Paul Getty Museum. Credits: Susan Bonvallet, 2002.
8. At first they hesitate; but Deucalion interprets the oracle. Ov. metam. 1. 384-394
|1 |Obstipuēre diū rumpitque silentia vōce |[pic] |
|2 |Pyrrha prior iussīsque deae pārēre recūsat | |
|3 |detque sibi veniam pavidō rogat ōre timetque | |
|4 |laedere iactātīs māternās ossibus umbrās. | |
|5 |Intereā repetunt caecīs obscūra latebrīs | |
|6 |verba datae sortis sēcum inter sēque volūtant. | |
|7 |Inde Promēthīdēs placidīs Epimēthida dictīs | |
|8 |mulcet et “Aut fallāx” ait “est sollertia nōbīs | |
|9 |aut pia sunt nūllumque nefās ōrācula suādent. | |
|10 |‘Magna parēns’ terra est; lapidēs in corpore terrae | |
|11 |ossa reor dīcī; iacere hōs post terga iubēmur.” | |
1 obstipesco, -ere, obstipui: be amazed, be overawed; -ēre is the alternate (not syncopated!) ending = -ērunt. Deucalion and Pyrrha, “they,” are the understood subjects.
diu: (adv.) for a long time.
rumpo, -ere, rupi, ruptum: break; note shift to vivid present.
-que: (enclitic. coord. conj.) and; joins Obstipuere with rumpit.
silentium, -ii, n.: silence; acc. dir. obj. of rumpit. Plural because they are both silent; translate as singular.
vox, vocis, f.: voice; abl. of means, “by” or “with.”
2 Pyrrha, -ae, f.: nom. subj. of rumpit, recusat, rogat, and timet.
prior, prioris: first (of the two).
iussum, -i, n.: order, command; dat. obj. of special intransitive verb parere.
dea, -ae, f.: goddess (i. e. Themis); subj. gen.
pareo, -ere, -ui: obey (+ dat.); obj. inf. after recusat.
recuso, -are: refuse.
3 detque ... veniam: noun purpose (“indirect command”) clause, object of rogat; note absence of introductory ut.
do dare dedi datum: give; “she” (Themis) is understood subject.
sibi: (refl. pron.) to her(self); dat. ind. obj. after det.
venia, -ae, f.: pardon (i. e. for not obeying).
pavidus-a-um: trembling.
rogo, -are: ask, request.
os, oris, n.: mouth; abl. of means and attendant circumstance, “with.”
timeo, -ere, -ui: fear, be afraid.
4 laedo, -ere, laesi, laesum: harm, injure; obj.. inf. after timet.
iactatis ... ossibus: abl. absolute, but also expressing manner and cause: “by throwing ... bones.”
iacto, -are: toss, throw.
maternus-a-um: maternal, a mother’s.
os, ossis, n.: bone.
umbra, -ae, f.: ghost, spirit; acc. obj. of laedere.
5 Interea: (adv.) Meanwhile.
repeto, -ere, -peti(v)i, -petitum: go over, repeat.
caecis obscura latebris / verba: notesynchysis: how does it add to this line’s meaning?
caecus-a-um: dark, puzzling.
obscurus-a-um: obscure, hidden, cloaked.
latebrae, -arum, f.: mysteries, riddles; abl. both of means and
‘location’, “by” or “in.”
6 verbum, -i, n.: word (i. e. of Themis’ oracle); acc. dir. obj. of repetunt.
sors, sortis, f.: oracle, oracular response; somewhat partitive gen., for Deucalion and Pyrrha study each word of the oracle to understand its meaning.
secum: lit. “with themselves” = “with each other.”
inter seque = et inter se, “and together.”
voluto, -are: turn over (mentally), think about.
7 Inde: (adv.) Then.
Promethides, -is, m.: Prometheus’ son (Deucalion); nom. subj. of mulcet.
placidus-a-um: soothing, calming.
Epimethides, -is, f.: Epimetheus’ daughter (Pyrrha); (Greek) acc. dir. obj. of mulcet.
dictum, -i, n.: word; abl. of means, “by” or “with.”
8 mulceo, -ere, mulsi, mulsum: soothe, comfort.
et: (coord. conj.) and; joins mulcet with ait.
