Technical Report
FINAL REPORT
RCARO TEMPORARY ATTACHMENT PROGRAMME
Ms. NGUYEN THI YEN NINH
VIETNAM ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
REGIONAL COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT REGIONAL OFFICE
REPUBLIC OF KOREA
NOVEMBER 2007
CONTENTS
I. Acknowledgement
II. Status of Research, Development, and Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Viet Nam
III. Nuclear Science, Technology Development and Applications in Thailand
IV. Nuclear Science, Technology Development and Applications in Malaysia in China
V. Nuclear Science, Technology Development and Applications in India
VI. Nuclear Science, Technology Development and Applications in ROK
VII. Nuclear Science, Technology Development and Applications in Malaysia
VIII. Nuclear Science, Technology Development and Applications in Myanmar
ANNEXES
1. Vietnam
2. Thailand
3. China
4. India
5. Korea
6. Malaysia
7. Myanmar
8. Singapore
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I was attached to the RCA regional office (RCARO) as an invited temporary staff under the RCARO Temporary Attachment Programme from 22 August to 21 November 2007.
During the time of service, I was assigned to assist the RCARO study current status of nuclear science and technology development and application in RCARO’s Member States such as: Vietnam, China, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Mongolia, India and ROK. I was also given the opportunity to visit Kori Nuclear Power Plant, Hyundai Motor Company and its factories in Ulsan and Doosan Heavy Industry Company and KAERI’s Advance Radiation Technology Institute in Jeongeup. Besides, I could get the permission from RCARO’s Director to attend the Fall Conference of Korean Nuclear Society held in Peongchang and vist Uljin Nuclear Power Plant, KIRAMS and Korea Cancer Hospital from 24-26 October 2007.
This programme provides me with a good chance to get more understanding on the RCARO in general, on its works and contributions to the RCA and its member states in particular. Furthermore, during my stay here I could have a chance to learn more about Korean country, Korean people and culture and enjoy the very beautiful sceneries of autumn, the best season in the country. Coming back to Vietnam from RCARO, I can bring with me not only useful knowledge and experience in relation to RCARO and international cooperation but also wonderful and unforgettable memories of Korea.
Taking this opportunity, I would like to express my sincerely deep appreciation to the RCARO, RCARO’s Director and all staff members for their warm hospitality, friendship, and all kind arrangement given to me during my stay in Korea.
I do hope that RCARO will continue to develop such kind of programmes so that more and more people from RCA’s Member states can come and enjoy international working environment like here in Korea.
Nguyen Thi Yen Ninh
19 November 2007
RCA Regional Office
Republic of Korea, ROK
VIETNAM [pic]
I. Current Status of Research, Development, and Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Viet Nam
The brief introduction about current status of nuclear energy research, development and application was presented for the RCARO staff members on September6, 2007. The Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission (VAEC), its functions and missions, organization and R&D activities were concretely reported. The Vietnam Agency for Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety & Control (VASRANSAC), a supporting agency for the Ministry of Science and Technology on radiation and nuclear safety was also introduced. The presentation material is shown in Annex I.
Vietnam has been conducting research and development on the peaceful utilization of atomic energy to improve the quality of life of its people and for the national sustainable development. Established in April 1976, the VAEC is responsible for peaceful atomic energy utilization in Vietnam and also, for many years, serves as national competent authority on nuclear regulations.
Since the Dalat Nuclear Research Reactor, the only nuclear reactor in Vietnam, a pool-type, water-cooled, water moderated, which was originally a TRIGA MARK-II 250 kW, was upgraded to 500 kW in March 1984, it has been operated safely and used for isotope production, neutron activation analyses, research and training.
The country has benefited from this research reactor through the various applications mainly related to medical, agricultural and industrial uses.
Recently, radiation and nuclear techniques have been strongly and widely developed in different branches and domains. Concretely, the healthcare service has around 2,000 X-ray machines, 14 Cobalt-60 radiotherapy machines, 4 accelerators, 524 radiotherapy sources (most are radium sources); the industrial sector has around 300 sources used for nondestructive testing and oil and gas exploration. Particularly, the number of irradiation facilities used for food irradiation increased remarkably with five ones having been installed and put into operation. By the end of 2004, there had been 1,465 radiation establishments operating nationwide, of which 88% (1,301 establishments) are in the healthcare sector, 5.9% in industrial sector and 3.8% in other sectors and domains such as research and training. There had been 1,173 radioactive sources, of which 46.9% have been used in health care, 36.2% in industries and 17% in other application branches; there had been 1,983 X-ray machines, of which medical diagnostic X-ray machines have represented 96.97% (1,823 machines). According to Da Lat Nuclear Research Institute’s statistics, of 157 X-ray machines having gone through quality inspection over the past time, 40% are not up to the quality standards, 50% are at the moderate level and only 10% have good quality; many of these machines were produced in the 1960s-1970s.
Today, all medical establishments at the district and higher levels use X-ray machines in diagnosis, most of which, however, are the old ones. In nuclear medicine, even though there have existed over 20 establishments nationwide, only 10 gamma cameras are operational. The domestic production of radiopharmaceuticals can meet only half of the demand for isotopes of all kinds created by reactors while the rest must be imported.
The radiation mutation technique for creation of new plant varieties has been applied in Vietnam since the 1970s but has so far created only few rice and soybean varieties.
The nondestructive testing technique has been commonly applied and become compulsory in quality inspection of a number of transportation and construction works.
Recently, the radioactive tracer technique has been applied in oil and gas industry to find the optimum exploitation solution in order to increase the oil recovery efficiency.
The hydro-isotopic technique, though being very advantageous in underground water research, has only been initially applied in Ho Chi Minh City and a number of its neighbor provinces.
Products and materials created by radiation technologies in service of production and daily life, which is a big advantage of many countries, have not yet been developed in Vietnam.
In general, the application of radiation and radioisotope in Vietnam remains limited, failing to match the potentials and social-economic development requirements, employing low-grade technologies and largely relying on imported technical equipment and radioactive sources. Due attention has not yet been paid to investment in construction of material and technical infrastructures as well as manpower training. There still lacks an explicit orientation for application of radiation and radioisotope in service of socio-economic development. Most people have not yet benefited from the application of radiation and radioisotope in medical diagnosis and treatment.
II. Nuclear-related Organizations in Vietnam:
Nuclear Related Organizations in Vietnam are the following:
➢ Ministry of Science and Technology;
➢ Ministry of Industry and Trade;
➢ Ministry of Health;
➢ Ministry of Education and Training;
➢ Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development;
➢ Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment;
➢ Academy of Science and Technology;
etc…
Organization Chart is shown below:
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1. Functions of nuclear-related organizations in Vietnam
a. The Ministry of Industry and Trade (including subsidiary bodies: Electricity of Vietnam (EVN) and Institute of Energy (IE)) is assigned to conduct Pre-FS and FS for NPP Construction in Viet Nam;
b. Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development: application of nuclear techniques and radiation
c. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment: management and control of environmental radioactivity;
d. Ministry of Education and Training: manpower preparation;
e. Academy of Science and Technology: Fundamental and applied researches on nuclear energy.
f. The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) is a State Regulatory Body on the fields of nuclear energy and radiation protection & nuclear safety.
g. Under the MOST are the Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission (VAEC); and the Vietnam Agency for Radiation and Nuclear Safety & Control (VARANSAC).
h. In addition, there are 64 Departments of Science and Technology (DOSTs) in the 64 cities and provinces. DOTs are responsible for provincial management activities on radiation protection and reports regularly to MOST via VARANSAC.
2. The Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission (VAEC)
Functions and Duties of the VAEC
❖ Conduct fundamental and applied research on nuclear science and engineering, nuclear reactor technology, nuclear fuel and material, radiation protection and nuclear safety, and radioactive waste management technology in service of economic development of the country;
❖ Develop technology, production and technical services in atomic energy and related fields in service of social and economic development;
❖ Study and formulate directions, strategies, planning and plans for atomic energy development in Viet Nam, participate in the formulation of law projects and regulatory documents in relation to atomic energy, and in the implementation of nuclear policies approved by the Government;
❖ Perform international cooperation in the filed of atomic energy, and participate in the implementation of international treaties pledged by Viet Nam;
❖ Provide technical support to the State Regulatory Body on radiation protection and nuclear safety in the appraisal of radiation protection and nuclear safety, carry out radioactive environment monitoring, calibrate radiation facilities and dosimeters, develop technical infrastructures in the preparedness and response to radiological and nuclear incidents and accidents; and
❖ Participate in the planning and training of scientific and technical professionals in the field of atomic energy.
Technical Capability and Infrastructure
❖ DaLat NRR: Pool-type, water-cooled, water moderated, original TRIGA MARK-II 250 kW and upgraded to 500 kW from March 1984. The Reactor has been safely operating since 1984 and exploited for:
➢ Production of radioisotopes and radiopharmaceuticals (main products: I-131, P-32, Tc-99m generator);
➢ Research on neutron physics, reactor physics and dynamics, nuclear data, neutron activation analysis; neutron radiography, silicon doping, and
➢ Training and education.
❖ Gamma Irradiators:
➢ At DNRI: Co-60, 16.5 kCi used for research, installed in 1981;
➢ In Ho Chi Minh City: Co-60, 400 kCi used for sterilization of medical products and foods, installed in 1999;
➢ In Hanoi: Co-60, 110 kCi used for food preservation and research, installed in 1990;
❖ Waste Management: Liquid and solid radwaste treatment facilities, the interim storage;
❖ Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory (SSDL) at INST: Equipped with standard X-ray machine, TLD reader – Harshaw 400, 500 phantom, Alpha spectrometers, Gamma spectrometers, Alpha-Beta measurement system.
❖ Radiation Protection Laboratories with radiation measurement and calibration equipment, Gamma spectrometer, X-ray fluorescence spectrometer;
❖ Nine (9) Radiotherapy Departments equipped with 14 Cobalt units, 7 LINACs and 3 X -ray machines;
❖ Brachy-therapy: 9 low dose rate Cs-137 systems, 1 high dose rate Co-60 system;
❖ 22 nuclear medicine departments and laboratories;
❖ About 2,000 of X-ray diagnostic machines;
❖ More than 54 enterprises, factories using radioisotope sources;
VAEC ORGANISATION CHART
3. VIETNAM AGENCY FOR RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY & CONTROL (VARANSAC)
Vietnam Agency for Radiation and Nuclear Safety and Control (VARNSAC) is a regulatory authority under the Ministry of Science and Technology. VARANSAC is responsible for helping Minister of Science and Technology in the Sate management in radiation nuclear safety and control. The formation and development history of VARANSAC experiences two periods:
The first period (from 1994 to 2003)
This period witnesses the fact that the whole country is on the way of the economic reformation and enters to the industrialization and modernization. At this time, the radiation nuclear safety and control is paid special attention to ensure the sustainability for the development and a safety for human beings and the environment as the radiation nuclear techiques are applied.
On 30 July, 1994, the Prime Minister signed the Dicision numbered 389/TTg on establishing the Vietnam Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Authority under the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (now called the Ministry of Science and Technology).
On 4 March, 1995, the Minister of Science, Technology and Environment signed the Decision numbered 159/QĐ-TCCB on issuing the organization and operation regulations of the Vietnam Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Authority.
From then, the Authority is responsible for assisting the Minister to implement the Sate management in radiation and nuclear safety and control.
The second period (from 2003 to present)
In order to strengthen the State management in radiation and nuclear safety, based on the Decree numbered 54/2003/NĐ-CP dated on 19 May, 2003 of the Government, the Minister of Science and Technology signed the Decision numbered 1073/2003/QĐ-BKHCN on 20 June, 2003 and Decision numbered 12/2004/QĐ-BKHCN dated on 13 May, 2004 on establishing and issuing the organization and operation of the Vietnam Agency for Radiation and Nuclear Safety and Control (VARANSAC).
As clearly stipulated in the Decision numbered 12/2004/QĐ-BKHCN, VARANSAC is responsible for assisting the Minister of Science and Technology in the State management in radiation nuclear safety and control. Each department under VARANSAC has its own duty and takes charge of one field. This shows the importance of the radiation nuclear safety and control at present and asserts the position and role of a regulatory authority with the great responsibility of an advisor for the Minister in the radiation nuclear safety and control to contribute to the country development and to promote the globalization.
During over 10 years of building and development, despite of the shortage in both material facilities and personnel, VARANSAC incessantly overcome difficulties and strengthen the organization mechanism to implement well the duty of both an assistant and an advisor for the Minister in the radiation nuclear safety and control.
FUNCTIONS AND DUTIES
❖ To organize and participate in the building of legislative documents, code of practice, procedures and regulations for radiation and nuclear safety & control; to participate in the building of standards on radiation and nuclear safety, specific regulations and policies for those who work directly with the radiation;
❖ To make and then submit to the Minister policies, development orientations, priorities, programs, annual and 5-year plans on radiation and nuclear safety & control; to organize and implement approved plans;
❖ To organize and implement the notification, registration, license, renewal, amendment and withdrawal of licenses for radiation and nuclear establishments, radioactive sources, radiation personnel and works related to radiation and nuclear; to organize the assessment of sites, designs, construction, and justifications for ensuring the radiation and nuclear safety and the security of radiation and nuclear establishments;
❖ To guide and direct the Local Departments of Science & Technology on radiation and nuclear safety & control; to co-ordinate with Ministries, Branches to perform the State management on the radiation and nuclear safety & control under the MOST’s direction;
❖ To conduct regulatory inspections on radiation and nuclear safety according to law; to resolve complaints, denunciations; to deal with violations of regulations on radiation safety and control according to law;
❖ To perform the State management of radioactive wastes; to organize radiation environment monitoring, to develop emergency response and handling for radiation and nuclear incidents; to control radiation doses and assess the safety of occupational, public and medical exposure;
❖ To organize activities of safeguard;
❖ To establish an record system of data, information on radiation and nuclear safety;
❖ To organize research for applying scientific and technological advances in the field of radiation safety &control;
❖ To co-organize training courses, propaganda and dissemination programs on legislation, radiation & nuclear safety and safety culture;
❖ To organize and develop international cooperation activities in radiation and nuclear safety as assigned by the Ministry; to participate in the implementation of the international treaties and other international agreements on radiation and nuclear safety;
❖ To perform other duties assigned by the Minister of Science and Technology; to manage cadres, assets, files and documents of the Agency according to the ministry arrangement and regulation.
Organization Chart of VARANSAC
4. UTILIZATION OF RADIATION AND RADIOISOTOPES
Following is some information of nuclear science and technology applications in Vietnam
a. In Health Care
❖ Produce radioisotopes at Dalat Nuclear Research Institute (NRR) and every year supply about 150 Ci with 20 radioisotopes and radio-pharmaceuticals, of which mainly are I-131, P-32, Cr-51, and Tc-99m.
❖ About 1/3 of cancer patients have been treated by radiotherapy techniques
❖ More than 20 nuclear medicine departments were established in many areas of the country for serving to diagnostic and treatment.
❖ Several technologies of production and equipments were transferred into Viet Nam, such as brachy-therapy, burn treating membrane, laser and magnetic resonance equipments for diagnose and treatment.
❖ Two PET-Cyclotron projects have been approved by the Government in 2005 and the facility is being constructed.
b. In Agriculture
❖ Plant mutation breeding by gamma irradiation to creat new rice varieties (DT10, VND-95-19, VND-95-20, TNDB, THDB), corn, and legume;
❖ Using tracer techniques in management of the soil, water, and fertilizer to optimize cultivated techniques;
❖ Investigate soil erosion and reservoir sedimentation by using Cs-137 and Pb-210 measurement techniques;
❖ Produce products for plant promoters and protector using radiation technology;
❖ Apply nuclear techniques in mutation breeding to produce plant varieties with high productivity, good quality, and resistance to diseases and insects;
❖ Produce bio-fertilizers, plant promoters, etc.
❖ Plant mutation breeding by gamma irradiation to create new rice varieties (DT10, VND-95-19, VND-95-20, TNDB, THDB), corn, and legume;
❖ Using tracer techniques in management of the soil, water, and fertilizer to optimize cultivated techniques;
❖ Investigate soil erosion and reservoir sedimentation by using Cs-137 and Pb-210 measurement techniques;
In Industry
❖ NDT is used to inspect bridge piers, road and building foundations, weld defects, piping and concrete quality, etc.;
❖ NCS can be applied for control of industrial product quality (cement, glass, paper, beer...);
❖ TRACER is used to determine optimum process for the mixing of materials in glass production for manufacturing light bulb, to study dam leakage and underground water movement, to research on sedimentation at river estuary and seaport, to enhance oil recovery in oil & gas industry, etc.
In Geology, Hydrology and Environment:
Some main activities in this field have been carried out in the VAEC as follows:
❖ Exploration and evaluation of mineral potential by using carota drilling techniques, nuclear analytical techniques.
❖ Study and evaluation of reserves, age, origin, movement and salinization, pollution of groundwater in Ha Noi and the Mekong delta;
❖ Study on dam and dyke leakage;
❖ Study on environmental pollution by applying analytical techniques;
❖ Three national stations were established to monitor environmental radioactivity. (Several preliminary databases on environmental radioactivity have been created).
❖ The Sedimentology Laboratory and two Isotope Hydrology Laboratories have been established and are now in operation.
❖ Identification of pollution sources of groundwater, prevention of further degradation for groundwater resources and improvement of the quality of drinking water in urbanized and industrial areas.
❖ Automation of sample measurement and establishment of a national QA/QC programs for environmental sample analysis.
❖ Establishing and maintaining the activities of the air environment radioactivity control network for regular monitoring of airborne dust and fallout.
5. STUDY ON NUCLEAR POWER DEVELOPMENT
In 1996, the Government assigned the MOI and MOST in collaboration with the related ministries and organizations to begin conducting studies on the introduction of the nuclear power into Viet Nam. The studies cover all topics related to NPP’s introduction into the country, including electricity demands and supply, economy, finance, technology, safety, radioactive waste treatment and management, nuclear law and regulations, site selection, manpower development, public acceptance, international relations, etc. The obtained results showed that by 2015 Viet Nam will be changed from an energy export country to an energy import country, and Viet Nam should consider NPPs’ construction.
In May 2001, Prime Minister decided to establish a National Steering Committee on Study on Nuclear Power Development in Viet Nam with three major tasks:
➢ To formulate The National Strategy for Peaceful Utilizations of Atomic Energy;
➢ To conduct the Feasibility - Study on the First Construction of Nuclear Power Plant in Viet Nam;
➢ To study for elucidation of seven important aspects related to introduction of nuclear power into Viet Nam.
Further, in 2003, The National Assembly assigned the MOST to formulate Atomic Energy Law. In October 2005, the MOI submitted to the Government the Final Report on Pre-FS.
On 3rd January 2006, the Prime Minister approved “The National Strategy for Peaceful Utilizations of Atomic Energy up to 2020”. (it is referred hereafter as the Strategy).
The Strategy and Pre-FS concluded that “In order to meet electricity demand by 2020, Viet Nam should:
➢ Use all conventional indigenous energy sources: coal, gas, hydropower, as well as renewable energy;
➢ Import electricity from neighboring countries;
➢ Import coal, natural gas, and LNG for electricity production;
➢ Implement Demand Side Management (DSM) for electricity saving and use advanced technology; and
➢ Develop nuclear power
It is mentioned tin the Strategy that “The first NPP should be put into operation around the years 2017-2020 with a capacity of about 2000 MW to 4000 MW based on the basic and high economic development scenarios, respectively”
Recently, the “Action Plan for the Implementation of the Strategy for Peaceful Utilization of Atomic Energy up to 2020” (it is referred hereafter as the Action Plan) was approved by the Prime Minister on July 23, 2007.
The Draft of Atomic Law is being reviewed by the National Assembly this month (November 2007)
For further detailed information on the Strategy and the Action Plan, see the Annex 1.
6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE NUCLEAR FIELD
Viet Nam has been being aware of the importance of international nuclear cooperation and considers it as a very important resource for promotion and development of research, development and uses of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes in Viet Nam. Therefore, due attention has been paid to the strengthening of international cooperation activities with various international and regional organizations in the world.
