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♣The building units ♣

1-The building unit of the house is brick

2-The building unit of living organisms is cells

3- The building unit of Matter is atoms

To show the building unit of Matter

|steps |Observation |Conclusion |

|1-Pour some perfume in a glass beaker |1-The odour of the perfume |1-The material of the perfume is divided |

|2- Determine the mass of the beaker containing perfume using a digital|spreads all over the room |into small parts, these parts: |

|balance. | |-Can't be seen by naked eye |

|3-Put the beaker in the corner of the room and stay in the other |2- The mass of the beaker |-Keep the properties of perfume |

|corner |decreases. |2- these parts are called "molecules" |

|4- Calculate the mass of the beaker after sometime. | | |

♣The molecules ♣

It is the smallest part of matter which can exist in a free

state and keep the properties of matter

The properties of rthe molecules of matter:

1 – molecules of matter are in a continuous motion.

2 – there are intermolecular spaces among the molecules of matter.

3 – there are attraction forces among the mooecules of matter.

☼To prove that molecules are in a state of continuous motion

|steps |Observation |Conclusion |

|1-Put a small quantity of potassium |The violet colour of |The molecules of matter |

|permanganate in a glass tube having a |permanganate spreads through |(permanganate) are in a state of |

|small quantity of water |all the water |continuous motion in all direction|

|2- Leave the tube fore a while. | | |

☼To prove the presence of intermolecular space

among the molecules of matter

|steps |Observation |Conclusion |

|1-Put 300 cm3 of water in graduated|The volume the mixture will |There are spaces among water |

|cylinder |be less than |molecules which are occupied by|

|2- Add 200 cm3 of alcohol to the |500 cm3 |some molecules of alcohol and |

|water. | |these spaces are called |

| | |(intermolecular spaces) |

the volume of mixture of water and alcohol is less than the sum of their volume before mixing?

Because some molecules of alcohol occupy the intermolecular spaces among water molecules.

☼To prove the presence of intermolecular forces among

the molecules of matter

|steps |Observation |Conclusion |

|1- Try to break an iron piece into |We can't break the iron piece without using |The intermolecular forces among the molecules of iron |

|smaller parts |special tools |(solid matter) are very strong The intermolecular forces |

|. |We can easily separate the amount of water into |among the molecules of water (liquid matter) are |

|2- Try to separate an amount of water.|portions. |relatively weak |

Comparison between Solids, Liquids and Gaseous

|Points |Solids |Liquids |Gaseous |

|The motion of molecules |Oscillatory motion |Limited |Unlimited |

| | | |(relatively free) |

|intermolecular spaces |Narrow |Medium |Large |

| |(very small) |(relatively large) | |

|intermolecular forces |very strong |Medium |very Weak |

| | |(relatively weak) |Their molecules are free |

|The volume |definite |definite |Indefinite |

|The shape |definite |indefinite |Indefinite |

Gaseous have indefinite shape and volume?

Because their molecules are relatively free due to the large intermolecular and very weak intermolecular forces

The Change of matter states

The Change of matter from state to another requires a thermal energy

1-The Change of matter from the solid state to the liquid state

|steps | Observation |Explanation |

|1- Put pieces of ice in a|We notice that the pieces of ice |When a solid substance is heating the |

|beaker and heat it by a |(solid state) change into water |velocity of its molecules increase and |

|flame |(liquid state) by effect of heat |some of them overcome the |

| |and this process called "Melting". |intermolecular force, So the |

| | |intermolecular space increase leading |

| | |to change of matter from solid to |

| | |liquid |

Melting

It is the Change of matter from the solid state to the liquid state by heating

2-The Change of matter from the liquid state to the gaseous state

|steps | Observation |Explanation |

|1- heat some water (the |We notice that the water (liquid state) change into vapour|When a liquid substance is heating to its boiling the |

|previous) beaker until |(gaseous state) by effect of heat and this process called |velocity of its molecules increase, some of them overcome |

|boiling |"Vaporization" |the intermolecular force, So they escape in the form of |

| | |vapour |

Vaporization

It is the Change of matter from the liquid state to the gaseous state by heating

♣Matter and molecules♣

The molecules of one substance are similar in properties, but they differ than other substance molecules

*** the molecules of different substance differ in their properties?

Because they differ in their structure

Atom It is the fundamental building unit of matter

☼Kinds of molecules☼

|Element |Compound |Mixture |

The element

It is the simplest pure form of matter which can't be analyzed chemically into simpler form