Aut ... aut: (coord. conj.) Either ... or; the first option is unlikely, the second to be taken seriously.
fallax, -acis: false, bogus.
ait: “he says.” Not so much a real verb as an indication of a direct quote; hence no acc. + inf. indirect statement.
sum esse fui: be.
sollertia, -ae, f.: cleverness, intelligence; nom. subj. of est.
nobis: (pers. pron.) lit. “to me;” plural for singular, dat. of
possessor = “my,” “that I have.”
9 pius-a-um: righteous.
nullus-a-um: no, none, not any at all.
nefas: (indecl.) wrongdoing; acc. dir. obj. of suadent.
oraculum, -i, n.: oracular responses (of Themis); nom. subj. of suadent.
suadeo, -ere, suasi, suasum: recommend, suggest.
10 magnus-a-um: great
parens, -entis, f.: mother; nom. subj. of est.
terra, -ae, f.: earth; pred. nom. to Magna parens
lapides ... ossa ... dici: acc. + inf. construction, obj. of reor.
lapis, lapidis, m.: stone, rock; acc. subj. of dici.
in: (prep. + abl. of location) in.
corpus, -oris, n.: body.
11 reor, reri, ratus sum: think, suppose.
dico, -ere, dixi, dictum: call, refer to (as), mean.
iacio, -ere, ieci, iactum: throw, toss.
post: (prep. + acc. of motion toward) behind
tergum, -i, n.: back.
iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussum: order, command.
Above: relief panel from the Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace) of Augustus, completed in 9 BC. Tellus, Mother Earth, or, according to a different interpretation, Venus, Aeneas' divine mother and the founder of the Julian family, of which Augustus himself was a member. Yet another reading interprets this central figure as the Pax Augusta, the Peace from which the Altar takes its name. The goddess sits on a rock, dressed in a light chiton. Her veiled head supports a crown of fruit and flowers, at her feet are an ox and a sheep. Two putti hover at the goddess' side; her gaze is turned towards one of them, holding out an apple. In her lap, a cluster of grapes and pomegranates finishes off the portrait of a fertility goddess, responsible for the flourishing of men, animals and plants. At the sides of the panel two young women are depicted, the sail-making winds, one sitting on a sea dragon, the other on a swan, symbols of the gentle winds of the sea and earth respectively.
9. The oracle’s command has surprising results for Deucalion and Pyrrha. Ov. metam. 1. 395-406
|1 |Coniugis auguriō quamquam Titānia mōta est, |[pic] |
|2 |spēs tamen in dubiō est; adeō caelestibus ambō | |
|3 |diffīdunt monitīs. Sed quid temptāre nocēbit? | |
|4 |Discēdunt vēlantque caput tunicāsque recingunt | |
|5 |et iussōs lapidēs sua post vestīgia mittunt. | |
|6 |Saxa (quis hoc crēdat nisi sit prō teste vetustās?) | |
|7 |pōnere dūritiam coepēre suumque rigōrem | |
|8 |mollīrīque morā mollītaque dūcere fōrmam. | |
|9 |Mox ubi crēvērunt nātūraque mītior illīs | |
|10 |contigit, ut quaedam, sīc nōn manifēsta, vidērī | |
|11 |fōrma potest hominis, sed utī dē marmore coepta, | |
|12 |nōn exācta satis rudibusque simillima signīs. | |
1 Coniugis ... quamquam ... mota est: concessive clause.
coniunx, -iugis, m.: husband; subj. gen. defining augurio.
augurium, -ii, n.: interpretation; abl. of means, “by.”
quamquam: (sub. conj.) although.
Titania, -ae, f.: the Titan’s (Epimetheus’) daughter (i. e. Pyrrha); nom. subj. of mota est.
moveo, -ere, movi, motum: encourage, inspire (with confidence).
2 spes, spei, f.: hope; nom. subj. of est.
tamen: (demonstr. adv.) nevertheless.
in: (prep. + abl. of circumstance) in (a state of).
dubium, -ii, n.: doubt, uncertainty.
sum esse fui: be
adeo: (adv.) so, to such an extent.
caelestis, -e: heavenly, divine; of the goddess (Themis).
ambo ambae ambo: both (Deucalion and Pyrrha); nom. subj. of
diffidunt.
3 diffido, -ere, diffisus sum: be unsure about, lack confidence in (+ dat. of reference).
monitum, -i, n.: advice, instruction.