Vietnam through the MOST, VAEC and VARANSAC has been promoting the technical cooperation in the field of nuclear technology in international level with various organizations and nuclear research institutes. At present, Viet Nam is Member State of IAEA (since 1957), RCA (since 12 June 1972) and FNCA.
Most of the technical cooperation activities came from the technical cooperation programme of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) which currently consists of 18 active national projects and 46 active regional projects under the Regional Cooperative Agreement (RCA).
As a RCA member state in 12 June 1972, Vietnam has been actively participating in the RCA projects. VAEC has been working as the office of the National RCA Representative of the country.
Within the FNCA framework, view and information exchanges are made on the following fields:
1) utilization of research reactors,
2) utilization of radioisotopes and radiation to agriculture,
3) application of radioisotopes and radiation for medical use,
4) public information of nuclear energy,
5) radioactive waste management,
6) safety culture of nuclear energy,
7) human resources development and
8) Industrial Application.
As of 2007, there are 13 active projects under the FNCA Framework.
Viet Nam has signed five Bilateral Cooperation Agreements for Cooperation on Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy with Russia, China, India, Korea, and Argentina. In addition, Viet Nam also has close nuclear cooperation with Japan, France, and Canada etc.
Regarding the international nuclear conventions and treaties, Viet Nam is signatories to:
➢ Nuclear Weapon Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 1982.
➢ Safeguards Agreement, 1989.
➢ Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident, 1986.
➢ Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency, 1987.
➢ Bangkok Treaty: South East Asia Nuclear Weapons Free Zone, 12/1995.
➢ Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), 1996 and
➢ Additional Protocols, 10 August 2007 (new)
7. CONCLUSIONS
In short, the following points are considered to be remarkable to describe the current status of nuclear science and technology development in Vietnam:
❖ Atomic energy utilization has been contributing to the socio-economic development of Viet Nam;
❖ Nuclear power development is an objective demand and of feasibility aimed at meeting increasing electricity demand. The Pre-FS obtained results showed that Viet Nam needs from 2000-4000 MW of nuclear power by 2020;
❖ In order for nuclear power development, application of radiation and radioisotopes in socio-economic branches, it is necessary to develop technical infrastructure, legal framework, and to prepare manpower; as well as to strengthen international cooperation.
8. NUCLEAR - RELATED WEB-SITES
❖ Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST): .vn
❖ Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission (VAEC) : .vn
❖ Vietnam Agency for Radiation and Nuclear Safety & Control (VARANSAC): vww..vn
❖ Ministry of Industry (MOI) (recently merged as Ministry of Industry and Trade): .vn
❖ Electricity of Vietnam (EVN): .vn
THAILAND [pic]
Nuclear Related Organizations in Thailand
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I. THAI ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION (THAI AEC)
Thai Atomic Energy Commission (Thai AEC) established in 1954 as policy making body for peaceful uses of nuclear energy.
FUNCTIONS:
• Regulatory roles pursuant to the Atomic Energy for Peace Act: define policy on utilization of nuclear energy, set up standards, rules for control and implementation of activities subject to licensing, etc.
• Advise and submit recommendations on nuclear safety measure to Government;
• Promoting the dissemination of knowledge relating to atomic energy.
INTRODUCTION
➢ 17 members, chaired by the Prime Minister
➢ Non permanent body, commission meeting held every two months.
➢ Secretary General of OAP is the secretary of Thai AEC.
➢ Thai AEC is empowered to set up sub-committees to carry out special task.
MILESTONES:
• 1961 Atomic Energy for Peace Act enacted
• 1961 established Office of Atomic Energy for Peace (OAEP) to be functioning arm of Thai AEC and to execute its solution. OAEP was renamed as Office of Atoms for Peace (OAP) in 2002
• 1976 established Regulatory Group: renamed as Nuclear Facility Regulatory Centre (NFRC) in 1991 and Bureau of Nuclear Safety Regulation (BNSR) in 2002
• Jun. 1993 the cabinet directed the OAEP to set up independent regulatory body.
• Jul. 1994 the Nuclear Facility Safety Sub-Committee (NFSS) was established and was renamed as Reactor Safety Sub-committee (RSSC) in 2006.
• 2003 – supersede Min.Reg. No.2, 4, and 6 with Min.Reg.B.E.2546: non-regulatory function was separated from OAP by Administration Act but still attached to the OAP.
• 2006 draft new Min.Reg. on Licensing and License Condition was approved.
• 2006 complete separation of OAP and TINT
INFRASTRUCTURE OF REGULATORY SYSTEM
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OFFICE OF ATOMS FOR PEACE (OAP)
- Location: Vibhavadee Rangsit Road, Chatuchak district, Bangkok 10900
- Overview: Originally established in 1961 as the Office of Atomic Energy for Peace, the OAP serves as the main authority in nuclear research in Thailand. OAP employs approximate 400 people. The research topics and services provided at the OAP include radioisotope production, gamma radiography, neutron activation analysis, neutron radiography, and gemstone irradiation.
Office of Atoms for Peace (OAP) is the new name of the former Office of Atomic Energy for Peace (OAEP), after the recent government’s restructuring of Thai bureaucracy as from 3 October 2002. Its status and authority remain the same as those of OAEP, which was established by virtue of Article 19 of the Atomic Energy for Peace Act B.E.2504 (1961). The Act also established the Atomic Energy for Peace Commission (Thai AEC) to which OAP is the secretariat.
The main reason to restructure the former OAEP is for OAP to be the organization in Thailand charged with policy and strategic plan formulation on all nuclear matters; and nuclear and radiation safety, and nuclear material regulatory authorities with independent management from the research and development activities of the former OAEP. A new entity called “Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology, TINT” has been established for the research and development.
OAEP had been transferred to be under various ministries as follows:
- 1961- 1963: under the Prime Minister’s Office
- 1963- 1972: under the National Development Ministry
- 1972- 1979: under the Ministry of Industry
- 1979- 1992: under the Ministry of Science, Technology and Energy
- 1992- 2002: under the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment
According to the Governmental Division Restructuring Act B.E.2545 which was enacted on 3 October 2002, the Office of Atomic Energy for Peace was renamed as “Office of Atoms for Peace” under the Ministry of Science and Technology.
Recently, OAP has been restructured into two entities, namely the existing OAP and the newly-established “Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology” or TINT, a public organization under the Ministry of Science and Technology, charged with the research and development on nuclear science and technology. The TINT is in its full operation in December 25, 2006. Mr. Somporn Chongkum, a former Deputy Secretary-General of OAP, was appointed as the Director of TINT.
After restructuring, OAP remains its regulatory function for nuclear and radiation activities in Thailand as well as the policy-making function as the secretariat of the Thai Atomic Energy Commission (Thai AEC). The revised OAP missions are as follows.
1. To formulate policies and strategic plans on the development and utilization of atomic energy, as well as to coordinate the plans and hence move towards realistic practice
2. To regulate and ensure safe utilization of nuclear energy
3. To be a center for technical cooperation and other activities associated with peaceful applications of nuclear energy, in collaboration with local and international organizations
According to its revised missions, OAP consists of 4 operating units ;
1. Bureau of Nuclear Safety Regulations, mainly responsible for safe operation of nuclear facilities including establishing rules, regulation and practical guidelines on nuclear safety
2. Bureau of Radiation Safety Regulations, mainly responsible for performing radiation safety regulation and law enforcement. licensing, monitoring and inspection for radiation safety as well as carrying out the radiation emergency preparedness
3. Bureau of Technical Support for Radiation Safety Regulations, mainly responsible for national radiation and radioactivity standardization, establishing and maintaining calibration standard, certifying measurement standard and carrying out environmental and personal radioactivity dosimetry
4. Bureau of Atomic Energy Administration, mainly responsible for policy formulation and planning as well as increasing public acceptance on nuclear matters.
5. Office of the Secretary, mainly responsible for all the administrative works.
ORGANIZATION CHART OF OAP
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PROGRESS IN ATOMIC ENERGY UTILIZATION IN THAILAND
In general, the application of radiation and radioisotope in Thailand remains limited, failing to match the potentials and social-economic development requirements, employing low-grade technologies and largely relying on imported technical equipment and radioactive sources. Due attention has not yet been paid to investment in construction of material and technical infrastructures as well as manpower training. There still lacks an explicit orientation for application of radiation and radioisotope in service of socio-economic development. Most people have not yet benefited from the application of radiation and radioisotope in medical diagnosis and treatment.
Following are some examples of nuclear science and technology applications in Thailand. For medical applications, OAP produces and supplies radioisotopes for medical diagnosis and treatment of life-threatening diseases such as cancer. Private companies also provide irradiation services for the sterilization of medical equipment. In terms of agricultural applications, radiation is used for food and agricultural product irradiation to eliminate microbes and insect pests. In addition, it is used for controlling the population of insect pests in an orchard and for crop improvement. As for the industrial applications, nuclear technology is used for the development of detection and control systems for production processes. Neutron radiography, a non-destructive testing (NDT), is also used for the studying and inspecting the internal structures of materials. OAP has also successfully applied neutron and gamma irradiation for color enhancement of gemstones to increase the gems value. Moreover, OAP has analyzed sandstones and laterite samples from the archeological sites by using Neutron Irradiation and Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence techniques to make the material resource identification for further archeological exploration.
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
“Thailand and the IAEA: An Active Partnership”(Quoted from the IAEA DG’s Speech at the 6th Congress on Science and Technology for Development held in Bangkok, Thailand on 16 July 2007)
For many years, Thailand has been a strong and supportive partner of the IAEA. On the non-proliferation front, Thailand is party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, with a comprehensive safeguards agreement in force. In September 2005, Thailand also signed the additional protocol to its safeguards agreement. In the field of safety, Thailand is a party to the conventions on early notification and assistance in the case of an accident or radiological emergency. Thailand also participates in the Asian Nuclear Safety Network.
The IAEA has a large and active technical cooperation programme in Thailand. This technical cooperation includes many peaceful nuclear applications. For example, the IAEA has been supporting the use of the sterile insect technique to control fruit flies in the provinces of Ratchaburi and Pichit, which has paved the way for increased exports of mangoes to world markets. Last year we were also active in the health sector in Thailand, supporting training and workforce development in the use of positron emission tomography, and working to enhance the quality of radiotherapy services for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Several new strains of crops have been developed with IAEA cooperation - including an improved variety of soybean released last year. This year we are beginning a project in isotope hydrology, to use nuclear techniques to help assess and manage Thailand´s groundwater resources.
Thailand and the Agency have also begun work on a technical cooperation project on sustainable energy development and nuclear power, to analyze and address human resource and other infrastructure needs in support of Thailand´s plans in the energy sector”
Thailand through OAP has been promoting the technical cooperation in the field
of nuclear technology in international level with various organizations and nuclear research institutes. Most of the technical cooperation activities came from the technical cooperation programme of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) which currently consists of 11 active national projects and 30 active regional projects under the Regional Cooperative Agreement (RCA).
Becoming the RCA member states in December 1972, Thailand has been actively participating in the RCA projects for more than 60 projects since then. OAP, as the focal point of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for Thailand, is the office of the National RCA Representative of Thailand
- 11 Active National TC Projects
❖ General : 1 project
❖ Food and Agriculture : 3 projects
❖ Medical Care : 4 projects
❖ Industrial application : 1 project
❖ Research Reactor : 1 Project
❖ Regulation : 1 project
Thailand is also participating in the Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia (FNCA). Within the FNCA framework, view and information exchanges are made on the following fields:
1) utilization of research reactors,
2) utilization of radioisotopes and radiation to agriculture,
3) application of radioisotopes and radiation for medical use,
4) public information of nuclear energy,
5) radioactive waste management,
6) safety culture of nuclear energy,
7) human resources development and
8) Industrial Application.
There are now 13 active projects under the FNCA Framework.
Thailand through OAP also signed bilateral agreements for technical cooperation in the field of peaceful uses of nuclear energy with many other countries namely;
- Memorandum of Understanding between Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of Korea and Ministry of Science and Technology of the Kingdom of Thailand for the Cooperation of Atomic Energy
- Agreement between the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) and the Office of Atoms for Peace (OAP) for the Cooperation in the Field of Research Reactor
- Memorandum of Understanding Between Ministry of Science and Technology of the Kingdom of Thailand and Ministry of Science and technology of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in the Field of Science and Technology
- Agreement between the Government of Thailand and the Government of India for the cooperation in the Field of Science, Environment and Technology Transfer.
- Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand and the Government of the Argentine Republic for the cooperation in Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy
- Agreement between the Office of Atoms for Peace and Ministry of Energy of the United State of America for Technical Information Exchange and for the Cooperation in Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy
REPUBLIC OF KOREA:
Memorandum of Understanding between Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of Korea and Ministry of Science and Technology of the Kingdom of Thailand for the Cooperation of Atomic Energy (March 2004)
Fields of Cooperation:
❖ Environmental Radiation Monitoring
❖ Regulation of Research Reactor to Secure Nuclear Safety
❖ Nuclear Fuel Cycle Activities
❖ Industrial Tracer Application
JAPAN:
Agreement between the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) and the Office of Atoms for Peace (OAP) for the Cooperation in the Field of Research Reactor (December 1994; 4th extension of the agreement in March 2006)
❖ Fields of Cooperation :
- Human Resources Development (MEXT Program: 158 researchers were sent to Japan under this Program during the period 1985-2005)
- Information Exchange on the Utilization of Research Reactor
PAKISTAN:
Memorandum of Understanding Between Ministry of Science and Technology of the Kingdom of Thailand and Ministry of Science and technology of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in the Field of Science and Technology (April 2004 )
Field of Cooperation: Isotope Hydrology
INDIA:
Agreement between the Government of Thailand and the Government of India for the cooperation in the Field of Science, Environment and Technology Transfer (February 2002)
Fields of Cooperation:
❖ Radiation Sterilization of Medical Products
❖ Research and Production of Rare Earth Elements from Monazite Ore
❖ Development of Nuclear Fuel Activities and Material Science
ARGENTINA:
Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand and the Government of the Argentine Republic for the cooperation in Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy (June 1997)
THE UNITED STATE OF AMERICA:
Agreement between the Office of Atoms for Peace and Ministry of Energy of the United State of America for Technical Information Exchange and for the Cooperation in Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy (March 1997)
THAI RESEARCH REACTOR
[pic] [pic]
General Information
• Open Pool type TRIGA Mark III Reactor
• Maximum Steady State Power 2 MW
• Maximum Pulsing Power 2000 MW
• 20% Low Enriched Uranium
• Water cooled and moderated
• 5 Control Rods
Reactor Utilization
• Isotope Production
• NAA
• Neutron Radiography
• Neutron Scattering
• PGNAA
• Training and Education
• Gem Stone Colorlization
Operation
• 10 Months in operation per year.
• 2 Months under shutdown for yearly maintenance.
• Operated at 1.2 Mw, 46 Hrs. per week.
– Monday: Sample loading and removing, minor maintenance and experiment setup.
– Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday: 12 hrs. in operation.
– Friday:10 hrs. in operation followed by sample removing and loading.
OAP’s CONTACT: International Cooperation Group, Bureau of Atomic Energy Administration, 16 Vibhavadi-Rangsit Road, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.(Tel: 66 2 579 0547; Fax: 66 2 561 3013)
THAILAND INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY: TINT
(PUBLIC ORGANIZATION)
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TINT logo
Location: Bangkok, Thailand
OVERVIEW:
Establishment: 20 April 2006
An entity established in December 2006 for national nuclear research and development.
It is aimed to serve as the research body, cooperating with the Office of Atoms for Peace (OAP) who serves as the nuclear regulatory body of the country. TINT operates under Thailand Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST).
Research programs at TINT:
1. Medical and Public Health
2. Agricultural
3. Material and Industrial
4. Environmental
5. Advanced Technology
Nuclear operations:
1. Safety
2. Nuclear Engineering
3. Reactor Operation
MISSIONS:
1. To perform R & D on science and technology for sustainable
growth and development of the nation
2. To transfer technology and provide consultations and advice regarding applications of nuclear technology for economic, social and environmental development
3. To manage the research reactor and other nuclear and radiation equipment and to provide nuclear technology and nuclear safety services
4. To develop network and collaboration with national and international organizations
5. To disseminate nuclear – related information and technology, and build up understanding among the public in order to gain acceptance and to encourage applications of nuclear science and technology for national development
Emerging from OAP, Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (TINT) was established in April 2006 and fully operated in December 2006. TINT is a public organization under the auspices of Ministry of Science and Technology. While OAP remains its regulatory functions for nuclear and radiation safety that meets and possibly exceeds international standards, TINT concentrates on research and developmental excellence as well as applications of nuclear technology of the nation.
TINT consists of 4 operating units and 5 service centers.
Operating units
1. Nuclear Research and Development Unit, responsible for carrying out research and development for the applications of nuclear technology in the fields of medical and health care, biotechnology and agriculture, material science and industry, environment, and advanced technology
2. Nuclear Technology Operation Unit, responsible for nuclear safety operation,
nuclear engineering, and research reactor operation.
3. Business Development Unit, responsible for business administration and
technology transfer
4. Administration Unit, responsible for all the administrative matters including policy and planning, HRM, development of operating system, financing budgeting and office supplies, laws, and international cooperation
Service centers
1. Nuclear Technology Service Center
2. Thai Irradiation Center
3. Isotope Production Center
4. Waste Management Center
5. Gems Irradiation Center
Following is the organizational structure of TINT.
Organization Chart of TINT
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Developmental Stages:
PHASE 1 : Starting phase ( will take 3 – 5 years): During this time, TINT will lay emphasis on quality of activities that will allow it to gain acceptance among stakeholders. The activities will include customer relations and development of solution based research.
PHASE 2 : Institutional Growth ( will start approximately in the sixth year after establishment). This phase emphasizes activities that build academic strength and research networking with other national and international organizations. Also, TINT will lay emphasis on applying its research results in order to gain public recognition during this phase.
PHASE 3 : Long term development : This phase involves development of strategic plans for long-term development, which will start approximately in the 10th year. During this phase, TINT will revise its role to better serve national development and will lay more emphasis on building research strength according to institutional and national visions and goals.
NUCLEAR POWER
In Thailand, electricity consumption per capita is about 2100 kilowatt-hours per year, significantly higher than most developing countries, but still below the average in developed countries. Thailand has benefited greatly from its offshore natural gas deposits. About 70 percent of Thailand´s electricity comes from natural gas, with the rest supplied by oil, coal and hydropower. But with natural gas reserves decreasing - and electricity demands forecast to continue increasing by about 7% per year for the next two decades - Thailand has begun looking at other possibilities to reduce future dependence on oil imports.
The Government´s latest 15-year Power Development Plan calls for consideration of nuclear as an energy source. Recently, Energy Generating Authority of Thailand announced plans to build two large nuclear plants, with construction to begin in 2015 and operation approximately six years later.
REMARKS
- Nuclear science and technology has been widely used in Thailand in various fields of socio-economy.
- Nuclear power is expected to be introduced into Thailand in the near future in order to ensure energy security for this country
CHINA [pic]
China, the largest developing country in the world, has achieved rapid economic growth and steady social progress since the policy of reform and opening was adopted. The Chinese Government takes maintaining sustained moderate high growth rate of the economy and continuous improvement of people’s living standard its strategic target in next 15 years. China’s GDP will quadruple that of 2000 by 2020, and the output of energy will increase considerably in correspondence. China’s consumption of primary energy in 2004 was about 1.8 billion tons of standard coal, and the total installed capacity of power generation reached 440 GWe with a total electricity output of 21.87 TKWe·h. According to the strategic energy study, China’s annual consumption of primary energy will be around 3 billion tons of standard coal, and the installed capacity of power generation will reach 900 GWe by 2020. China has become a big energy producer and consumer.