Element molecules are formed of similar atoms that combine together

The molecules and atoms of an element are different those of other element

The element molecules are divided to

|Solid elements |Liquid elements |Gaseous elements |

|All the molecules of solid elements are |Mercury (Hg) is the liquid element which its |The molecules of gaseous elements are composed of |

|composed of one atom as:- |molecules consists of one atom | |

| | |1-one atom as noble gases Helium(He)- |

|Iron (Fe)- Sulphur(S) | |Neon(Ne)-Argon(Ar)- Krypton(Kr) |

| |Bromine (Br) is the liquid element which its |Xenon(Xe)-Radon(Ra) |

|Magnesium(Mg) |molecules consists of two atom | |

| | | |

|Aluminum (Al) | |2-two identical atoms as |

| | |Hydrogen(H2)-Oxygen(O2) |

|Carbon(C)-Copper(Cu) | |Nitrogen(N2)-Chlorine(Cl2) |

| | | |

The compound

It is formed from combination of atoms of two or more different elements with constant weight ratio

Examples of some compounds

|Compound |chemical |No. of |No. of elements|The type of atom |

|Name |formula |atoms | | |

|1- Water |H2O |3 |2 |Two hydrogen atom and |

| | | | |one oxygen atom |

|2-Table salt |NaCl |2 |2 |One sodium atom and one|

|Sodium | | | |chlorine atom |

|chloride | | | | |

|3- Ammonia |NH3 |4 |2 |One nitrogen atom and |

| | | | |three hydrogen atoms |

☺Comparison between element and compound☺

|Point of comparison |Element |Compound |

|Definition |A substance whose molecules consist of similar atom |A substance whose molecules consist of similar atom |

|Atoms |Similar |Different |

|examples |Hydrogen, Oxygen, Aluminum and sulphur |Water, Carbon dioxide, Sodium, chloride |

Questions on unite 1

Complete the following statements:

1 - ……………... Is the building unit of matter, while ………………. Is the building unit of living organisms.

2 – the molecules are bound together by ………….

3 - The attraction force among gaseous molecules is ………….

4 – in melting process, solid molecules ……………..………. Energy and change into ………………………. state.

5 – molecules of one substance are …………………………………..… in properties, but they ………………..…… from other substance molecules.

6 – Helium is considered from ………………..…… and its molecule is composed of …………………………. Atom.

7 – molecules of active gases are formed of ……………………… atoms , while the molecules of an inert gases are formed of ……………………….. atoms.

8 – table salt is a compound consisting of ………………………atom and …………………..atom

9 – the molecule of water is formed due to the combination of …………..… atoms with ……..……… atom.

Choose the correct answers:

1 – the motion of solid molecules is ………….

a. limited b. unlimited c. completely free d. the most free.

2 – the intermolecular spaces among the molecules of ……… are very small.

a. iron b. mercury c. nitrogen d. water.

3 – the intermolecular spaces among the molecules of oxygen gas is ………………

a. medium b. very large. C. very small. D. no correct answer.

4 – on heating a soild substance , …………………

a. the velocity of its molecules increases.

b. the intermolecular spaces among its molecules increase.

c. the attraction force among its molecules decreases.

d. all the pervious answers.

5 – the molecule is compsed of very small particles called ……………

a. atoms b. elements c., compounds d. cells.

6 – the molecule of iron element is composed of ………… atom

a. one b. two c. three d. four

7 - ………….. is the monoatomic liquid molecule.

a. Bromine b. Iodine c. Mercury d. Chlorine

8 – all of the following are diatomic gaseous molecules except ………………

a. hydrogen b. nitrogen c. bromine d. chlorine

9 – the molecule that consists of different atoms is called ……………

a. an atom b. an element c. a compound. D. an inert gas.

10 – the molecule of sodium chloride is composed of ………….. atoms

a. two b. three c. four d. five

11 –all the following. molecules is composed of two atoms of two different elements except ………..

a. chlorine b. water c. sodium chloride d. ammonia

Write the scientific term of the following:

1 – the building unit of matter. ……………………………………………..

2 – spaces that found among the molecules of matter. …………………………………………………..

3 – a proves in which the liquid molecules gain energy and convert into gaseous one. ……………………..

4 - the building unite of molecule. ……………………………………………………

5 – the gases in which the molecule consists of two atoms . ……………………………………….

6 – the combination of two or more different elements. …………………………………………

7 – the compound molecule which is formed of one sodium atom and one chlorine atom. …………………..

Give reason foreach of the following:

1 – the odour of perfume spreads all over the room when the bottle is open.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2 – the volume of a mixture of water and alcohol is less than the sum of their volume before mixing.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3 – it is easy to divide an amount of water ito smaller parts.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4 – it is difficult to break down a piece of iron with your hand.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5 – Gases have indefinite shapes and volumes.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

6 – when water gains energy, it converts into gas.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

7 – Oxygen is an element, while sodium chloride is a compound.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

8 – the molecule of helium differs freom the molecule of hydrogen.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Compare between:

1 – Element and compound.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2 – Bromine and mercury

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3 – water and ammonia molecule

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

My wishes,

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Matter constriction

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G.R *** A drop of ink spreads through water??

Because the molecules of ink are in a state of continuous motion in all direction among water molecules

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