Sed: (coord. conj.) But.
quid: (interrog. pron.) what; ‘internal’ acc. dir. obj. of nocebit.
tempto, -are: to try, attempt; nom. subj. of nocebit.
noceo, -ere, nocui: harm, hurt.
4 discedo, -ere, -cessi: go away, depart, leave.
velo, -are: veil (by pulling their cloaks up).
-que: (enclitic. coord. conj.) and
caput, -itis, n.: head; acc. dir. obj. of velant.
tunica, -ae, n.: cloak, tunic; acc. dir. obj. of recingunt.
recingo, -ere, -cinxi, -cinctum: untie, loosen.
5 et: (coord. conj.) and.
iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussum: order, command; translate the participle with a comparative phrase, “as ordered.”
lapis, lapidis, m.: stone, rock; acc. dir. obj. of mittunt.
suus-a-um: their (own).
post: (prep. + acc. motion toward) behind.
vestigium, -ii, n.: track, step.
mitto, -ere, misi, missum: throw, toss.
6 saxum, -i, n.: stone, rock; nom. subj. of coepere.
quis ... credat nisi ... sit ... vetustas: potential condition, the apodosis being a rhetorical question.
quis: (interrog. pron.) who? nom. subj. of credat.
credo, -ere, credidi, creditum: believe; potential subjunctive in a rhetorical question.
nisi: (subord. conj.) if not, unless.
pro: (prep. + abl.) as, serving in the capacity of.
testis, -is, m.: witness; the phrase pro teste is equivalent to a predicative noun to vetustas.
vetustas, -tatis, f.: antiquity, great age; nom. subj. of sit.
Deucalion and Pyrrha pray, then toss their “mother’s bones.”.
7 pono, -ere, posui, positum: put off, put aside; complementary inf. to coepere.
duritia, -ae, f.: hardness; acc. obj. of ponere.
coepi, coepisse: begin; note the alternate (not ‘syncopated!) ending -ēre = -ērunt.
rigor, -oris, m.: stiffness; acc. obj. of ponere.
8 mollio, -ire, -ivi, -itum: soften, grow soft; complementary inf. to coepere.
mora, -ae, f.: delay; abl. of means to be taken adverbially, “gradually,” “bit by bit.”
duco, -ere, duxi, ductum: take on, assume; complementary inf. to coepere.
forma, -ae, f.: shape; acc. obj. of ducere.
9 Mox: (adv.) Soon.
ubi ... creverunt naturaque ... contigit: temporal clauses, “when” etc.
cresco, -ere, crevi: grow, increase; the stones are the understood subject.
natura, -ae, f.: nature, substance; nom. subj. of contigit.
mitis, -e: mild, soft; note comparative degree; nom. predicate adj. after contigit.
illis: dat. obj. of contigit.
10 contingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum: happen to, befall (+ dat.)
ut ... sic: comparative correlative pair with concessive-adversative force: “yes ... but.”
quidam quaedam quiddam: (a) certain (kind of).
non: (adv.) not.
manifestus-a-um: clear, plain.
video, -ere, vidi, visum: see, observe; subj. inf. of potest.
11 possum posse potui: be able.
homo, hominis, c.: human being; poss. gen. defining forma.
uti = ut; comparative, “as,” “just like.”
de: (prep. + abl. of source/material) out of.
marmor, -oris, m.: marble.
coepta, -orum, n. pl.: (works) begun (to be made).
12 exigo, -ere, -egi, -actum: finish, perfect.
satis: (adv.) quite; take with non.
rudis, -e: rough-hewn, in rough form.
similis, -e: like, similar to (+ dat. of reference); note superlative.
signum, -i, n.: statue.
10. How the stones became flesh and bone, a restored human race. Ov. metam. 1. 407-415
|1 |Quae tamen ex illīs aliquō pars ūmida sūcō |[pic] |
|2 |et terrēna fuit, versa est in corporis ūsum; | |
|3 |quod solidum est flectīque nequit, mūtātur in ossa; | |
|4 |quae modo vēna fuit, sub eōdem nōmine mānsit; | |
|5 |inque brevī spatiō superōrum nūmine saxa | |
|6 |missa virī manibus faciem trāxēre virōrum | |
|7 |et dē fēmineō reparāta est fēmina iactū. | |
|8 |Inde genus dūrum sumus experiēnsque labōrum, | |
|9 |et documenta damus quā sīmus orīgine nātī. | |
1 Quae ... pars = Ea pars quae. In Latin, if a relative pronoun will be in the same case as its antecedent, the expected demonstrative is omitted, the antecedent is ‘attracted’ into its own relative clause, and the relative pronoun assumes the force of an indefinite adjective, “whatever,” “any ... that” etc.