Nuclear Related Organizations
1. The China Atomic Energy Agency (CAEA) Under the State Council of Ministers is responsible for planning and managing the peaceful use of nuclear energy and promoting international cooperation. . Since being split from the old CNNC in 1998, the CAEA has been the key body planning and managing civil nuclear energy and reviewing and approving feasibility studies for new plants. It is under the control of the Commission for Science, Technology & Industry for National Defence under the State Council.
2. The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) as the economic planning agency is finally responsible for project approval, and since it was split off from CNNC in 1998 it also has reported to the Commission for Science, Technology & Industry for National Defence under the State Council.
3. The National Nuclear Safety Administration (NNSA) under CAEA was set up in 1984 and is the licensing and regulatory body which also maintains international agreements regarding safety. It now reports to the State Council directly.
4. The State Environment Protection Administration (SEPA) is responsible for radiological monitoring and radioactive waste management. A utility proposing a new plant submits feasibility studies to the CAEA, siting proposals to the NNSA and environmental studies to SEPA.
5. The China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) controls most nuclear sector business including R&D, engineering design, uranium exploration and mining, enrichment, fuel fabrication, reprocessing and waste disposal. It also claims to be the major investor in all nuclear plants in China. Established by the State Council in 1988 as a self-supporting economic entity, it "combines military production with civilian production, taking nuclear industry as the basis while developing nuclear power and promoting a diversified economy." It has numerous subsidiaries. CNNC designed and built Qinshan 1-3 and controls the full Qinshan power plant. It has a payroll of about 1000,000 and owns shares in most of the nuclear power generation projects (see below). In particular it is a champion of local designs.
6, China Power Investment Corporation (CPI, formed from the State Power Corporation and inheriting all its nuclear capacity) is a major power generator and is the largest state-owned nuclear power investment and operating organisation. At the end of 2004 it was reported to have assets of US$ 12.8 billion. It was at the forefront of discussions on plants for the 11th five-year plan, and by mid 2005 had submitted power projects with the total capacity of 31,460 MW to the State Development and Planning Commission for approval.
7. China Guangdong Nuclear Power Group in Guangdong province comprises some 20 companies and with assets of RMB 60 billion, plays the leading role. China Guangdong Nuclear Power Holding Company (CGNPC) leads this Group which is responsible for Daya Bay, Ling Ao, Yangjiang, Hongyanhe and Ningde power stations as well as further projects in the province and outside it. CGNPC was esteblished in 1994 and is 45% owned by the provincial government (via Guangdong Nuclear Power Co), 45% by CNNC and 10% by CPI. There is 25% Hong Kong equity in the Daya Bay plant.
8. The State Nuclear Power Technology Corporation (SNPTC) ) was set up in 2004 to take charge of technology selection for new plants being bid from overseas. This is through its Preparatory Office which draws expertise from other organizations such as CGNPC. SNPTC is directly under China's State Council and closely connected with it.
9. Daya Bay is owned by Guangdong Nuclear Power Joint Venture Co Ltd, and Lingao by the Ling Ao Nuclear Power Co Ltd. Both sites are run by Daya Bay Nuclear Power Operations & Management Co Ltd (DNMC) which was formed in 2003 and is 50% owned by each company.
10. Qinshan is a CNNC enterprise. Phase 1 is owned by Qinshan Nuclear Power Co, phase 2 (including units 6 & 7) is owned by Qinshan Nuclear Power JV Co Ltd, with a minority stake in being held by CPI. Qinshan phase 3 is owned by Third Qinshan Nuclear Power Co Ltd - also part of CNNC but with China Electric Power Group Corporation, Zhejiang Provincial Electric Power Corporation, Zhejiang Provincial Electric Power Development Corporation, Shenergy (Group) Co Ltd and Jiangsu International Trust & Investment Corporation as other shareholders.
11. China Nuclear Energy Industry Corp. (CNEIC) is the uranium fuel trading subsidiary of CNNC.
12. China National Uranium Corporation is responsible for CNNC's uranium exploration domestically. In December 2006 China Nuclear International Uranium Corporation (SinoU) was set up by CNNC to acquire uranium resources internationally. It is active in Niger, has bought equity in an Australian explorer, is setting up a mine in Niger and is investigating prospects elsewhere.
13. The China Nuclear Engineering and Construction group (CNEC) ) is a major state entity split off from the rest of CNNC in 1998 and responsible for nuclear plant construction (including that in Pakistan). CNEC is closely linked with the Beijing Institute of Nuclear Engineering (BINE), a CNNC subsidiary responsible for basic design of reactors.
14. China Nuclear Engineering Co was set up by CNNC in 2006 to rationalise design work for new nuclear plants as well as to help win overseas orders for nuclear plants. It is built on the technology basis of BINE and is also responsible for the construction, equipment procurement, trial testing and operational maintenance of nuclear power plants. Future project design will move from BINE to China Nuclear Engineering, allowing BINE to concentrate on technology planning.
15. In Guangdong the China Nuclear Power Engineering Corporation (CNPEC), part of CGNPC and set up in 2004, plays the leading reactor engineering role. China Nuclear Power Design Co is another CGNPC subsidiary, responsible for feasibility studies and designs.
16.The Shanghai Nuclear Energy Research & Design Institute (SNERDI) is part of CNNC and will work with BINE and the Nuclear Power Institute of China in detailed design work for the AP1000 projects.
17. The China Nuclear Energy Industry Corporation (CNEIC) is a CNNC subsidiary. Jiangsu Nuclear Power Corporation was established in 1997 to construct and operate 18. Tianwan NPP, with four units planned and space for four more. CNNC owns 50% share, CPI 30% and Jiangsu Guoxin Group 20%.
19. Early in 2005, Liaoning Hongyanhe Nuclear Power Company Ltd. was established in Liaoning Province by CPI, and will be responsible for the Hongyanhe nuclear power project 100 km north of Dalian City. As of early 2007, 45% was held by CPI, 45% by CGNPC and 10% by Dalian Municipal Construction Investment Corp. CGNPC will be responsible for construction and the first five years operation of the plant.
20. The Shandong Hongshiding Nuclear Power Co Ltd is developer of a new plant at Rushan and has 51% holding by CNEC, with Huadian Power International Co and two investment companies. The Shandong Nuclear Power Company Ltd is a subsidiary of CPI and was established at Yantai in July 2004 to undertake the development, construction, operation and management of the Haiyang nuclear power project. CPI owns 65%, CNNC 5%, and four local entities the balance.
21. Early in 2006 Datang International Power Generation Co announced a joint venture with CGNPC (51%) to build a US$ 2.9 billion 2-unit nuclear plant at Ningde in Fuding city of Fujian province.
22. In May 2006 CNNC set up a joint venture company with China Huadian Corp for the Hui'an /Fuqing plant at Fuqing in Fujian province. CNNC is responsible for building the plant (up to six 1000 MWe reactors) and will be the major (51%) shareholder in Fujian Fuqing Nuclear Co Ltd, Huadian will hold 49%. The first two units are estimated to cost US$ 2.8 billion.
23. Bailong: China Guangdong Nuclear Power Holding Company (CGNPC, 40%), CPI (40%) and Guangxi Investment Group Co Ltd (20%) signed a framework agreement in July 2006 to invest US$ 3.1 billion in the first two units of the 6000 MWe Bailong plant in Guangxi autonomous region of southern China. CGNPC is in charge.
24. CNNC owns 51% of the Sanmen Nuclear Power Company, which was set up in April 2005 to build and own the Sanmen project. Other shareholders are the provincial government's Zhejiang Energy Company (Group) Ltd., China Electricity Investment Nuclear Power Company, China Huadian Company Ltd. and CNEC.
25. Yangjiang Nuclear Power Co Ltd was set up in 2005 under CGNPC and is in charge of construction and operation of Yangjiang nuclear power station.
26,Bamaoshan, on the Yangtze River near Wuhu, Anhui province: In May 2007 CGNPC signed a joint venture agreement with partners Shenergy Co. of Shanghai (20%), Shanghai Electric Power Co (14%) and Anhui Province Energy Group Co (15%) to build the $2.9 billion first phase (2 x 1000 MWe) of the plant, to comence operation in 2015. All four CPR-1000 units are expected to cost $5.84 billion.
27. Taohuajiang Nuclear Power Company Ltd was set up by CNNC in June 2006 to build the Taohuajiang nuclear power plant near Yueyang in inland Hunan province. This is understood to be a CPI project however.
In February 2007 CNNC together with China Three Gorges Project Corporation, China Resources Co Ltd and Hunan Xiangtou Holdings Group Co Ltd set up the joint venture Hunan Taohua River Nuclear Power Co Ltd to build and operate a 4 x 1000 MWe nuclear power plant at Lishanhe in Yiyang City in Hunan province in two stages at a total cost of $5 billion. This is about 100 km SW of Yueyang. The project was approved by the State Development & Reform Commission in November 2005.
China HuaNeng Group (CHNG) is one of China's five largest power conglomerates. It has no nuclear capacity at this stage but holds a major interest in development of the HTR-PM high temperature gas-cooled reactor.
Planning for major nuclear energy research projects is the responsibility of the Ministry of Science & Technology (MOST).
II. CHINA ATOMIC ENERGY AUTHORITY
In the nuclear field, the China Atomic Energy Authority is State Regulatory Body which has the roles and responsibilities as follows:
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
The CAEA is responsible for the short and long-term planning of nuclear power development according to the needs of national electricity and nuclear industry development. For new nuclear projects, the functions of CAEA are to review the Preliminary Feasibility Study Report (PFSP), the Project Proposal and the Feasibility Study Report (FSP) submitted by the project owner, then give its comments and decision to National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) for final approval
CAEA’s MISSIONS
a. Deliberating and drawing up policies and regulations on peaceful uses of nuclear energy;
b. Deliberating and drawing up the development programming, planning and industrial standards for peaceful uses of nuclear energy;
c. Organizing argumentation and giving approval to China's major nuclear R&D projects; supervising and coordinating the implementation of the major nuclear R&D projects;
d. Carrying out nuclear material control, nuclear export
ORGANIZATION:
1. The Administration Department: In charge of the administration, logistics and safeguards of CAEA, and the management on physical protection for nuclear material and fire protection for NPP.
2. The System Engineering Department: In charge of organizing argumentation on major nuclear R&D projects, making development plan for nuclear power plants and nuclear fuels; and responsible for the construction, management and supervision on major projects, and routine work of nuclear accident emergency.
3. The Department of International Cooperation: In charge of organizing and coordinating the exchange and cooperation in governments and international organizations in the field of nuclear energy; licensing for nuclear export and import and issuing governmental assurance;
4. The General Planning Department: In charge of approving the study plan for nuclear energy, and drawing up the annual plan for nuclear energy development.
5. The Science, Technology and Quality Control Department: In charge of organizing pre-study on nuclear energy and mapping out nuclear technical criteria
APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR ENERGY IN CHINA
In China, the application of nuclear techniques has experienced three historical periods as a whole, i.e. pioneering in 50s, applied development in 60s, and all-round development since 80s. Thanks to "reform and opening to the outside world", great progress has been made in all applications, particularly, entering 90s, the number of industrial electron accelerators is doubled almost every three years. The actual loading of industrial Co sources was one time more in 1998 as compared with that in 1994.
Regarding industrial applications of nuclear techniques, Non destructive testing (NDT) and Tracer techniques have been widely applied in China. By the end of 2003, more than 300 Chinese enterprises are engaged in the nuclear technology application. The total output value reaches more than 4.3 million US$. It is estimated that the total output in 2010 will be over 10.3 million US$.
In the field of medical applications, ionizing radiation is increasingly applied for production and supply of radioactive isotopes for medical diagnosis and medical treatment with 43,000 departments of diagnostic radiology in hospitals across the country, with 120,000 radiation technicians. Nuclear medicine has been applied in 2,500 hospitals. To date, China operates 500 linear accelerators, 600 teletherapy and 400 brachytherapy machines for the treatment of cancer. With the rapid evolution of modern nuclear medicine, the application of advanced nuclear medical devices (such as SPECT and PET) the radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and treatment of difficult and complicated cases, e.g. tumor, has developed at a quick pace. In respect of radiography sources, Mo-Te generator is available every week.
In the filed of agriculture, radiation technologies have brought remarkable benefits to the country. They have been effectively applied for various purposes such as insect pest control, plant mutation genetics and breeding , crop improvement and food irradiation. There are over 510 new crop species in about 40 kinds of plants developed by radiation breeding mutation in China, i.e. ¼ of total mutated species planted in the world. The planting area of mutated crops is about 9 million hectares per year, nearly 10% of total planting area in China.
NUCLEAR POWER IN CHINA
1. China's Energy Policy: China's energy policy adheres to the following principles:
Laying equal stress on both energy development and energy conservation;
Harmonizing development with environmental protection:
Considering power sources construction in accordance with local conditions;
Optimizing structure of fossil power and developing clean coal technologies:
Developing hydraulic power extensively;
Developing nuclear power moderately;
Promoting development of new energy resources in accordance with local condition, and spreading the technologies of energy save and energy integrated use.
2. Nuclear Power Development
China is moving ahead rapidly in building new nuclear power plants, many of them conspicuously on time and on budget. Chinese electricity demand has been growing at more than 8% per year. National plans call for 40 GWe by 2020, accounting for 4% of the total electric generation in China. A longer-term goal is 240 GWe by 2050.
Moves to build nuclear power commenced in mainland China commenced in 1970 and the industry has now moved to a steady development phase. Technology has been drawn from France, Canada and Russia, with local development based largely on the French element. The State Power Grid Corporation expects to supply 3810 billion kWh in 2010 from 852 GWe. Growth is then expected to slow to 2020, when capacity is expected to reach 1330 GWe.
Nuclear power has an important role, especially in the coastal areas remote from the coalfields and where the economy is developing rapidly. In 2006 it provided 51.8 billion kWh - 1.9% of total, and there is now 8.6 GWe installed.
Because of the heavy reliance on old coal-fired plant, electricity generation accounts for much of the country's air pollution, which is a strong reason to increase nuclear share. China is the second-largest contributor to energy-related carbon dioxide emissions after the USA. The IEA (2004) predicted that its share in global emissions - mainly from the power sector - would increase from 14% in 202 to 19% in 2030, but this now looks conservative
The government plans to increase nuclear generating capacity to 40 GWe by 2020 (of total 1000 GWe then), with a further 18 GWe nuclear being under construction then, requiring an average of 2 GWe per year being added. In May 2007 the National Development and Reform Commission announced that its target for nuclear generation capacity in 2030 was 160 GWe.
The first two nuclear power plants in mainland China were at Daya Bay near Hong Kong and Qinshan, south of Shanghai, with construction starting in the mid 1980s.
Operating Mainland Nuclear Power Reactors
|Units |Province |Type |Net capacity (each) |Start operation* |Operator |
|Qinshan-1 |Zhejiang |PWR |279 MWe |April 1994 |CNNC |
|Qinshan-2 & 3 |Zhejiang |PWR |610 MWe |2002, 2004 |CNNC |
|Lingao-1 & 2 |Guangdong |PWR |935 MWe |2002, 2003 |CGNPC |
|Qinshan-4 & 5 |Zhejiang |PHWR |665 MWe |2002, 2003 |CNNC |
|Tianwan-1 & 2 |Jiangsu |PWR (VVER) |1000 MWe |2007 |CNNC |
|total (11) |8587 MWe |
Daya Bay reactors are standard 3-loop French PWR units supplied by Framatome, with GEC-Alstom turbines. Electricite de France (EDF) managed construction, starting August 1987, with the participation of Chinese engineers. Commercial operation of the two units was in February and May 1994. There were long outages in 1994-96 when Framatome had to replace major components. Reactor vessel heads were replaced in 2004. The plant produces about 13 billion kWh per year, with 70% transmitted to Hong Kong and 30% to Guangdong.
Lingao phase 1 reactors are virtually replicas of adjacent Daya Bay in Guangdong province. Construction started in May 1997 and Lingao-1 started up in February 2002 entering commercial operation in May. Lingao-2 was connected to the grid about September 2002 and entered commercial operation in January 2003. The two Lingao reactors use French technology supplied by Framatome ANP, but with 30% localisation. They are now designated CPR-1000. They are reported to have cost $1800 per kilowatt.
Daya Bay and Lingao together comprise the "Daya Bay nuclear power base" under the common management of Daya Bay Nuclear Power Operations & Management Co, part of China Guangdong Nuclear Power Group.
Qinshan-1, in Zhejiang province 100 km SW of Shanghai, is China's first indigenously-designed and constructed nuclear power plant (though with the pressure vessel supplied by Mitsubishi, Japan). Construction work spanned 6.5 years from March 1985, with criticality in Dec 1991. It was shut down for 14 months for major repairs from mid 1998.
Qinshan phase 2 (units 2 and 3) are locally-designed and constructed 2-loop reactors, scaled up from Qinshan-1, and designated CNP-600. Unit 2 started up at the end of 2001 and entered commercial operation in April 2002. Unit 3 started up in March 2004, with commercial operation in May 2004.
Qinshan phase 3 (units 4 and 5) use the CANDU 6 technology, with Atomic Energy of Canada (AECL) being the main contractor of the project on a turnkey basis. Construction began in 1997. They are each about 665 MWe net. Unit 4 started up in September 2002 and unit 5 in April 2003.
Tianwan (at Liangyungang) in Jiangsu province is a Russian AES-91 power plant (with two 1060 MWe VVER reactors) constructed under a cooperation agreement between China and Russia - the largest such project ever. The cost is reported to be US$ 3.2 billion, with China contributing $1.8 billion of this. They incorporate Finnish safety features and Siemens-Areva instrumentation and control systems. Completion was delayed due to corrosion in the steam generators which resulted in some tubes having to be plugged with a net loss of capacity of about 2%. The first unit was grid connected in May 2006 and put into commercial operation in June 2007. The second was grid connected in May 2007, with commercial operation in August 2007.
Tenth Economic Plan (2001-2005) - stepping up to Generation-3 technology
The 10th 5-year plan incorporated the construction of eight nuclear power plants, though the timeline for contracts was extended. In May 2004 the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) applied to build eight (4 pairs of) new reactors:
Lingao phase 2 (Lingdong) is in Guangdong province, to duplicate the CPR-1000 Lingao nuclear plant, based on the same Framatome technology as phase 1.
Qinshan phase 4 in Zhejiang province, duplicating the indigenous CNP-600 units, upgraded to 650 MWe.
Sanmen, in Zhejiang province, using advanced foreign technology and design, and
Yangjiang, is in Guangdong province, 500 km west of Hong Kong, similarly.
Nuclear reactors under construction and about to start construction
|Plant |Province |MWe gross |Type |Project control |Start const. |Operation |
|Qinshan-4 |Zhejiang |2x650 |CNP-600 |CNNC |3/06, 1/07 |2011, 2012 |
|(units 6 & 7) | | | | | | |
|Hongyanhe 1 |Liaoning |4x1080 |CPR-1000 |CGNPC |8/2007 |2012-14 |
|Sanmen 1 |Zhejiang |2x1100 |AP1000 |CNNC |12/07, 2009 |2013, 2014 |
|Yangjiang 1 |Guangdong |4x1080 |CPR-1000 |CGNPC |9/2008 |2013 on |
|Ningde 1 |Fujian |2x1080 |CPR-1000 |CGNPC |4/2008 |2013 |
|Haiyang |Shandong |2x1100 |AP1000 |CPI |2009 |2014-15 |
|total 18 |18,500 |
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
With the IAEA: China joined the IAEA since 1984. Chinese trainees sent abroad through the IAEA 1850 person time (1985~1999) (in 2006: 130 persons) ; Expert services: 832 persontime (in 2006: 36 persons). In terms of financial support up to 2006, China has received from IAEA about 26.304 million US$ (in 2006: 1.028 million US$)
As a designated Board Member, China attends the Board meetings and takes part in the policy-making activities of the IAEA.
As a developing Member State, China receives assistance from the IAEA, participates in training course, fellowship and academic activities sponsored by the IAEA, make considerable contributions to the technical assistance of the IAEA by way of providing voluntary contribution to TC assistance, sending abroad its experts, holding training course, etc.; In addition, China also joins the IAEA activities associated with nuclear safety and physical protection for nuclear materials and takes part in the IAEA safeguards activities to prevent the nuclear proliferation
There are 23 Active National TC Projects as of 2007
❖ Manpower Development: 2 projects
❖ Food and Agriculture: 2 projects
❖ Medical Care: 4 projects
❖ Industrial application:1 project
❖ Nuclear Power Plant: 3 Projects
❖ Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety: 2 projects
❖ Environment: 1 project
❖ Rad. Waste Management: 6 project
❖ Regulation: 2 projects
China is also an active member of FNCA. Under the FNCA’s framework, view and information exchanges are made on the following fields:
1) Research Reactor Utilization
2) Application for Agriculture
3) Application for Medical Care
4) Public information of nuclear energy,
5) Radioactive waste management,
6) Safety culture of nuclear energy,
7) Human resources development and
8) Industrial Application.
Totally, China has participates 12 FNCA Projects so far.
In addition, China has bilateral cooperation agreements with more than 20 countries, including Algeria, Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, France, Russia, the U.S, Iran, Pakistan, Japan, Korea, Vietnam and many others.
CONCLUSIONS:
Nuclear power has been taken into the national electricity development planning as an integral component of China’s national energy strategy. The portion of nuclear in energy supply will progressively increase through phased development. Nuclear power will become an important pillar in the power supply of the coastal area where economy is developed and demand on electricity high. According to preliminary plan, the installed capacity of nuclear power will reach 36-40GW, accounting for about 4% of the total of the country. Nuclear power is going to play a more important role in China’s power generation in the years to come. And developing nuclear power is an important step toward optimizing energy mix, protecting the environment and achieving sustainable development.
The objective of nuclear power development plan the Chinese Government defined is positive and practicable. With 50 years of development, a fairly complete nuclear industrial system has been formed in China, ranging from geological prospecting, uranium ore mining and metallurgy, uranium conversion and separation, fuel element fabrication to reprocessing. Substantial technology progress was achieved in major links of nuclear fuel cycle in the last more than 20 years, in particular, driven by nuclear power construction. Fabrication of NPP fuel assembly has been completely localized. Pilot project of spent fuel reprocessing are moving on smoothly. Waste management facilities were put into operation, disposal of medium and low level radioactive waste are in industrial use, and studies on deep geological disposal of radioactive solid waste are in positive progress. Capabilities for nuclear basic studies and application studies have been strengthened comprehensively, which provided conditions of R&D capability and industrial infrastructure for accelerated development of nuclear power.
INDIA [pic]
I. INTRODUCTION
“No Power is costlier than No Power”
Homi Jehangir Bhabha,
Father of Nuclear revolution in India
❖ In 1954, India's First Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, said "It is perfectly clear that atomic energy can be used for peaceful purposes" as India even then was developing nuclear technology.
❖ In 1969 after years of effort, India's first atomic power station went critical, in Tarapur, Maharashtra.
❖ Five years later (in 1974), India successfully tested an atomic bomb.
Nuclear Development Strategy in India focuses on developing nuclear energy for the purpose of power generation using two naturally occurring elements Uranium and Thorium as nuclear fuels.
The estimated natural deposits of U and Th in india
• Natural U deposits - ~70,000 tonnes
• Thorium deposits - ~ 3,60,000 tonnes
Indian Nuclear Power Generation: a A Three Stage Programme was envisaged
• STAGE 1: Develop Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor using:
• Natural Uranium di oxide as fuel matrix
• Heavy water as moderator and coolant
• STAGE 2: Develop Fast Breeder Reactor
• Envisages the use of Pu-239 obtained from the first stage reactor operation, as the fuel core in fast breeder reactors (FBR)
• STAGE 3 Breeder Reactor
• Develop breeder reactors using U-233 fuel. India’s vast thorium deposits permit design and operation of U-233 fuelled breeder reactor
India indigenously developed Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) into a commercial success and commenced with the construction of 500 MWePrototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR). India has already started the construction of a technology demonstrator, 300 MWe Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR)
II. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION (AEC)
➢ According to the Resolution constituting the AEC, the Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Atomic Energy is ex-officio Chairman of the Commission.
➢ The other Members of the AEC are appointed for each calendar year on the recommendation of the Chairman, AEC and after approval by the Prime Minster.
➢ The Present composition of the AEC (Gazette Notification No. AEC-1(1)07/4595 dated July 17, 2007) : 12 Members
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Dr. Anil Kakodkar Chairman, Department of Atomic Energy
III. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (DAE)
Vision
➢ To empower India through technology, creation of more wealth and providing better quality of life to its citizen.
➢ This vision is to be achieved by making India energy independent, contributing to provision of sufficient, safe and nutritious food and better health care to our people through development and deployment of nuclear and radiation technologies and their applications.
Main Duties
➢ Design, construction and operation of nuclear power / research reactors and the supporting nuclear fuel cycle technologies covering exploration, mining and processing of nuclear minerals, production of heavy water, nuclear fuel fabrication, fuel reprocessing and nuclear waste management.
➢ Developing advanced technologies which contribute to the national prosperity.
➢ Human resource development and technical services
➢ Developing better crop varieties, techniques for control/eradication of insects thus protecting the crops, radiation based post harvest technologies;
➢ Radiation based techniques for diagnosis and therapy of disease particularly cancer;
➢ Technologies for safe drinking water, better environment and robust industr
MANDATE
The mandate of the DAE, on which its programmes are based, covers:
➢ Increasing share of nuclear power through deployment of indigenous and other proven technologies, along with development of fast breeder reactors and thorium reactors with associated fuel cycle facilities ;
➢ Building and operation of research reactors for production of radioisotopes and carrying our radiation technology applications in the field of medicine, agriculture and industry;
➢ Developing advanced technologies such accelerators, lasers, supercomputers, advanced materials and instrumentation, and encouraging transfer of technology to industry;
➢ Support to basic research in nuclear energy and related frontier areas of science; interaction with universities and academic institutions; Support to research and development projects having a bearing in DAE’s programmes, and international cooperation in related advanced areas of research, and
➢ Contribution to national security.
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Various Units under DAE: the Units under DAE are divided into 4 groups as follows:
1. Research Centres
➢ Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD)
➢ Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
➢ Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IRCAG)
➢ Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT)
➢ Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC)
2. Nuclear Power
➢ Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Ltd
➢ Nuclear Power Corporation Of India Limited
3. Industries: Departmental Undertaking
➢ Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology
➢ Heavy Water Board
4. Public Sector Unit
➢ Electronics Corporation of India Limited
➢ Indian Rare Earths Limited
➢ Uranium Corporation of India Limited
IV. NUCLEAR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
An early AEC decision was to set up the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) at Trombay near Mumbai. A series of research reactors and critical facilities was built heart BARC: APSARA (1 MW, 1956) was the first research reactor in Asia, CIRUS (40 MW, 1960) and DHRUVA (100 MW, 1985) followed it along with fuel cycle facilities. The Cirus and Dhruva units are assumed to be for military purposes, as is the plutonium plant commissioned in 1965.
BARC is also responsible for the transition to thorium-based systems and in particular is developing the 300 MWe AHWR as a technology demonstration project.
A large critical facility to validate the reactor physics of the AHWR core was being commissioned at BARC in September 2007. A series of three Purnima research reactors have explored the thorium cycle, the first (1971) running on plutonium fuel fabricated at BARC, the second and third (1984 & 1990) on U-233 fuel made from thorium - U-233 having been first separated in 1970. In 1998 a 500 keV accelerator was commissioned at BARC for research on accelerator-driven subcritical systems as an option for stage three of the thorium cycle. There are plans for a new 30 MWt multi-purpose research reactor for radioisotope production, testing nuclear fuel and reactor materials, and basic research. It is to be capable of conversion to an accelerator-driven system later. Two civil research reactors at the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research at Kalpakkam are preparing for stage two of the thorium cycle. The 40 MWt fast breeder test reactor (FBTR) has been operating since 1985, and has achieved 120,000 MWday/tonne burnup with its carbide fuel (70% PuC + 30% UC).
In 2005 the FBTR fuel cycle was closed, with the reprocessing of 100 GWd/t fuel - claimed as a world first. This has been made into new mixed carbide fuel for FBTR. FBTR is based on the French Rapsodie FBR design. Also the tiny Kamini (Kalpakkam mini) reactor is exploring the use of thorium as nuclear fuel, by breeding fissile U-233. BHAVINI is located here and draws upon the centre's expertise and that of NPCIL in establishing the fast reactor program.
1. Nuclear R&D and Applications
1.1 Research Reactor Development
❖ India has been exploiting research reactors for basic research, neuron radiography, shielding experiments, testing of reactor components including neutron detectors, trace element analysis, etc.
❖ India is currently planning to construct a 30 MWt Multi Purpose Research Reactor (MPRR) capable of providing a maximum thermal neutron flux of 6.7 x 1014 n/cm2/sec and fast neutron flux of 1.7 x 1014 n/cm2/sec.
Nuclear in agriculture
BARC has a broad based research programme in Food and Agriculture involving:
❖ Genetic improvement of crops through mutation breeding and biotechnological approaches.
❖ Studies on fertilizer use efficiency, control of insect pests,
❖ Plant tissue culture,
❖ Monitoring of pesticide residues and
❖ Preservation of agricultural produce.e g Application of Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) to control red palm weevil in coconut Rice blast fungus identification by Molecular Marker
Medical Applications
The Radiation Medicine Centre (RMC) of BARC has become the nucleus for the growth of nuclear medicine in India. RMC is engaged in activities:
- R&D in nuclear medicine and allied sciences
- Patient services (diagnosis & treatment)
- HRD in nuclear medicine.
RMC has been a WHO and IAEA referral center. Annually 6000 new thyroid cases register with the RMC and it has 5500 cases of thyroid cancer in its rolls, diagnosed and treated, the largest single institutional volume anywhere in the world
The first PET scanner of India was installed in the RMC together with other modern equipment such as: 3 gamma cameras, (two dual heads and one single head, all capable of SPECT), 2 rectilinear scanners and a profile scanner. 2 more dual head gamma cameras are to be installed soon.
BARC supplies reactor produced radioisotopes and radionuclides for medical use. The radioisotopes processed and supplied by BRIT (Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology) to medical users across the country, include radiopharmaceuticals, brachy-therapy wires, radio-immunoassay (RIA) kits and various other products, and services. Tata Memorial Hospital (TMH) established in 1941 , is a comprehensive cancer care centre for diagnosis, treatment, research and education of cancer. TMH is fully supported by DAE.Over 16,000 cancer patients are treated every year at TMH
Nuclear in Industry
India is the Thematic Sector Lead Country for Industry Sector for IAEA/RCA programs since 2001.The main projects under the industrial sector deals with:
- Non-destructive Testing (NDT): Radiotracer and Sealed source have been applied for industrial troubleshooting and process optimization.
- Radiation processing applications have also been developed for material modification and environmental pollution remediation.
Environment Application
➢ Environmental radiation monitoring and environmental surveillance are the regular features of the environmental protection program of the DAE and BARC continuously monitors environment, and collects site related meteorological data. Sophisticated weather monitoring SODAR systems are operational at Kaiga, Kalpakkam, Tarapur and Trombay.
➢ Environment around the nuclear sites is well conserved. Many of the nuclear power stations have obtained Environmental Management System Certification under ISO 14001, and have won the “AERB Green Site Award”.
MANDATE: adopted by DAE in the Environmental Monitoring Programme:
• Analysis of pollutants in various environmental matrices and their application.
• Development of continuous monitoring system for air pollutants.
• Radiation Protection for the front-end of the Nuclear Fuel cycle, Environmental radioactivity monitoring in the country & instrumentation for the same.
• Studies on Aerosol behavior, environmental radiation monitoring dosimetry, site meteorology and dispersion modelling.
Nuclear Power Development
➢ Nuclear power for civil use is well established in India
➢ India's nuclear power program proceeds largely without fuel or technological assistance from other countries
➢ Its power reactors to the mid 1990s had some of the world's lowest capacity factors, reflecting the technical difficulties of the country's isolation, but rose impressively from 60% in 1995 to 85% in 2001-02.
➢ India's nuclear energy self-sufficiency extends from uranium exploration and mining through fuel fabrication, heavy water production, reactor design and construction, to reprocessing and waste management. It has been developing fast breeder reactors (FBR).
➢ India is also developing technology to utilise its abundant resources of thorium as a nuclear fuel.
Nuclear Facilities in INDIA
|Chandipur |Missile test site. |
|Jaduguda |Uranium mining area. |
|Indore |Center for Advanced Technology. Development of laser enrichment technology. |
|Jullundur |Prithvi missile storage facility. |
|Kalpakkam |Indira Gandhi Atomic Research Center. Site of Fast Breeder Test Reactor and plutonium extraction plants. Also the |
| |location of Madras 1 and 2 nuclear power reactions, which can produce plutonium for nuclear weapons. |
|Kakrapar |Kakrapar 1 and 2 nuclear power reactors are not subject to International Atomic Energy Agency inspection and |
| |therefore available to produce weapons-grade plutonium. |
|Narora |Narora 1 and 2 nuclear power reactors are not subject to International Atomic Energy Agency inspection and therefore |
| |available to produce weapons-grade plutonium. |
|Pokaran |Site of the first Indian nuclear detonation on May 18, 1974. This bomb was exploded 100 meters beneath the surface. |
| |Used again during the testing in 1998. |
|Rattehalli |Pilot-scale uranium enrichment plant. |
|Tarapur |Large plutonium extraction plant presumed to support nuclear weapons program. Two U.S. supplied electric power |
| |reactors under IAEA inspection. |
|Trombay |Bhabha Atomic Research Center. The possible site of a weapons program including plutonium production using Dhruva and|
| |Cirus research reactors, a plutonium extraction plant and a pilot-scale uranium enrichment plant. |
Energy Growth in India
Energy growth in India has some specific features as follows:
❖ Strong correlation between per capita GDP and per capita electricity consumption
❖ Tenfold growth in electricity generation capacity necessary over next fifty years
❖ Shortage of energy resources is a major challenge
❖ 20-25% share for nuclear power inevitable even after accounting for all other energy forms
❖ Environmental considerations may demand even higher share
Electricity demand in India has been increasing rapidly.
• In 2002: 534 billion KWh (almost double the 1990 output
• In 2005: 599 billion kWh
The electricity per capita figure is expected to almost triple by 2020, with 6.3% annual growth. Coal provides 69% of the electricity at present, but reserves are limited. Nuclear power supplied 15.6 billion kWh (2.6%) of India's electricity in 2006 and this will increase steadily as new plants come on line. India's fuel situation, with shortage of fossil fuels, is driving the nuclear investment for electricity, and 25% nuclear contribution is foreseen by 2050, from one hundred times the 2002 capacity. In 2006 almost US$ 9 billion was committed for power projects, including 9,354 MWe of new generating capacity, taking forward projects to 43.6 GWe and US$ 51 billion
India's NPPs under Operation
|Reactor |Type |MWe net, each |Commercial operation |
|Tarapur 1 & 2 |BWR |150 |1969 |
|Kaiga 1 & 2 |PHWR |202 |1999-2000 |
|Kaiga 3 |PHWR |202 |2007 |
|Kakrapar 1 & 2 |PHWR |202 |1993-95 |
|Kalpakkam 1 & 2 (MAPS) |PHWR |202 |1984-86 |
|Narora 1 & 2 |PHWR |202 |1991-92 |
|Rawatbhata 1 |PHWR |90 |1973 |
|Rawatbhata 2 |PHWR |187 |1981 |
|Rawatbhata 3 & 4 |PHWR |202 |1999-2000 |
|Tarapur 3 & 4 |PHWR |490 |2006, 05 |
|Total (17) | |3779 MWe | |
India's NPPs under Construction:
|Reactor |Type |MW net, each |Project control |Commercial operation |
|Kaiga 4 |PHWR |202 MWe |NPCIL |9/2007 |
|Rawatbhata 5 & 6 |PHWR |202 MWe |NPCIL |8/2007, 2/08 |
|Kudankulam 1 & 2 |PWR (VVER) |950 MWe |NPCIL |12/2007, 12/08 |
|Kalpakkam PFBR |FBR |470 MWe |Bhavini |2010 |
|Total (6) | |2976 MWe | | |
Rawatbhata also known as Rajasthan/RAPS dates are for start of commercial operation.
Power Reactors Planned or Firmly Proposed
|Reactor |Type |MWe net, each |Project control |
|Kakrapar 3 & 4 |PHWR |640 |NPCIL |
|Rawatbhata 7 & 8 |PHWR |640 |NPCIL |
|Kudankulam 3 & 4 |PWR - VVER |1000 |NPCIL |
|Jaitapur 1 & 2 |PWR |1000 |NPCIL |
|? |PWR x 2 |1000 |NTPC |
|? |PHWR x 4 |640 |NPCIL |
|? |FBR x 4 |470 |Bhavini |
|? |AHWR |300 |? |
Future of Nuclear Power Development
➢ Construction activities are underway in full swing at six other reactors – three PHWRs, two LWRs and a 500 MWe PFBR. Of these, two reactors (RAPP-5 and Kaiga-4) will start fuel loading during the year 2007
➢ On completion of the reactors currently under construction, there will be 23 reactors in operation with installed capacity of 7280 MWe. The detailed design and engineering of the indigenous 700 MWe PHWR is progressing according to the set time schedule.
➢ The Government has given in-principle approval for setting-up of 4x700 MWe PHWRs at two sites and 4x1000 MWe LWRs at another two sites in India.
➢ Establishment of a new Uranium mine and mill at Tummelepalle has also been approved by the Government.
➢ For accelerating the growth of the fast reactors in the country, development of metallic fuel, which would offer high breeding capabilities is being carried out on priority with the aim of its deployment around the year 2020.
➢ The next 4 fast reactors after the PFBR, which are proposed to be commissioned by 2020 will continue to use oxide fuel. These future reactors will incorporate refinements in the design and construction, to achieve reduction in capital as well as operational costs, on the basis of experience with the PFBR
Nuclear Fuel Development
➢ Excellent performance of Indian indigenously designed mixed carbide fuel for FBTR
➢ The successful reprocessing of the high burn-up carbide fuel from FBTR after a short cooling period.
➢ The fissile material recovered from reprocessing has now been fabricated into mixed carbide fuel. This fuel will be loaded into FBTR during the next reload schedule.
➢ Closing the mixed carbide fuel cycle has been an important milestone for India in its fuel cycle activities related to fast reactor program.
➢ India is now operating FBTR with an expanded hybrid core consisting of mixed carbide and mixed oxide fuel.
➢ The high Pu MOX now forms about 20% of the FBTR core.
Uranium Resources
➢ India's uranium resources are modest, with 54,000 tonnes U as reasonably assured resources and 23,500 tonnes as estimated additional resources in situ.
➢ Mining and processing of uranium is carried out by Uranium Corporation of India Ltd, a subsidiary of the DAE, at Jaduguda and Bhatin (since 1967), Narwapahar (since 1995) and Turamdih (since 2002) - all in Jharkhand near Calcutta.
➢ A common mill is located near Jaduguda, and processes 2090 tonnes per day of ore.
➢ In 2005 and 2006: invested almost US$ 700 million to open further mines in Jharkand, Bagjata and Mohuldih; other places.
➢ A new mill at Turamdih in Jharkhand, with 3000 t/day capacity, was commissioned in 2007.
➢ Banduhurang is the first open cut mine and was commissioned in 2007, Bagjata is underground and due in production from 2008, though there had been earlier small operations 1986-91.
➢ The Mohuldih underground mine is expected to operate from 2010.
➢ The Lambapur-Peddagattu project has environmental clearance for one open cut and three small underground mines but faces local opposition.
➢ An US$ 220 million Pulivendula mine and mill project in Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh was approved in February 2007.
➢ The Domiasiat-Mawthabah mine project (also called Nongbah-Jynrin) in Meghalaya, close to the Bangladesh border, is in a high rainfall area and also faces longstanding local opposition.