tamen: (adv.) nevertheless, still.
ex: (prep. + abl. of source) of
illīs: (demonstr. pron.) “them,” i. e. the stone people.
aliqui, aliqua(e), aliquod: (indef. adj.) any sort of.
pars, partis, f.: part; nom. subj. of fuit.
umidus-a-um: wet, moist; nom. pred. adj. to pars.
sucus, -i, m.: liquid, moisture; abl. of cause, “owing to.”
2 et: (coord. conj.) and; joins umida and terrena.
terrenus-a-um: of (soft) earth, of dirt.
sum esse fui: be.
verto, -ere, verti, versum: turn, change.
in: (prep. + acc. ‘motion toward’) into.
corpus, -oris, n.: body; subj. gen. with usum.
usus, -us, m.: use, form; corporis usus = soft flesh.
3 quod solidum est: again, indef. rel. clause, “whatever,” serving as the subject of the main verb, mutatur.
solidus-a-um: solid, hard; nom. pred. adj.
flecto, -ere, flexi, flectum: bend; compl. inf. with nequit.
nequeo, -ire, -quivi: not be able, be unable.
muto, -are: change, transform.
os, ossis, n.: bone.
4 quae: “whatever,” but agreeing in gender with vena.
modo: (adv.) just now, recently.
vena, -ae, f.: vein (i. e. of minerals); nom. subj. of fuit.
sub: (prep. + abl. of ‘location’) under.
īdem eadem idem: (the) same.
nomen, nominis, n.: name.
maneo, -ere, mansi: remain, stay.
5 in: (prep. + abl. time when) in.
-que: (enclitic coord. conj.) joins traxere ... et ... reparata est with versa est, mutatur, and mansit.
brevis, -e: brief, short.
spatium, -ii, n.: space (of time).
superi, -orum, m. pl.: the gods; subj. gen. with numine.
numen, numinis, n.: authority, command.; abl. of cause, “by.” Again, as before, note how Ovid places near-rhymes directly above and below one another: nomine / numine.
saxum, -i, n.: stone; nom. subj. of traxere.
6 mitto, -ere, misi, missum: throw.
vir, viri, m.: man, male (i. e. Deucalion); gen. possess. defining manibus.
manus, -us, f.: hand; abl. of means, “by;” take closely with missa.
facies, -ei, f.: face, appearance; acc. dir. obj. of traxere.
traho, -ere, traxi, tractum: take on, assume; the alternate (not ‘syncopated’!) 3rd pl. perf. act. ending –ēre = -ērunt.
virorum: gen. possess. defining faciem.
7 de: (prep. + abl. of source or cause) from, as a result of.
femineus-a-um: woman’s, female.
reparo, -are: restore, renew.
femina, -ae, f.: woman(kind); nom. subj. of reparata est.
iactus, -us, m.: throw, cast (of stones).
8 Inde: (adv.) That’s the reason why, As a result.
genus, -eris, n.: race; pred. nom. to nos implied in sumus.
durus-a-um: hard, tough.
experiens, -entis: having experience of (+ obj. gen.).
-que: (enclitic coord. conj.) and; joins durum and experiens.
labor, -oris, m.: hardship, suffering.
9 documentum, -i, n.: evidence, proof; acc. dir. obj. of damus.
do dare dedi datum: give, furnish.
qua simus origine nati: ind. question in apposition to documenta.
qui quae quod: (interrog. adj.) what?
origo, -inis, f.: origin; abl. of source, “from.”
nascor, nasci, natus sum: be born.
Here are some summary questions about Ovid’s “Deucalion and Pyrrha”; be prepared to cite and translate appropriate passages of Latin to support your views.
How does Ovid present Deucalion & Pyrrha as a loving married couple?
How does Ovid show that Deucalion & Pyrrha are pious toward the gods?
How does Ovid represent Deucalion as Prometheus’ son and Pyrrha as Epimetheus’ daughter?
What is Ovid’s moral conclusion in the final two lines?
How do the Biblical stories of Noah and Adama & Eve compare to Ovid’s version of the myth of Deucalion & Pyrrha? How similar? or how different?
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