➢ In August 2007 the government approved a new US$ 270 million mine and mill at Tummalapalle in Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh, for commissioning in 2010.
India's Uranium Mines and Mills
|State, district |Mine |Mill |Operating from |
|Jharkhand |Jaduguda |Jaduguda |1967 |
| |Bhatin |Jaduguda |1967 |
| |Narwapahar |Jaduguda |1995 |
| |Turamdih |Turamdih |2002 (mine) |
| |Banduhurang | |2007 |
| |Bagjata | |2008 |
| |Mohuldih | |2010 |
|Meghalaya |Mawthabah |Mawthabah |? |
|Andhra Pradesh, Nalgonda |Lambapur-Peddagattu |Seripally |? |
|Andhra Pradesh, Kadapa |Tummalapalle |Tummalapalle |2010 |
|Andhra Pradesh, Kadapa |Pulivendula |Pulivendula |? |
Uranium Fuel Cycle
➢ DAE's Nuclear Fuel Complex at Hyderabad undertakes refining and a conversion of uranium, which is received as magnesium diuranate (yellowcake) and refined.
➢ The main 400 t/yr plant fabricates PHWR fuel (which is unenriched). A small (25 t/yr) fabrication plant makes fuel for the Tarapur BWRs from imported enriched (2.66% U-235) uranium.
➢ Depleted uranium oxide fuel pellets (from reprocessed uranium) and thorium oxide pellets are also made for PHWR fuel bundles. Mixed carbide fuel for FBTR was first fabricated at BARC in 1979.
➢ Heavy water supplied by DAE's Heavy Water Board, 7 plants are working at capacity due to the current building program
➢ Used fuel from the civil PHWRs is reprocessed by BARC at Trombay, Tarapur and Kalpakkam to extract reactor-grade plutonium for use in the fast breeder reactors.
➢ Small plants at each site were supplemented by a new Kalpakkam plant of some 100 t/yr commissioned in 1998, and this is being extended to reprocess FBTR carbide fuel.
➢ All reprocessing uses the Purex process. Further capacity is being built at Tarapur and Kalpakkam, to come on line by about 2010.
➢ In 2003 a facility was commissioned at Kalpakkam to reprocess mixed carbide fuel using an advanced Purex process. Future FBRs will also have these facilities co-located.
➢ The PFBR and the next four FBRs to be commissioned by 2020 will use oxide fuel.
➢ Metal fuel with higher breeding capability will be introduced and burn-up is intended to increase from 100 to 200 GWd/t.
➢ To close the FBR fuel cycle a fast reactor fuel cycle facility is planned, with construction to begin in 2008 and operation to coincide with the need to reprocess the first PFBR fuel.
➢ Under plans for the India-specific safeguards to be administered by the IAEA in relation to the civil-military separation plan several fuel fabrication facilities will come under safeguards.
Thorium Cycle Development
India is a pioneer in developing the thorium fuel cycle,and has several advanced facilities related to this.
❖ In 2002 the regulatory authority issued approval to start construction of a 500 MW prototype FBR at Kalpakkam and this is now under construction by Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Limited (BHAVINI) with the design and technology developed at the Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research (IGCAR), also located at Kalpakkam.
❖ The FBR unit is expected to be operating in 2010, fuelled with uranium-plutonium oxide (the reactor-grade Pu being from its existing PHWRs).
❖ It will have a blanket with thorium and uranium to breed fissile U-233 and Pu respectively.
❖ This will take India's ambitious thorium program to stage 2, and set the scene for eventual full utilisation of the country's abundant thorium to fuel reactors. Four more such fast reactors have been announced for construction by 2020.
❖ Initial FBRs will have mixed oxide fuel but these will be followed by metallic-fuelled ones to enable shorter doubling time.
Radioactive Waste Management
➢ Radioactive wastes from the nuclear reactors and reprocessing plants are treated and stored at each site.
➢ Waste immobilisation plants are in operation at Tarapur and Trombay and another is being constructed at Kalpakkam.
➢ Research on final disposal of high-level and long-lived wastes in a geological repository is in progress at BARC
Regulation and Safety
➢ The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was established in 1948 under the Atomic Energy Act as a Policy Body.
➢ In 1954 the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was set up to encompass research, technology development and commercial reactor operation.
➢ The current Atomic Energy Act is 1962, and it permits only government-owned enterprises to be involved in nuclear power.
➢ The DAE includes NPCIL, Uranium Corporation of India (mining and processing), Electronics Corporation of India Ltd (reactor control and instrumentation) and Bhartiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Ltd (BHAVIN) (for setting up fast reactors).
➢ The government also controls the Heavy Water Board for production of heavy water and the Nuclear Fuel Complex for fuel and component manufacture.
➢ The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) was formed in 1983 and comes under the AEC but is independent of DAE. It is responsible for the regulation and licensing of all nuclear facilities and their safety and carries authority conferred by the Atomic Energy Act for radiation safety and by the Factories Act for industrial safety in nuclear plants.
➢ NPCIL is an active participant in the programmes of the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO).
Development of Related Advanced Technologies
India has indigenously developed another supercomputer named ANUPAM-AJEYA which has attained a sustained speed of 3.70 Teraflops, twice that of the speed of its earlier version ANUPAM-AMEYA system. The new system comprises 256 dual-core, dual CPU computing nodes, each processor running at 2.66 GHZ with 4 GByte of main memory. The system will be upgraded shortly to achieve speed exceeding 4 Teraflops.
Background to Nuclear Proliferation Issues
➢ India (along with Pakistan and Israel) was originally a 'threshold' country in terms of the international non-proliferation regime, possessing, or quickly capable of assembling one or more nuclear weapons.
➢ Their nuclear weapons capability at the technological level was recognised (all have research reactors at least) along with their military ambitions, and all remained outside the 1970 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), which 186 nations have now signed. This led to their being largely excluded from trade in nuclear plant or materials, except for safety-related devices for a few safeguarded facilities.
➢ India is opposed to the NPT as it now stands, and has consistently attacked the Treaty since its inception in 1970.
Regional Rivalry
➢ Relations between India and Pakistan are tense and hostile, and the risks of nuclear conflict between them have long been considered quite high.
➢ In 1974 India exploded a "peaceful" nuclear device and then in May 1998 India and Pakistan each exploded several nuclear devices underground. This heightened concerns regarding an arms race between them.
➢ Kashmir is a prime cause of bilateral tension, its sovereignty has been in dispute since 1948. There is persistent low level military conflict due to Pakistan backing a Muslim rebellion there.
➢ Both countries engaged in a conventional arms race in the 1980s, including sophisticated technology and equipment capable of delivering nuclear weapons. In the 1990s the arms race quickened. In 1994 India reversed a four-year trend of reduced allocations for defence, and despite its much smaller economy, Pakistan pushed its own expenditures yet higher. Both have lost their patrons: India, the former USSR; and Pakistan, the USA.
➢ In 1997 India deployed a medium-range missile and is now developing a long-range missile capable of reaching targets in China's industrial heartland.
➢ In 1995 the USA quietly intervened to head off a proposed nuclear test. The 1998 tests were unambiguously military, including one claimed to be of a sophisticated thermonuclear device. Their declared purpose was "to help in the design of nuclear weapons of different yields and different delivery systems".
➢ It is the growth and modernization of China's nuclear arsenal and its assistance with Pakistan's nuclear power program and, reportedly, with missile technology, which now exacerbates Indian concerns. In particular, China's People's Liberation Army operates somewhat autonomously within Pakistan as an exporter of military materials.
Nuclear Arms Control in the Region
➢ The public stance of India and Pakistan on non-proliferation differs markedly.
➢ Pakistan has initiated a series of regional security proposals. It has repeatedly proposed a nuclear-free zone in South Asia and has proclaimed its willingness to engage in nuclear disarmament and to sign the NPT if India would do so. This would involve disarming and joining as non-weapon states. It has endorsed a US proposal for a regional five power conference to consider non-proliferation in South Asia.
➢ India has taken the view that solutions to regional security issues should be found at the international rather than the regional level, since its chief concern is with China. It therefore rejects Pakistan's proposals.
➢ Instead, the 'Gandhi Plan', put forward in 1988, proposed the revision of the NPT, which it regards correctly as inherently discriminatory in favour of the nuclear-weapon States, and a timetable for complete nuclear weapons disarmament. It endorsed early proposals for a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) and for an international convention to ban the production of highly enriched uranium and plutonium for weapons purposes, known as the 'cut-off' convention
➢ The USA has, for some years pursued a variety of initiatives to persuade India and Pakistan to abandon their nuclear weapons programs and to accept comprehensive international safeguards on all their nuclear activities. To this end the Clinton administration proposed a conference of nine states, comprising the five established nuclear-weapon states, along with Japan, Germany, India and Pakistan.
➢ This and previous similar proposals have been rejected by India, which countered with demands that other potential weapons states, such as Iran and North Korea, should be invited, and that regional limitations would only be acceptable if they were accepted equally by China. The USA would not accept the participation of Iran and North Korea and such initiatives lapsed.
➢ Another more recent approach is that India and the USA jointly sponsored a UN General Assembly resolution in 1993 calling for negotiations for a 'cut-off' convention, the Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT).
➢ Should India and Pakistan join such a convention, they would have to agree to halt the production of fissile materials for weapons and to accept international verification on their relevant nuclear facilities (enrichment and reprocessing). In short, their weapons programs would be thus 'capped'.
➢ It appeared that India was prepared to join negotiations regarding such a FMCT under the 1995 UN Conference on Disarmament (UNCD).
➢ However, despite the widespread international support for a FMCT, formal negotiations on cut-off have not yet begun. The UNCD can only approve decisions by consensus and since the summer of 1995, the insistence of a few states to link FMCT negotiations to other nuclear disarmament issues has brought progress on the cut-off treaty there to a standstill.
➢ Bilateral confidence-building measures between India and Pakistan to reduce the prospects of confrontation have been limited. In 1990 each side ratified a treaty not to attack the other's nuclear installations, and at the end of 1991 they provided one another with a list showing the location of all their nuclear plants, even though the respective lists were regarded as not being wholly accurate. Early in 1994 India proposed a bilateral agreement for a 'no first use' of nuclear weapons and an extension of the 'no attack' treaty to cover civilian and industrial targets as well as nuclear installations.
➢ Having promoted the CTBT since 1954, India dropped its support in 1995 and in 1996 attempted to block the Treaty. Following the 1998 tests the question has been reopened and both Pakistan and India have indicated their intention to sign the CTBT. Indian ratification may be conditional upon the five weapons states agreeing to specific reductions in nuclear arsenaals.
Possibility to Export Nuclear Technology
➢ India today is the only country to have a live technology, design and infrastructure for small PHWRs with a unit capacity of 220 MWe, which have a great potential for export, particularly to countries with small grids wishing to enter nuclear power generation, with relatively modest investments and infrastructure.
➢ Given the large manufacturing base and relatively low manufacturing costs, there is also a potential for India becoming a manufacturing hub for equipment and components for the global nuclear industry.
➢ Compact High Temperature Reactor is under development at BARC. This reactor is designed to work in closed spaces and remote locations.
BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTER (BARC)
History
➢ Dr. Bhabha approached Sir Dorabji Tata Trust for starting nuclear research in India leading to the establishment of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai, which was inaugurated on December 19, 1945.
➢ Atomic Energy Act was passed on April 15,1948
➢ Atomic Energy Commission was constituted on August 10, 1948 in order to intensify the studies related to the exploitation of nuclear energy for the benefit of the nation.
➢ On August 18, 1959 Indian Rare Earths Ltd was set up for the chemical processing and recovery of rare earth compounds and Thorium-Uranium deposits.
➢ Atomic Energy Commission started Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay on January 3, 1954.
➢ Atomic Energy Commission functioning under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Scientific Research was brought under the Department of Atomic Energy from August 3, 1954 with Dr. Homi Bhabha as the Secretary to the Government of India for the department
➢ Department of Atomic Energy functioned under the direct control of the Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and continued to remain under the direct charge of successive prime ministers since then.
➢ TIFR has become an institution fully dedicated to carry out fundamental research in Nuclear Science.
➢ The Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET) was formally dedicated to the nation by the Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru on January 20, 1957.
➢ Later, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi renamed AEET as Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) on January 12, 1967 as a fitting tribute to Dr. Homi Bhabha who died in an air crash on January 24, 1966
BARC- one of the unique nuclear research institutions where high quality research and development is taking place in a number of areas:
➢ Nuclear reactor design and installation;
➢ Fuel fabrication;
➢ Chemical processing of depleted fuel;
➢ Radioisotope application techniques in medicine, agriculture and industries;
➢ Nuclear physics,
➢ Radiation Technology application
➢ Spectroscopy,
➢ Solid state physics,
➢ Chemical and life sciences,
➢ Reactor engineering,
➢ Instrumentation,
➢ Radiation safety and
➢ Nuclear medicine
➢ And many other
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Research Reactors
➢ 3 Research Reactors at BARC, viz., APSARA, CIRUS and DHRUVA have been operating satisfactorily with high level of safety and availability.
➢ Subsequent to successful refurbishment of CIRUS, both CIRUS and DHRUVA reactors have been operating simultaneously at their rated full power of 40 MW and 100 MW respectively. Both the reactors have been utilized extensively for production of a large number of radioisotopes for medical, agricultural and industrial use.
➢ DHRUVA continued to be the major national facility for neutron beam research programme. A large number of research scholars from various Universities and academic institutions in the country utilized the reactor for Scientific Research..
➢ On August 4 2006, APSARA reactor has completed 50 years of successful operation. During this year, APSARA was well utilised for some shielding experiments relevant to PFBR and AHWR.
➢ Towards refurbishment and conversion of APSARA reactor core, the physics design of a 2 MW core with a maximum thermal neutrons flux of 7.0 x 1013 neutron/cm2/sec has been completed and the engineering details of various systems of the reactor are being worked out.
Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR) as of 2006
➢ The optimised reactor physics design of AHWR core with 225 mm lattice pitch has been completed with burn up optimisation and for positioning of control and shut down devices.
➢ An extensive experimental programme is underway to validate the design of AHWR. The Integral Test Loop (ITL) simulating the passive cooling system of AHWR has been operated to generate steady state and stability performance data. The start up procedure for AHWR has been extensively tested in this scaled facility. A passive valve developed in-house for AHWR has also been tested in the facility.. A methodology for the evaluation of passive systems named Assessment of Passive System ReliAbility (APSRA) has been developed.
➢ The design of Advanced Heavy Water Reactor has undergone a pre-licensing design safety appraisal by the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board.
➢ A Critical Facility is being built at Trombay for validation of AHWR physics design. The civil construction of this facility has been completed. Installation of equipment such as reactor vessel, square box, shielding trolley and control panel have been completed and piping work is in advanced stage of completion.
➢ The Shut-off Rod Drive Mechanisms developed for the AHWR Critical Facility have advanced features like 90% free fall and modular construction. Manufacture of mechanisms and neutron absorber assemblies for the reactor have also been completed. Uranium Metallic Fuel Assemblies and Thorium fuel required for the entire reference core of AHWR critical facility has been fabricated and loading of fuel in critical facility is expected to start shortly. Erection of a new glove box line for manufacture of (Th-Pu) MOX fuel has started at the Advanced Fuel Fabrication Facility, Tarapur.
R&D support for the Indian PHWRs
❖ On 21st May 2006, TAPS-3 attained its first criticality. BARC has significant contributions in this major milestone of the DAE’s programme.
❖ Noteworthy developments include the liquid zone control system, the flux mapping system, the ion exchange process for selective removal of gadolinium nitrate in presence of boron from its moderator and an online system for vibration diagnostic for the steam turbine.
❖ BARC scientists were fully involved in the preparation of procedures and safety approvals related to the first approach to criticality.
❖ The Flux Mapping System (FMS) has been designed in BARC to periodically monitor neutron flux using 102 Vanadium self powered neutron detectors located at different positions in the reactor core. The system generates neutron flux profiles, 14 zonal powers, and other related information for a given reactor state and has been operational since April, 2006. A solution for stable operation of large reactors like TAPS 3 & 4 is being worked out in collaboration with NPCIL engineers.
❖ BARC developed software for training simulators for refueling operations for both 220 and 540 MWe PHWRs. The software has been delivered to NPCIL for Nuclear Training Centres (NTCs) at Tarapur and Rawatbhata [FHCS].
❖ 500 MWe PHWR fuelling machine head is being tested for endurance. Using this machine special rubber seal developed for sealing end fitting joint with fuelling machine has been tested extensively.
❖ A new ultrasonic technique for measurement of axial creep of coolant channels has been developed and used both in 220 MWe & 540 MWe PHWRs.
❖ Man-rem saving tools like end fitting blanking assembly, feeder isolation plug, channel isolation plug etc., for 540 MWe PHWR have been designed and developed to facilitate the life management of the coolant channels.
❖ To improve measurement accuracy in axial hydrogen pick-up profile, a circumferential scraping tool has been successfully developed to obtain metal sample from rolled joint area of pressure tubes of 220 MWe PHWRs. Technical guidance was provided to NPCIL for Sliver sampling operation in three reactors NAPS-1, NAPS-2 and KAPS-1. An innovative technique, based on eddy current principle, for in-situ hydrogen measurement in zirconium alloy components has been developed as an alternative to sliver sample scraping technique.
Health Safety & Environment
➢ A comprehensive accident safety analysis of the fuel handling operations in Spent Fuel Storage Bay of Dhruva Reactor
➢ The in-house numerical simulation studies for the tsunami wave generation, propagation and run up.
➢ Participation in the implementation of National Warning System for tsunami and earthquake in order to improve the safety of PHWRs.
➢ Testing the parallelized version of the in-house structural reliability analysis software “BARC-RAS” on an 150-node configuration. This development will result in performing a large number of structural calculations required for reliability assessment, in a very short time.
Radiological Safety
❖ BARC has designed and developed a Portable Personnel Decontamination Kit (PPDK), which can be transported in 8 packages and can be made ready for decontamination of affected persons at any site within 20 minutes.
❖ 17 systems are deployed in the IERMON network so far. The data generated from the IERMON stations will be displayed on a large display system at a suitable place accessible to the public at Jaduguda to increase the public awareness about radiation levels around the uranium mine.
❖ Totally, 18 DAE-Emergency Response Centres (ERC) have been established to respond to any nuclear/radiological emergencies anywhere in the country. One of the ERCs was inaugurated at AMD, Bangalore by Chairman, AEC on 13th September, 2006.
❖ Pre-operational Environmental Survey has been initiated at proposed nuclear power project site at Jaitapur, Ratnagiri Dist., Maharashtra.
Front End Fuel Cycle Activities
❖ Fabrication of 50 MOX fuel bundles for KAPS-1 with exceedingly well performance (without any failure upto design burn up of 12,000 MWd/T). It is planned to irradiate a few of the bundles upto 20,000 MWd/T burn up, which is three times that of standard natural UO2 bundles.
❖ Fabrication of Mixed Carbide Fuel exceeding peak burn up of 154 GWd/T in FBTR. Recent supply of a consignment of Mixed carbide and Mixed oxide fuel for FBTR for the realization of a hybrid core.
❖ Production of the axial blanket pellets for PFBR with about 20% of the PFBR core requirement.
❖ The second fabrication line for MOX fuel is currently undergoing cold commissioning trials at the Advanced Fuel Fabrication Facility, Tarapur.
❖ A peroxide precipitation process for purification of impurities. A patent is filed for this process and the feasibility of its deployment in industrial scale is being examined in collaboration with UCIL.
❖ Technology for decomposition of ammonium nitrate solution by fluidized bed thermal de-nitration has been established. The know-how generated will be used in centralized uranium oxide conversion facility at Tarapur.
❖ Indigenous capability for design of large capacity Pump-Mix Mixer Settler (PMMS) has been established and validated upto a 10 m3/hr capacity. Hydrodynamic design for a 30 m3/hr PMMS has been given to Heavy Water Board for evaluation at plant scale.
❖ Successful installation and commissioning of the new cascade hall of high speed machines has augmented production capacity of enriched uranium. The Integrated Fuel Fabrication Facility has successfully made operational trials. This facility is set up and made fully operational in a record time.
Spent Fuel Processing and Waste Management
Objectives: Recovery of useful materials from spent fuel, management of associated high level radioactive waste, augmentation of facilities for enhancing the reprocessing capacities and the necessary R&D backup.
Activities:
❖ The control and instrumentation system of the Plutonium Plant at Trombay has been upgraded substantially. PREFRE, Tarapur has been safely operating with more than 4000 days of accident free operations.
❖ Spent Fuel Storage Facility (SFSF) at Tarapur has been commissioned and the transfer of fuel from power reactors to the facility has commenced.
❖ Wet processing of reject sintered pellets of depleted uranium has been developed at NFC, Hyderabad. Trial runs on one tonne of pellets have been conducted successfully. Simultaneously, facilities have been augmented at the Plutonium Plant, Trombay for dissolution of pellets and subsequent conversion to ADU. Production of prototype Cs pencils has been demonstrated using simulated waste.
Spent Fuel Processing and Waste Management
❖ At Tarapur, the Advanced Vitrification System has been commissioned and since August 11, the Joule Heated Ceramic Melter is being operated uninterrupted for vitrification of High Level Waste. India has become one of the six countries who have developed and set up such facilities for vitrification of High Level Waste.
❖ An engineering scale demonstration facility for cold crucible induction melting technology has been built and successfully commissioned. The melter has a circular array of water cooled metallic pipes which are surrounded by induction coil carrying high frequency current. This segmented crucible facilitates direct heating of molten glass by electro-magnetic induction. Due to water cooling of the melter, a solidified glass skull is formed which holds the molten glass. This skull acts as the container and a protective barrier for the molten mass of high level waste.
Radiation/Radioisotope Applications:
BARC is exploiting the radiation and radioisotope applications in the areas of agriculture, food preservation, medical applications, isotope hydrology and sludge hygienisation.
❖ Nuclear agriculture:
- A new groundnut variety, TG 38 has been released during 2006 for commercial cultivation by the Ministry of Agriculture, Govt.of India.
- 6 more new Trombay crop varieties are in pipeline to be released. During 2006, one each in mustard, sunflower, soybean, groundnut
- 2 in mungbean have been released by the State Varietal Release Committees in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh and are waiting for gazette notification.
❖ Biogas: Four Nisargruna biogas plants have become operational at Hiranandani Estate (Thane), INS Chilka (Orissa), Ankleshwar (Gujarat) and Chandrapur (Maharashtra).
❖ Food irradiation: a Framework Equivalency Work Plan agreement has been signed between India and USA for export of mango from India to US after treatment with gamma radiation. Upgradation of KRUSHAK facility for this purpose has been initiated.
❖ Success Story in 2006: A Memorandum of Understanding has been signed between BARC and the National Centre for Electron Beam Food Research, The Texas A&M University, USA for co-operation for the advancement of electron and X-ray irradiation technologies for food preservation.
Technologies already transferred
❖ Environment and Health: 36
❖ Electronics, Electrical and Mechanical: 29
❖ Chemical & metallurgy: 22
❖ Radioisotope Application: 3
Technologies available to transfer
➢ Environment and Health: 22
➢ Electronics, Electrical and Mechanical: 31
➢ Chemical & Metallurgy:13
Recently Advertized Technical Know-how: 35
INDIRA GANDHI CENTER FOR ADVANCED RESEARCH
Introduction
❖ Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research [IGCAR], the second largest establishment of the Department of Atomic Energy next to BARC, was set up at Kalpakkam, 80 KMs south of Chennai [MADRAS], in 1971 under the DAE, Government of India.
❖ The centre is engaged in broad based multidisciplinary programme of scientific research and advanced engineering directed towards the development of Fast Breeder Reactor technology.
❖ Fast Breeder Test Reactor based on unique mixed Plutonium Uranium Carbide fuel, First of its kind in the world and KAMINI Reactor, the only operating Reactor in the World using U233 fuel are successfully operated.
❖ The design of 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor is completed and the construction is in progress.
LEADERSHIP
The Centre is being steered by the able and dynamic leadership Dr.Baldev Raj, an internationally renowned Metallurgist and a specialist in Non Destructive Evaluation.
Primary Mission
“To conduct a broad based multidisciplinary programme of scientific research and advanced engineering development, directed towards the establishment of the technology of Sodium Cooled Fast Breeder Reactors (FBR) and associated fuel cycle facilities in the Country.
The mission includes the development and applications of new and improved materials, techniques, equipment and systems for FBRs, pursue basic research to achieve breakthroughs in Fast Reactor technology
Organization: 11 Groups
1. Chemistry Group [CG]
2. Electronics & Instrumentation Group[EIG]
3. Engineering Services Group[ESG] Fast Reactor Technology Group [FRTG]
4. Metallurgy and Materials Group [MMG]
5. Reactor Engineering Group [REG]
6. Reprocessing Group [RpG]
7. Safety Group [SG]
8. Planning Division [PD]
9. Fast Reactor Fuel Cycle Facility
10. Strategic & Human Resources Planning Section
11. Reactor Operation & Maintenance Group [ROMG]
MAJOR CURRENT ACTIVITIES
➢ Sodium technology
➢ Engineering development of reactor components specific to FBRs
➢ High temperature chemistry and basic thermodynamic studies on fuel materials
➢ Metallurgical studies related to mechanical, physical & corrosion aspects of materials used in FBRs
➢ Development of welding & hard facing technology
➢ Non-Destructive Examination [NDE] for materials characterization
➢ Post irradiation examination of fuels
➢ Reprocessing of fast reactor fuels
➢ Basic studies in low temperature and high pressure physics
➢ Studies on thin films
➢ Reactor kinetics, safety & noise analysis and core physics
➢ Nuclear data processing and validation
➢ Radiation transport and shielding
➢ Bio fouling
➢ Microbial corrosion
➢ Sodium fires, sodium-concrete interactions & aerosol studies
➢ Radiation emergency preparedness
➢ Computer Aided Design
➢ Superconductivity & SQUID development
➢ Radiation damage to materials
➢ Structure and properties of quasi crystals
➢ Computer based Data acquisition & control systems
➢ Reactor Simulator
MAJOR FACILITIES
❖ FBTR for materials research and irradiation experiments
❖ KAlpakkam MINI [KAMINI] reactor for Neutron activation analysis, neutron radiography etc,.
❖ Particle Irradiation Facility consisting of
* 2 MV Tandem accelerator
* 400 KV Ion accelerator
* 150 kV gaseous ion implanter
❖ Central Workshop
❖ Positron Beam Facility
❖ Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer
❖ High Pressure Diamond Anvil Cell
❖ Image analysis facility for NDE, metallurgy and materials science applications
❖ Thermal imaging system
❖ Micro focal radiography
❖ XRD & XRF Facilities
❖ Thin film sensors development facility
❖ Residual Stress measurement unit
❖ Laser holography
❖ Multi channel eddy current system for NDE
❖ Counting facilities for detection and measurement of radioactivity
❖ 3-dimensional co-ordination measurement system
❖ ASIC Design facility
❖ High power Computer systems & Workstations
NUCLEAR POWER CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED (NPCIL)
About NPCIL
❖ Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL) is a wholly owned Enterprise of the Government of India under the administrative control of the DAE, Government of India.
❖ NPCIL has been incorporated in September 1987 as a Public Limited Company under the Companies Act, 1956
❖ Objectives: undertaking the design, construction, operation and maintenance of the atomic power stations for generation of electricity in pursuance of the schemes and programmes of the Government of India under the provision of the Atomic Energy Act, 1962.
NPCIL – Missions, NPCIL –Objectives
➢ To maximize the power generation and profitability from nuclear power stations in operation with a motto of achieving the excellence in "safety first and production next".
➢ To increase nuclear power generation capacity in the country consistent with available resources in a self-reliant, safe, economical and rapid manner in keeping with the growth of energy demand in the country.
➢ To continue and strengthen QA activities relating to nuclear power program within the organization and those associated with it.
➢ To develop personnel at all levels through an appropriate HRD programme in the organization with a view to further improving their skills and performance consistent with the high technology operations.
➢ To continue and strengthen the public awareness programmes for enhancing and improving the public perception of Nuclear Power in the country.
➢ To share appropriate technological skills and expertise at national and international levels.
➢ To bring about modernization and technological innovation in its activities.
➢ To explore and promote participation of Indian Industries, SEBs and PSUs in the nuclear power capacity addition programme.
➢ To coordinate and endeavor to keep the sustained association with the other units of DAE for necessary inputs
NPCIL - Major Activities
• Operating 17 nuclear power units at 6 locations and
• Implementing construction of 6 ongoing nuclear power plants
• Handling other related activities consistent with the policies of the Government of India .
17 existing operating NPPs (3779 MWe, net capacity)
• Tarapur Atomic Power Station Units-1&2 (TAPS-1, 2, 3, 4) (Maharashtra),
• Rajasthan Atomic Power Station Unit-2-4 (RAPS-1,2,3 ,4) (Rajasthan),
• Madras Atomic Power Station Units-1&2 (MAPS-1&2) (Tamil Nadu)
• Narora Atomic Power Station Units-1&2 (NAPS-1&2) (UP),
• Kakrapar Atomic Station Units-1&2 (KAPS-1&2) (Gujarat)
• Kaiga Atomic Power station (Kaiga-1, 2, 3 ) (Karnataka).
6 NPPs under construction (2976 MWe, net capacity)
❖ 2X220 MWe PHWR units at Kota, Rajasthan,
❖ 1X202 MWe PHWR units at Kaiga, Karnataka
❖ 2X1000 MWe LWR (VVER) units at Kudankulam, Tamil Nadu
❖ 1x470 MWe FBR by BHAVINI by 2010
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
India joined the IAEA in 1957. Under the aegis of the IAEA, India has trained a number of personnel, particularly from the developing countries. India has also hosted a number of workshops, seminars and training courses.
The expertise of India’s scientists and engineers is made available to other countries through IAEA. NPCIL is a member of WANO Tokyo Centre, WANO Atlanta Centre and Candu Owners Group (COG).
Many Indian professional have participated in the workshops/seminars/training courses, conducted by these organizations. Many Indian professional have participated as Reviewer / Lead Reviewer in the WANO Peer Review of Plants abroad. NPCIL teams have also visited other NPPs outside India under the Technical Exchange Visit (TEV) programme of WANO.
NPCIL’s plants have also received TEV team from other NPPs worldwide.
Multilateral and Bilateral Agreements: India has signed 15 Bilateral Agreements with Egypt, Afghanistan, Czech Republic, Germany, Russia, Syria, Indonesia, Iraq, Poland, Cuba, Algeria, Philippines, Peru and Vietnam
However, India keeps being Non-Party of NPT and other International conventions/treaties. India does not have good relationship with Pakistan because of their long term-conflict on the territory ownership. The relationship between India and China is not very good because China supported Pakistani in the nuclear issues and also gave much assistance to this country. .
RCA INDIA
➢ India joined RCA on 6 July 1987
➢ RCA INDIA is the Office of the RCA National Representative from India
- Located ideally in the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) Campus.
- Placed under Director, Knowledge Management Group, BARC.
➢ 20 Active National TC Projects in India as of 2007
▪ General: 1 projects
▪ Radiation Protection :1 project
▪ Energy: 1 project
▪ Research Reactor : 1 project
▪ Agriculture : 3 Projects
▪ Human Health: 7 projects
▪ Environment: 3 projecst
▪ Industry: 3 Projects
REMARKS
➢ India has a flourishing and largely indigenous nuclear power program and expects to have on line 20,000 MWe nuclear power by 2020. It aims to supply 25% of electricity from nuclear power by 2050.
➢ Because India is outside the Nuclear non-Proliferation Treaty, due to its weapons program, it is largely excluded from trade in nuclear plant or materials, which has hampered its development of civil nuclear energy.
➢ The nuclear weapons capability of India has arisen independently of its civil nuclear fuel cycle and uses indigenous uranium.
➢ Because of its relative isolation in international trade and lack of indigenous uranium, India has uniquely been developing a nuclear fuel cycle to exploit its reserves of thorium.
➢ Due to the regional rivalry, nuclear power in India has been being developed not only for civilian but also for military purposes. India is continuing its policies for racing for nuclear weapon development
CONCLUSIONS
➢ In pursuit of the peaceful uses of Atomic Energy, power generation based on nuclear energy assumes first and foremost place and India has achieved many milestones in this area.
➢ A well planned programme for the progressive expansion for the tapping of atomic energy for electricity keeping in view of the country’s future requirements for increased power generation capacity and available resources has been under implementation.
➢ A strong R&D base has been established and functions as a back bone for the smooth transition of the research and development activities to the deployment phase and thereby realising the Department of Atomic Energy’s mandate.
➢ Many technologies of strategic importance have been mastered to meet developmental needs.
➢ Indigenous technology development in the areas of fuel reprocessing, enrichment, production of special materials, computers, lasers, and accelerators represents a whole spectrum of activities necessary for realising full potential of our energy resources to meet future energy needs.
➢ Radiation Technology and Isotope Applications represents another prominent area of the peaceful uses of Atomic Energy in health care, agriculture, industries, hydrology and food preservation where self- reliance has been accomplished
KOREA [pic]
I. Organizational Framework
The Ministry of Science and Technology is responsible for establishing basic policies and short and long-term plans for the development and use of nuclear energy, nuclear safety, controlling acquisition, production, import and export, ownership, and management of nuclear material and nuclear fuel cycle facilities, among other things.
The Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy establishes basic policies for nuclear power plant development, overseas nuclear power plant construction and operation, and controls nuclear fuel and other matters related to radioactive wastes.
The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), which is under the Office of the Prime Minister, deliberates and makes decisions on important policy issues pertaining to the peaceful and safe use of atomic energy.
The Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO), a state-run corporation, is the only electricity producer in Korea. The function of KEPCO is to supply electricity and, thus, plays a leading role in developing nuclear-related industries.
The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), a government supported R&D institute, serves as a center of nuclear research in Korea. KAERI carries out extensive R&D programs related to nuclear fuel design, nuclear safety, reactor engineering, and RI applications as well as fundamental research.
An independent nuclear regulatory organization, the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS), was established in February 1990. KINS is a technical expert group established to support MOST with technical expertise in the development of nuclear regulatory policy and in the enforcement of nuclear safety laws and regulations.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ADMINISTRATION(see the organization chart below)
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II. National Nuclear Policy: Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy
Korea joined the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in August 1957. In addition, the government concluded bilateral or multi-lateral agreements on the application of the safeguards with the IAEA, the U.S., France, Canada, Germany, Australia and others, and on April 21, 1975, ratified the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT).
The President of the Republic of Korea declared in 1991 that Korea will use nuclear energy solely for peaceful purposes and will not manufacture, possess, store, deploy or use nuclear weapons. Korea nuclear activities correspond to the basic direction and goals of its National Nuclear Policies. Korea also gave its assurance that all of the nuclear activities in Korea have been and will be carried out through international cooperation for mutual interests.
Nuclear-Related Organizations in Korea
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The Korean Government established the “Basic Direction” and “Goals” of its national nuclear policy, which all the nuclear related activities in Korea should adhere to.
Every five years, the Government formulates a Comprehensive Nuclear Energy Promotion Plan (CNEPP) to implement its national nuclear policy consistently and systematically in accordance with the provisions of the Atomic Energy Act. The Government is currently implementing the third plan which reviews the outcomes of the previous plans and derives the direction of the nuclear development, reflecting the domestic and overseas environmental changes.
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III. Nuclear Research and Development
Objective: for meeting the challenges of the future directly through innovative research and development activities
II.1. The Ministry of Science and Technology is responsible for the Formulation and Promotion of the Nuclear R&D Programs.
The MOST is responsible for the management of the nuclear R&D programs in Korea under a governmental initiated plan. It formulates and promotes the annual implementation plan of the nuclear R&D programs
III.2. The Nuclear R&D Programs are promoted in accordance with a Sector-by –Sector Plan:
Nuclear R&D Programs are promoted systematically, in accordance with a Sector-by –Sector Plan, for the following categories:
Nuclear technology Development Projects
Expansion of the research infrastructures,
Projects for field applications,
Development of radiation technology
Reinforcement of the foundation for international cooperation,
Development of hydrogen production technology by utilizing nuclear technology
III. 3. These aforementioned Programs are promoted by their Research Sector
The nuclear technology development projects are the backbone of the nuclear R&D programs in Korea. The project is now at the 3rd phase (2007-2011) after successful completion of the first and second phases of the project since 1992. The objectives and goals of the R&D areas of the third phase are as seen in the figure 1 below:
III. 4. Outstanding Results of the nuclear R&D Programs
Korea nuclear R&D programs have continuously produced successful results, and Korea is now endeavoring to exports its nuclear technology based on the foundation of such achievements
1985-1990:
+ Localization of Candu fuel (1987)
+ Localization of PWR fuel (1988)
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Figure 1 : Objectives and Goals of of the R&D areas of the third phase
1990-1995:
+ Development and export of KAERI Integrated Reability Analysis Code Package (KIRAP) (1995)
+ Establishment and development of HANARO: The HANARO, a research reactor designed for 30MW thermal output, was constructed by KAERI in April 1995
+ Optimized Power Reactor 1000 OPR 1000) was successfully developed (1995)
1995-2000:
+ Success in the development of Advanced Fuel for Research Reactor PWR and Candu (199…)
2000-2005:
+ Success in development of Advanced Power Reactor 1400 (APR 1400) in 2001
+ Start the concept design of System-Integrated Modular Advanced Reactor (SMART) (2002)+ Success in the development of Korea Standard Advanced Reactor Fuels namely PLUS-7 (2002)
2005: success in the installation of Advanced Thermal – Hydraulic Test Loop for Accident Simulation (ATLAS)
Korea is actively participating in the Generation IV International Forum (GIF) for the development of innovative reactors called Gen-IV nuclear reactors, the International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO) of the IAEA, the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), etc.
Korea fulfills this important role by preparing for the future innovative nuclear reactor needs in collaboration with the other countries involved in these programs, thereby enhancing the transparency of Korean nuclear technology.
IV. Nuclear Power generation
Objective: for ensuring stable electricity supply and national energy security
IV.1 Promotion of R&D on Nuclear Power Generation Technology
Following the introduction of nuclear power plant in the 1970’s, Korea accumulated its nuclear technology in the 1980’s, achieved independence from the import of foreign technology in the 1990’s by developing the OPR 1000, and demonstrated the advanced level of its nuclear technology capabilities in the 2000’s by developing an advanced rtype reactor the APR 1400.
The Government has been implementing a”plan for the Advancement of NPP Technology” to reinforce its international competitiveness and to secure the necessary capabilities for a self-reliant NPP technology for its export.
1970’s: Introduction of Nuclear power: construction of Kori -Unit1 (1971-1978)
1980s: Promotion of Localization: establishment of Localization (1984)
1990s: Technology Self-reliance: OPR1000 development (995)
2000s: Development of Advanced Reactor: APR 1400 development (2001)
IV.2 Nuclear Power – the most important energy source in Korea
Nuclear power accounts for 27% of the total installed electricity generation capacity in Korea, and 39% of the total electricity generation. Thus, as a major source of electricity generation in Korea, nuclear energy contributes greatly to the stability of national electricity supply and energy security.
Now, there are 20 Units are in operation (Ulchin1-6, Wolsong 1-4, Kori 1-4, Youngwang 1-6) and 6 Units are under construction (Shin-Wolsong 1-2 and Shin-Kori 1-4)
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Total Electricity Generation as of Dec. 2006: 381.181 GWh
The Government has completed safety assessment on Kori 3 and 4, and is currently conducting safety assessment on Yongwang 1 and 2(WH 950MWe) for a 4.5% thermal power augmentation. Also the technical reports on licensing continued operation of Kori 1 are under review.
The nuclear power generation rate will be continuously increased by the construction of 8 additional units by 2015, as per national plan for the anticipated electricity supply and demand increase. The units under construction are Sin-Kori1 and 2 (OPR1000), 3 and 4 (APR 1400), Shin-Wolsong 1 and 2(OPR 1000), and additional units planned are Shin-Ulchin 1 and 2 (APR 1400).
IV.3. Korea - world class operational performance
|Year |Capacity Factor (%) |Trips |
|1992 |84.5 |1.7 |
|1993 |87.2 |1.6 |
|1994 |87.4 |0.9 |
|1995 |87.3 |1.1 |
|1996 |87.5 |0.9 |
|1997 |87.6 |1.1 |
|1998 |90.3 |0.4 |
|1999 |88.3 |0.9 |
|2000 |90.4 |0.5 |
|2001 |93.2 |0.5 |
|2002 |92.7 |0.4 |
|2003 |94.2 |0.6 |
|2004 |91.4 |0.6 |
|2005 |95.5 |0.5 |
|2006 |92.3 |0.6 |
The capacity factor rates of the nuclear power plants in Korea have not only improved steadily since 1990 but they’ve also maintained an overall world class rating. Also, over the same period of time the rate of unplanned trips has declined notably towards one of the world’s lowest.
V. Radioactive Waste Management Technology
To preserve the ecosystem in Korea as well as to acquire waste disposal stability at a publicly acceptable level, radioactive waste incineration, compression, decontamination, and decommissioning technology will be developed by 2006. Interim storage technology for spent fuel will also be developed by 1997. Spent fuel consolidation, ultra-high pressure technology, and permanent disposal technology will be developed by 2010.
KHNP is responsible for managing all its radioactive wastes.
The Atomic Energy Act of 1988 established a 'polluter pays' principle under which KHNP is levied a fee based on power generated. A fee is also levied on KNFC. The fees are collected by MOST and paid into a national Nuclear Waste Management Fund. A revised waste program was drawn up by the Nuclear Environment Technology Institute (NETEC) and approved by the Atomic Energy Commission in 1998.
Used fuel is stored on the reactor site pending construction of a centralised interim storage facility by 2016, eventually with 20,000 tonne capacity. About 6000 t was stored at end of 2002. Dry storage is used for Candu fuel after 6 years cooling. Long-term, deep geological disposal is envisaged.
Low and intermediate-level wastes (LILW) are also stored at each reactor site, the total being about 60,000 drums of 200 litres. Volume reduction (drying, compaction) is undertaken at each site. A 200 ha central disposal repository is envisaged for all this from about 2008, eventually with capacity for 800,000 drums. It will involve shallow geological disposal of conditioned wastes, with vitrification being used on ILW from about 2006 to increase public acceptability.
NETEC took over the task of finding repository sites after several abortive attempts by KAERI and MOST 1988-96. In 2000 it called for local communities to volunteer to host a disposal facility. Seven did so, including Yonggwang County with 44% citizen support, but in 2001 all local governments vetoed the proposal. The Ministry of Commerce, Industry & Energy (MOCIE) then in 2003 selected four sites for detailed consideration and preliminary environmental review with a view to negotiating acceptance with local governments from 2004.
The area selected for the LILW facility will get 300 billion won (US$ 290 million) in community support according to "The Act for Promoting the Radioactive Waste Management Project and Financial Support for the Local Community" 2000. The aim of this is to compensate for the psychological burden on residents, to reward a community participating in an important national project, and to facilitate amicable implementation of radioactive waste management.
In November 2005, after votes in four provincial cities, Kyongju /Gyeonju on the east coast 370 km SE from Seoul was designated as the site. Almost 90% of its voters approved, compared with 67 to 84% in the other contender locations.
In June 2006 the government announced that the Gyeongju repository would have a number of silos and caverns some 80m below the surface, initially with capacity for 100,000 drums and costing US$ 730 million. Further 700,000 drum capacity would be built later, total cost amounting to US$ 1.15 billion.
VI. Nuclear Safety and Regulation
VI.1. Regulation
Regulatory activities on nuclear facilities in Korea are based on the provisions of the Atomic Energy Act, its Enforcement Decree and Enforcement Regulation.
The ultimate responsibility for the safety of NPP rests with the operating organization. The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) has a general responsibility for ensuring the protection of public health and safety by regulatory control and safety inspection.
The Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS), entrusted with the regulatory work by the MOST, carries out technical assessment based on the licensing documents prepared by the utility and reports to the MOST on the assessment results. It also conducts safety inspections on all nuclear facilities, as regulated by the Atomic Energy Act.
VI.2. Nuclear Safety
The Atomic Energy Commission is the highest decision-making body for nuclear energy policy and is chaired by the Prime Minister. It was set up under the Atomic Energy Act.
The high-level Nuclear Safety Commission (NSC) chaired by the Minister of Science & Technology is responsible for nuclear safety regulation. It is independent of the AEC and was set up by amendment of the Atomic Energy Act in 1996. The regulatory framework is largely modelled on the US NRC.
The Ministry of Science & Technology (MOST) has overall responsibility for nuclear R&D, nuclear safety and nuclear safeguards.
The Korean Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS), an expert safety regulator, comes under MOST, as does the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), responsible for R&D.
The Technology Centre for Nuclear Control, responsible for nuclear material accounting and the international safeguards regime, was transferred from KAERI to KINS at the end of 2004 and has since been replaced by the National Nuclear Management and Control Agency (NNCA). Action is planned in 2006 to strengthen its independence.
The Ministry of Commerce, Industry & Energy (MOCIE) is responsible for energy policy, for the construction and operation of nuclear power plants, nuclear fuel supply and radioactive waste management. KEPCO, KHNP, KNFC, NETEC and heavy engineering operations come under MOCIE.
The safety of nuclear facilities inherently requires endless improvement. Research results are frequently applied to the system, design and operational procedures by means of feedback to improve operational safety.
MOST has established a long-term regulatory research and development program. The main topics are accident analysis, operational safety, and radiological and environmental safety enhancement. The program includes the following subjects:
• Effective implementation of safety regulation by MOST,
• Comprehensive implementation of security measures by utilities,
• Promotion of R&D for safety improvement, and
• Improvement of emergency preparedness.
VII. Safeguards
Since Korea joined the IAEA, the government has established and maintained a national system for nuclear material control and accounting to ensure that nuclear materials and other materials subject to NPT safeguards are used only for peaceful purposes and are also verified by following the Agency's full scope safeguards activities for all nuclear facilities in Korea. South Korea is a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) as a non-nuclear weapons state. Its safeguards agreement under the NPT came into force in 1975 and it has signed the Additional Protocol in relation to this
Furthermore, the government signed the Convention of the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material in April 1982 to improve and maximize the physical protection of nuclear materials and nuclear facilities.
The government has upgraded the current state system for nuclear material control and accounting by carrying out relevant R&D projects for the effective and efficient implementation of national and IAEA safeguards system.
In relation to the above, the government has developed a computer system to record and report the inventory changes of nuclear material, and amended the Atomic Energy Law and its Presidential Decrees to reinforce the national safeguards system.
VIII. Radioisotope Applications
The application of radiation and radioisotopes (R.I.) in Korea began in the early 1960's, initiated by several colleges, research institutes, and hospitals, mainly for research and medical purposes.
R.I. applications have gradually increased over the last two decades along with the nation's industrial development. Medical and industrial applications became active in the early 1970's with the operation of the TRIGA MARK- III research reactor in 1972 and of a large scale Co-60 irradiation facility in 1975 at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. The TRIGA MARK II, with a 250 KW thermal output, and the TRIGA MARK-III, with a 2,000KW thermal output, have played an important role in the R.I. applications in Korea. More than thirty radionuclides for industrial and medical use have been produced by these two reactors.
An irradiation plant with a capacity of Co - 60 50 kCi began operation in July 1987 with an aim to irradiate food and medical supplies for sterilization. Also, cancer research and treatment through the medical applications of radiation and radioisotopes are particularly active at KAERI's Korea Cancer Center Hospital (KCCH).
IX. International Cooperation
Korea is making its presence through active international cooperation
Korea actively participates in Multilateral and Regional Cooperation
1. Cooperation with the IAEA
Korea and the IAEA have maintained a desirable relationship ever since Korea joined the Agency as one of the initial member state in August 1957.
After a period of unilateral benefits from the Agency’s technical Cooperation projects, Korea now maintain a mutually beneficial cooperative relationship with the IAEA. Especially, following the MOU with the IAEA in 1998, Korea has continuously enhanced its nuclear technology education and training programs for developing countries.
As of 2007, there are 12 IAEA’s TC Projects (ROK/00/000) have been being conducted in Korea in relation to various fields such as: Human Resource Development, Sustainable Energy Development, Preparation of Labelled Compounds , Radioactive Waste Management Technology and Infrastructure, Contaminants and Residues in Food and Environment, Nuclear Medicine Imaging, Ground-Water Hydrology, Radiation Technologies and Tracer Techniques for Industrial Processes , Regulatory Infrastructure for Nuclear Safety , Medical Exposure Control and Operational Safety.
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2. Cooperation with RCA
Korea joined the RCA in 1974. With the establishment of RCARO in Deajeon, Korea in March 2002, the join R&D projects of the RCA for nuclear energy technology have been accelerated, not to mention an enhancement of the training, technical cooperation and exchange of information activities among the 17 member states of the Asia and Pacific region.
Korea has been actively participating in a number of RCA projects. These have proven to benefit the nation's industrial sectors, research organizations, and for academic circles. At present, Korea's involvement in RCA's on-going activities includes 12 individual projects in relation to industrial development, health care, food preservation, and environment.
3. Cooperation with FNCA
Korea joined the FNCA as a founding member in 1990. For an effective implementation of the FNCA projects (12 projects), the Korean projects leaders were nominated by the Government.
4. Bilateral cooperation
Korea has deepened and broadened its global cooperation activities.
Starting from the Agreement for Cooperation between the R.O.K and the U.S.A. concerning the Civil Uses of the Atomic Energy in 1973, Korea has entered in to bilateral agreements with 22 countries to promote cooperation in the development of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes within the framework of a nuclear non-proliferation.
As of Sep. 2007, the Korean Government has held periodical joint committees with the governments of 12 countries such as: Australia, Canada, Chile, China, France, Japan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Thailand, UK, USA and Vietnam.
The bilateral cooperation activities of Korea with countries other than those who hold joint committees include the mutual visits of the high-level government officials, dispatch of technology survey teams, and the organization of oversea technology exhibitions and seminars, etc.
KAERI
I. Introduction
Founded in 1959, KAERI, as the sole national nuclear R＆D research institution, has greatly contributed to strengthening the competitive edge of the nation's science and technology by achieving technological self-reliance in nuclear technology and expanding its research activities to other related areas.
From such a perspective, the localization of PWR and PHWR fuels, the designing and construction of HANARO, which is a world-class research reactor, and the development of Korea Standard Nuclear Plant (KSNP) set new milestones for the nuclear power program in Korea.
Yet, without dwelling on its achievements made in the past, KAERI plans to make preparations for the advanced age of the 21st century by continually increasing efforts in futuristic and innovative R & D activities such as the development of SMART which can be utilized for desalination, the development of the Generation IV nuclear system with more enhanced economics and safety features than the existing systems, and the development of nuclear hydrogen production technology. KAERI will also make strenuous efforts to expand our research areas by developing a proton accelerator and facilitate in the commercialization of the technologies developed by our institute by developing Radiation Technology (RT).
At the forefront of the national R＆D in science and technology and as the first to be established as a government-supported research institution in Korea, KAERI will prepare for the future calmly, and with patience, by concentrating on creative and innovative activities. In addition, KAERI will be reborn as a research institute which engages with the general public and netizens in a more intimate way by opening, to the public, our institute's R＆D activities and by securing a transparency in the institute's management. It is our hope that you will watch over our nuclear arena in the future in recognition of the fact that "nuclear energy is a must rather than an alternative in Korea with its scarcity of petroleum sources and a lack of natural resources.
II. Brief History
The Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, responsible for supporting the government in regulatory and licensing works, and the Nuclear Environment Technology Institute, responsible for low and medium level radioactive waste management, are also original spin-offs from KAERI.
KAERI established the present Korea Power Engineering Co., Inc.(KOPEC), responsible for not only the architectual engineering works of nuclear power plants, but also the design of the nuclear steam supply systems. KAERI also established the present Korea Nuclear Fuel Co., Ltd.(KNFC), responsible for designing and manufacturing PWR as well as PHWR fuels.
Milestones:
• March 1959 Atomic Energy Research Institute (AERI) established as an affiliate of the Office of Atomic Energy (OAE)
• March 1967 Administrative functions of the OAE transferred to the Atomic Energy Bureau (AEB), newly established within the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST)
• February 1973 Atomic Energy Research Institute (AERI), Radiological Research Institute (RRI), and Radiation Research Institute in Agriculture (RRIA) were merged into one to become the present KAERI
• October 1975 KAERI established the present Korea Power Engineering Corporation (KOPEC), a nuclear power plant architectural engineering company, as a sister organization
• December 1976 Korea Nuclear Fuel Development Institute (KNFDI) was established
• December 1980 KAERI merged with KNFDI and the name changed to the Korea Advanced Energy Research Institute November 1982 KAERI established the present Korea Nuclear Fuel Co., Ltd.(KNFC), a nuclear fuel manufacturer
• January 1988 Korea Cancer Center Hospital (KCCH) was recognized as an affiliate of KAERI
• December 1989 Name restored to the previous Korea Atomic Energy Institute
• February 1990 Nuclear Safety Center under KAERI became an independent organization known as the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS)
• September 1990 KAERI established the Nuclear Environment Management Center (NEMAC) as an affiliate of KAERI
• December 1996 In accordance with the national policy to streamline the domestic nuclear energy management system, activities of nuclear engineering, nuclear fuel designing, and radioactive waste management were transferred from KAERI to the other industries
III. Organization
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IV. Missions:
KAERI is the nation’s center for promoting the peaceful application of nuclear energy.
In order to fulfill its functions and to get the goal of leading Korea’s peaceful nuclear endeavours to success, KAERI has the following missions:
1. To develop state-of –the –art nuclear technologies
2. To secure innovative and creative technologies
3. To secure strategic core technologies
V. Main R&D activities in KAERI
The main R&D activities in KAERI cover the following areas (see Figure 2 below)
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Figure 2: Main activities of KAERI
V.1. Nuclear Basic Research
Nuclear basic research provides the foundation to achieve self-reliance in nuclear technology in the 2000s by applying future-oriented state-of-the-art technologies to the existing technologies to the existing technologies. KAERI puts great emphasis on the development of state-of-the-art technologies for future applications, such as laser technology, artificial intelligence, robotics, new nuclear materials, radiochemistry, radio-environment, and nuclear fusion.
Laser technologies are applied to remote metrology, surface treatment, precision processing, and decommissioning; a radiation-resistant robot improves the safety of operators working in nuclear power plants; new materials improve the endurance and quality of the power plant structure; radio-chemistry promotes the radioactive waste management technology; radio-environmental research analyzes and evaluates the effect of radiation; artificial intelligence is widely utilized to improve the I&C technology in nuclear power plant.
Also, KAERI has great interest in developing a nuclear fusion facility and has been actively involved in the international collaboration program.
V.2. Nuclear Safety Research
Securing the nuclear safety of nuclear facilities is a mandate for the development and utilization of nuclear energy.
The primary purpose of nuclear safety is to protect workers at nuclear facilities as well as the neighboring population and environment from hypothetical nuclear accidents.
KAERI is focusing its efforts on developing strategies to protect mitigate the consequences of hypothetical accidents such as loss of coolant accidents or severe accidents.
V.3. KALIMER Development
The Liquid Metal Reactor will play a key role in the 21st century through the effective use of uranium resources. KAERI is developing the Korea Advanced Liquid Metal Reactor, or KALIMER.
KALIMER, which is being developed by KAERI, is a more advanced reactor for the 21st century in terms of safety, economics, and environmental aspects.
It is also suitable for the peaceful use of nuclear energy because it is inherently proliferation resistant. If realized, it will effectively deal with the scarcity of resources through more efficient utilization of uranium resources than is currently possible.
It will also greatly contribute to securing the expertise and manpower in preparation for the "Nuclear Renaissance", which is expected to evolve over the next 10 years.
V.4. Advanced Reactor Technology Development
Development of a 330MW(th) integral-type advanced reactor-SMART (System-integrated Modular Advanced ReacTor)-with the implementation of advanced safety concepts and technologies, is extensively being carried out for its application of small-scale power generation and heat utilization. SMART, with its principles of passive safety, improves the safety as high as a factor of 100% compared to existing reactors through the elimination of LBLOCA (Large Break Loss of Coolant Accident) and through the evolution of technologies.
The reduction in the production of liquid radwaste improves the environment-friendliness and thus provides SMART with enhanced favor. The promotion of nuclear energy utilization can be achieved by its use in non-electric areas. SMART as a power reactor thus aims to provide heat energy for seawater desalination to generate electrical power.
The successful development of SMART will greatly contribute to the diverse utilization of nuclear energy technology and to the improvement of public welfare.
V.5. Advanced Fuel Technology Development
Currently, research projects in this field focus on the development of advanced fuel technology which assures improved safety, economics and maximum utilization as compared with the present technology.
In the area of PWR fuel, indigenous fuel parts and fuel design technologies with improved performance that are under development are CANDU advanced fuel, CANFLEX-NU and -RU, and uranium high-density research reactor fuel, which is needed to provide high-performance research reactors with LEU fuel.
V.6. Research on Back-end of the Fuel Cycle
Spent nuclear fuels from nuclear power generation require safe and efficient management for the long term. Korea has adopted a strategy for a reactor mix of PWR and CANDU.
This enables it to burn spent PWR fuels again in CANDU reactors to mitigate the enriching process of uranium and to reduce spent fuel arising.
KAERI has been developing the DUPIC technology for direct re-fabrication of CANDU-compatible fuels from spent PWR fuels, in cooperation with Canada, the U.S.A and the IAEA. Several other research programs are also being carried out at KAERI with the aim of safe isolation and management of highly radioactive elements by such methods as deep geological disposal, transmutation of long half-life nuclides, etc.
V.7. Research Reactor Utilization
The HANARO, a research reactor designed for 30MW thermal output, was constructed by KAERI in April 1995. The HANARO supports the active nuclear power development program as well as supplying an intensive neutron source for research and development of nuclear applications. Research and development is conducted using the HANARO in the field of nuclear fuel and material testing, the production of key radioisotopes, neutron activation analysis, neutron radiography, and others
HANARO is the nation's first multi-purpose, world-class research reactor designed and constructed by KAERI's own capability. HANARO achieved its first criticality on February 8, 1995 and the correctness and safety of its reactor design was verified through commissioning. HANARO, which has a 30MW thermal capacity and high thermal neutron flux(max.5 X 1014n/cm2 sec), has been utilized for various R&D areas such as fuel and material test, radioisotope production for medical and industrial use, neutron beam application study, neutron radiography and neutron activation analysis.
As the designs of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy and Cold Neutron Source are in good progress, the utilization of HANARO will be highly increased. Two small TRIGA reactors in Seoul, which were shut down when HANARO was put in operation, will soon be decommissioned and research on decontamination and decommissioning will be conducted through this process.
V.8. Research and Development on Radiation Technology Applications
KAERI's contribution to the broad use of radiation and radioisotopes application techniques for the medical, agricultural and industrial fields has been well recognized.
KAERI has been producing radioisotopes for medical and industrial use and supplying them to radioisotope-using hospitals and industries using a research reactor. The development of radioisotopes for industrial use, the development of radiation bioscience technology and research on food irradiation are some of the achievements that merit particular attention.
Recent achievement in the development of radiopharmaceuticals and radioisotopes are holmium-166 chitosan complex (166 Ho-CHICO) for the treatment of liver cancer, skin cancer and cystic brain cancer, iodine-131 capsules for the treatment of thyroid cancer, and iridium-192 sealed sources for brachytherapy and non-destructive test (NDT) uses.
V.9. Nuclear Training Center (Nuclear Human Resource Development Center)
The Nuclear Training Center was established in 1960 with the introduction of a course on the medical applications of radioisotopes.
The Center has offered high-degree training courses since its inception. Up until now, the Center has turned out about 26,000 trainees having completed specialized training courses.
The Center has become a reputable arena for manpower training in the nuclear sector with an equipped language lab, a computer room, an advanced compact nuclear simulator and all types of other labs in a three-story building.
The development of qualified nuclear manpower is the key in realizing the success of the localization of nuclear projects. The scope of training programs provided by the Center is immense. It encompasses training and education for industrial personnel and government employees involved in nuclear energy, and field training for domestic university in nuclear engineering departments as well as in-house education for KAERI employees.
Designated by the IAEA as the International Center for Excellence in 1997, the Center has also been playing an important role in the development of nuclear energy for international professionals with the focus on providing training and education for professionals from nuclear-interested countries for the extension of nuclear projects to foreign countries.
The Center is expected to become a top-notch Nuclear Center by developing a variety of quality training courses geared towards the future of the nuclear energy industry.
KAERI nuclear training center (NHRDC)
homepage:
V.10. Technical Cooperation among industries, academies and research institutes
KAERI has been assisting small & medium businesses to have competitive power by joint R&D, granting royalty-free proprietary information, and offering technical advice to them, etc.
It also aids small & medium businesses by participating in joint R&D consortiums, composed of the industries, academies and research institutes which are sponsored by the Small and Medium Business Administration.
KAERI established a TBI center on its premises in 1998 which provides offices, machines, equipment, and so on to enable its researchers to easily found their own business ventures by using valuable R&D experience and know-how.
Owing to KAERI's endeavor, it was named the most excellent TBI Center in the local community in 1999. From now on, KAERI will actively assist small & medium businesses to have competitive power and, will also support its researchers in establishing without difficulty their own enterprises in high technology.
V.11. Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS)
KIRAMS - the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences- is the nation's leading cancer center, which was founded in 1963 as the Radiation Medicine Research Center. In 1973, which was renamed the Korea Cancer Center Hospital and then in 2002, a new medical complex composed of a hospital, a research center, and the national radiation emergency medical center was established.
The Korea Cancer Center Hospital or KCCH, an affiliate of KAERI, is the nation's only general hospital with 614 beds specialized in cancer treatment.
The medical doctors in the 19 clinical departments of the hospital provide high-quality medical services for both cancerous and non-cancerous patients using state-of-the-art medical equipment such as a PET, MRI, a linear accelerator, a spiral CT, and an NT50. The hospital contributes to the enhancement of public health by conducting research on cancer, radiation therapy, nuclear medicine, and clinical medicine. In 2002, the KCCH separated from KAERI to become an independent institute under MOST.
For the last 40 years, KIRAMS has been the nation's most productive cancer center in the way of developing cancer diagnosis and treatment technologies. Since 1988, according to the national cancer database statistics, we have grown to become the largest cancer center serving 5% to 11% of the nation's cancer patients.
KIRAMS has the latest cutting-edge and comprehensive treatment services and facilities such as the PET/CT., the CyberKnife Center, and the Cancer Prevention Center. KIRAMS also maintains a high level of service by continually updating our medical services through various education programs and interactions with the world's most prestigious cancer centers such as the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York.
In addition to its primary focus on cancer care, KIRAMS has also developed a national networking system in preparation for future radiation disasters. During radiation emergencies, its facility serves to provide immediate and organized medical care to radiation-exposed patients.
By using the cyclotron in research, KIRAMS is able to produce Korea's very first medically useful radioisotopes.
The 13MeV cyclotron facility was also developed using our own technology. In cooperation with the Korean government, KIRAMS has pursued the distribution of the cyclotron technology to other local medical institutes. Also, KIRAMS has achieved other significant developments in research such as genetic treatment methods, nuclear imaging techniques, anti-cancer immunization boosting medicines, artificial skins, and others.
It is confident that KIRAMS will continue to make great contributions to improving the quality of life in Korea based on our past achievements and experiences in radiation medicine and cancer treatment technologies.
Korea Institute of Radialogical & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS)
homepage:
VI. Mid-and-Long-term Nuclear R＆D Programs
The Korean government has been pushing "Mid-and-Long-term Nuclear R＆D Programs" since 1992 with a strong commitment to enhance the capability of nuclear technology development in a systematic and effective way. The R＆D goal is to stand on a par with advanced countries (G7) in nuclear power technology by the early 2000s in terms of safety and economic value, and to establish a self-reliant base in national energy supply by upgrading technological self-reliance and making advances in nuclear technology.
Accordingly, KAERI, as the nation's sole comprehensive nuclear research institution, is making a great effort in developing technologies for an advanced nuclear reactor, proliferation resistant nuclear fuel cycle, and other advanced nuclear technologies with the prime goal of securing nuclear safety.
In addition, extensive research works are being carried out in the areas of radioisotope production and applications utilizing HANARO, development of new radiopharmaceuticals as well as the utilization of radioisotopes in agriculture, industry and medicine to promote public welfare.
VII. Nuclear R&D Projects Information
In KAERI, R&D projects have been carrying out covering the following:
A. Reactor Technology
1. KSNP(Korean Standard Nuclear Power Plants)
2. Liquid metal reactor design technology development
3. Development of integral reactor technology
4. Neutron beam application
5. Capsule development and utilization
B. Nuclear Fuel technology
1. High burn-up performance advanced PWR fuel cladding
2. Large-grained UO2 pellet
3. Duplex burnable absorbing pellets -1
4. Duplex burnable absorbing pellets-2
5. High performance advanced PWR spacer grid(flow mixing vane)
6. High burnup fuel performance analysis
7. Neutronic analysis code for MOX core
8. COSMOS:Fuel performance code for MOX and high
9. 2-Stage Continuous Dry Attrition Mill
10. Development of Atomized U-Mo Dispersion Fuel for Research Reactor
11. Development of CANFLEX-NU Fuel as a CANDU Advanced Fuel
12. Development of RUFIC Fuel as a CANDU High Burnup Fuel
13. An Advanced Fuel(PLUS 7) for Korea standard Nuclear Plants
C. Nuclear Safety Technology
1. Severe Accident Research-TROI Experiment Large-grained UO2 pellet
2. Thermal-Hydraulic Safety Research(I) : Technology Development for T/H TestsDuplex burnable absorbing pellets-2
3. Thermal-Hydraulic Safety Research (II):Tests for APR1400 New Design Features
4. Thermal-Hydraulic Safety Research(III):Development of Realistic System Code, MARSHigh burnup fuel performance analysis
5. NUCAS(NUclear Containment Analysis System) and SLMS(Structure Life Management System)
6. COSMOS:Fuel performance code for MOX and high
7. DynaRM(Dynamic Risk Monitor) SAMAT(Sever Accident Management Advisory and Training system)
8. Integrated Material DB & Structural Integrity Assessment
9. Development of Advanced Nuclear Structural Materials
10. Innovation of Functional Materials
11. .Development of theNPP-KINS/SAFE Code
12. .Development of a Nuclear Plant Analyzer
13. Development of the CARE System
14. Development of an Integrated Environmental Radiation Monitoring Network
15. Development of a Radiation Safety Information System
D. Nuclear Fuel Cycle technology
1. DUPIC Fuel Fabrication and Performance Evaluation
2. Nuclear Material Measurement Syatem in Highly Radioactove Hot Cell
3. DUPIC Robotic Contamination Cleaning System
4. Development of Advanced Spent Fuel Management Technology
5. Underwater Robot for Monitoring the Spent Fuel in a Storage Pool
6. Robot for Repair and Maintenance in the Sewer
7. Transmutation Technology Development of long-lived Radionuclides
8. Dismantling Equipment for HANARO Irradiared Capsule and Fuel Assembly (Capsuie Cutting Machine)
9. Radwaste Drum Gamma Analysis System
10. Development of β - γ Type Manipulator
11. Radioactive Waste Treatment Process
12. Research on Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry
13. Titanium Tritide Container for Wolsong Nuclear Power Plant
14. Development of an Integrated Safety Assessment Code for HLW Disposal
15. Evaluation Techniques of Deep Geological Environment
16. Development of a Deep Geological Repository System for HLW Disposal
17. .Nsss System Dilute Chemical Decontamination Technology Development
18. Radioactive/Poisoned Waste Decomposition Technology Development
19. Environmental Restoration Technology Development for Nuclear Accident
20. Decommissioning of Korea Research Reactors(KRR-1 & 2)
21. Decommissioning of Uranium Conversion Facility
22. Development of Decommissioning Technology
23. Development of Vitrification Technology of Treatment of Low-and Intermediate-Level Radioactive Wastes
E. Radiation Application Technology
1. Radiotracer Technology Development
2. Development of Functional Materials by Radiation
3. Development of Techniques for Environmental Treatment by Radiation
4. Ir-192 Radiographic Sealed Source Assembly and Projector
5. Therapeutic Application of Holmium-166 : A Success for Saving Lives
6. Development of Radiation Food Science & Biotechnology
7. Mutation Breeding research
8. Development of microbial pesticide by radiation
9. Development of plant biotechnology by low dose radiation
10. Development of Functional Foods for Radioprotection and Cancer Inhibition
11. Development of Immunomodulatory Supplement
12. Development of Cyclotron for Medical Use
13. Development of Bioartificial Skin
F. Advanced Technology development
1. Development of a Tunable Solid-State Dye Laser System
2. Chromatic laser weld monitoring/control technology
3. AMO Data Measuring Technology
4. Development of Laser Remote Sensing Technology
5. Remote and Non-contact laser measuring technology
6. Laser Decontamination/Decommissioning Research-Development of a High Power Chemical Oxygen lodine Laser(COIL)
7. Development of a High Power Diode-Pumped Solid State Laser(DPSSL)
8. Real-time radiological dose assessment system FADAS
9. Development of a TLD System for Radiation Measurement & Evaluation
10. Model Development for Assessing Radionuclide
11. Environmental Radiation Monitoring Technology
12. Discrimination between the biological effect of radiation and that of chemical mutagenes through the microanalysis of the gene
13. Mobile robot for calandria inspection of PHWR
14. Automatic Stairs & Obstacles Climbing Mobile Unit
15. Stereo Vision System for Tele-operation
16. Omni-directional mobile robot for the inspection of nuclear facilities
17. Underwater Robotic System for Surveillance and Inspection
18. Radiation Semiconductor Dosimeter for a Mobile Robot
19. Technologies for a Nuclear I&C System
20. Development of Human Factors Technology
21. Development of a Gas Electron Multiplier
22. Development of a High Current Proton Accelerator
23. Development of Beam Utilization & Application Technology
24. Development of an Explosive Detection System using a Proton Accelerator
25. Neutral Beam Heating System
26. Development of a RF Heating System
REMARKS:
• Korea has made considerable advances in Nuclear Energy in just half a century
• Nuclear Energy has enhanced the growth of Korea’s national economy, especially during the recent of price hikes
• Nuclear Energy is being highlighted as an environmentally-friendly energy resources
• Nuclear Energy development is strongly support by the policies of the Korean Government
• Korea has contributed to the sustainable development of the Global Society through its internal cooperation activities
MALAYSIA [pic]
The brief introduction about current status of nuclear energy research, development and application was presented for the RCARO staff members on 11th October, 2007.
Nuclear Malaysia History
➢ Nuclear Malaysia (formerly known as MINT) was established in 1972 as the Tun Ismail Atomic Research Centre (PUSPATI).
➢ PUSPATI was later renamed the Nuclear Energy Unit (UTN) in June 1983 on being placed under the auspices of the Prime Minister's Department.
➢ In October 1990, UTN was retransferred to the Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment (MOSTI), and assumed its new identity as MINT in 10 August 1994.
➢ In the quest for a distinct separation of roles between promotional and regulatory functions, UTN formulated Act 304, the Atomic Energy Licensing Act of 1984, paving the way for the establishment of the Atomic Energy Licensing Board as a separate entity, in February 1985.
• In April 2007 MINT was renamed the Malaysian Nuclear Agency-MNA (or Nuclear Malaysia) to reflect its role in promoting the peaceful uses of atomic energy.
Mission and Vision
• Vision:
A Premier Nuclear Institution
• Mission: the missions of MNA is to reach the excellence in research and applications of nuclear technology for sustainable development With the slogan:
“Nuclear Technology Propels the National Vision”
Organization
Plants And Facilities : 15
• PUSPATI TRIGA Reactor
• MINTec-Sinagama Irradiation Facility
• ALURTRON-Electron Beam Processing Service Centre
• RAYMINTEX Plant
• STERIFEED Plant
• Thermal and Renewable Energy Engineering
• Radioactive Waste Management Centre
• Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory
• Analytical Chemistry Laboratory
• Non-Destructive Testing Laboratory
• Non-Ionising Radiation Laboratory
• Environmental Laboratory
• Tissue Bank and Bio-product Laboratory
• Radioisotope Production Laboratory
• Flora Centre
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PUSPATI TRIGA Reactor
• PUSPATI TRIGA Reactor (RTP) is the only nuclear research reactor in Malaysia. It came into operation in 1982 and reached its first criticality on 28 June 1982. (TRIGA stands for Training, Research, Isotope Production and General Atomic).
• RTP is a pool type reactor, designed to effectively implement the various fields of basic nuclear science and education. It incorporates facilities for advanced neutron and gamma radiation studies as well as for application, including Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA), Delayed Neutron Activation Analysis (DNA), radioisotope production for medical, industrial and agricultural purposes, Neutron Radiography (NR) and Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS).
MINTec-Sinagama Irradiation Facility
• Nuclear Malaysia began developing of radiation processing of various products in 1989 at the Sinagama Plant. Currently known as MINTec-Sinagama, the plant is a certified MS ISO 9001:2000. The plant has been a tax-exempted area since 1999.
• The plant was initially designed as a multi-purpose pilot facility for research and development purposes and later diversified to offer services to the public for the sterilization of medical products and packaging materials, decontamination of food, pharmaceuticals, herbs and animal feeds, and the disinfestations of insects in agricultural commodities, including for quarantine purposes.
ALURTRON – Electron Beam Processing Service Centre
ALURTRON is an electron beam processing facility comprising EB machine (accelerator) and product handling system. There are 2 electron beam machines, the high energy 3.0 MeV (EPS-3000) and the low energy 200kV (Curetron) and supported by other laboratories providing dosimetry, polymer testing and microbiology services. EPS-3000 is widely used in R&D and commercial irradiation for cross-linking of wire insulation and heat shrinkable tubes; polyethylene hot water tube, polymeric materials and hydrogel; sterilization of pharmaceutical and medical products and devices; flue gas and waste water treatment. Curetron, on the other hand, is used for curing surface coating of various industrial applications based on wood, plastics and steel, including particleboard, fibreboard, aluminium paper and ink.
RAYMINTEX Plant
RAYMINTEX Plant is the first and only plant in the world dedicated to the preparation of radiation pre-vulcanized natural rubber latex (RVNRL). Advantages of RVNRL include the following:
– Better latex stability,
– Longer shelf life,
– Low modulus, soft latex products,
– Free from nitrosamines and low in nitro-stables,
– Free from chemical accelerators-induced allergies,
– Low ash residue and acid combustion gases upon burning,
– Non-copper staining,
– Improved biodegradability
STERIFEED Plant
Oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) are agricultural waste products that are either incinerated to produce bunch ash or simply left to rot. EFB will no longer remain as waste as it can now be processed into commercial animal feed with the launching of another of Malaysian Nuclear Agency’s pilot plant, the STERIFEED Plant. The plant was officially launched on June 13, 1996.
Currently, STERIFEED produces 10-15 tonnes of feed a month. The capacity of the plant will be upgraded to increase feed production
National NDT Technology Centre
This center has over 15 years of experience in identifying appropriate NDT methods and establishing procedures to solve inspection problems in the above mentioned industries.
• Research and Development
* Corrosion and deposit evaluation on pipe by radiography
* The development and evaluation of digital radiography system
* NDT for concrete and building structures
• Services & Consultancy
* Conventional NDT techniques
* Maintenance of gamma ray projector & X-ray verification
* Radiation Protection & Design or verification of exposure room
• Specialised NDT Services
* Advanced radiography techniques
* Ultrasonic imaging
* Acoustic emission system
* Maintenance gamma ray projector & X-ray verification
* Radiation Protection & Design or verification of exposure room
* Real time infra-red thermography inspection
* Multifrequency Eddy Current System
• NDT Products
* Eddy Current Probe
* Dummy Gamma Projector
Research & Development In MNA
• Industrial Technology
• Agro-technology And Bioscience
• Special Project
• Radiation Processing Technology
• Technical Services
• Current R & D Projects
• Waste & Environmental Technology
International Cooperation
• Malaysia has long-term cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Regional Cooperative Agreement (RCA), Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia (FNCA)
• Malaysia also has bilateral cooperation activities with other countries in the field of peaceful uses of nuclear energy such as: Australia (ANSTO), Japan (JAEA), China, ROK, India, Vietnam etc.
Cooperation with IAEA
As a developing Member State, Malaysia obtains TC assistance from the IAEA, participates in training course, fellowship and academic activity sponsored by the IAEA. In its turn, Malaysia tries to make due contributions to the technical assistance of the IAEA by way of providing voluntary contribution to TC assistance, sending abroad its experts, holding training course, etc.;
There are 10 Active National TC Projects in Malaysia as of 2007
❖ Manpower Development: 2 projects
❖ Radiation Chemistry :1 projects
❖ NDT and NDE: 2 projects
❖ Industrial application : 1 project
❖ Production of Isotopes : 1 Projects
❖ Ground-water Hydrology :1 projects
❖ Rad. Waste Management:2 project
REMARKS:
❖ Nuclear science and technology has been playing an important role in the overall development of science and technology, and socio-economy throughout the world. In general the application of nuclear science and technology consists of two major sectors, namely power generation and non-power applications
❖ Malaysia is an example of a developing nation benefiting the outcome of this technology. Private sectors as well as state-owned companies are typical beneficiaries of the technology in the country.
❖ The MNA as the sole nuclear research institute in the country plays a supportive role to promote wider application of the technology in the various sectors through aggressive research and development activities. MNA also plays an active role to ascertain safe use of the technology nationwide.
❖ Having the advantage of cutting across many subject boundaries, nuclear technology can be utilised in various economic sectors in Malaysia. The results of R&D in nuclear technology show the significant contribution to the economic prosperity and quality of life.
❖ Nuclear Power is expected to be brought forward after 2020 in Malaysia with two reactors built much sooner. (This intention has been reiterated from the Ministry of Science, Technology & Innovation (MOSTI))
MYANMAR [pic]
Myanmar has joined as a state member of IAEA since 1957. Myanmar has benefited from scholarships and training programme of IAEA.
In order to enhance the development of Science and Technology and to reinforce the State Development more effectively, the State Law and Order Restoration Council has established the Ministry of Science and Technology according to the declaration No. 33/96 on the 2nd October. H.E.U Thaung was appointed as the Minister of this newly formed 30th Ministry of the Government according to the Appointment order No. 6/96, dated the 2nd October, 1996.The MOST’s head-office is at No. 6, Kaba Aye Pagoda Road, Yankin Township on a (33) actre site
In this country, Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) is the Regulatory body in the nuclear filed. DAE was established in 1997 under the Ministry of Science and Technology, responsible for Atomic Energy Affairs.
I. MINISTRY OF SCIENCS AND TECHNOLOGY:
Departments of MOST
1. Myanmar Scientific and Technological Research Department ( MSTRD )
2. Department of Technical and Vocational Education ( DTVE )
3. Department of Advanced Science and Technology ( DAST )
4. Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)
5. Department of Technology Promotion and Coordination ( DTPC )
6. Materials Science and Materials Engineering Research Department ( newly established )
The Objectives
◆ To carry out Research and Development works for the national economic development
◆ To utilize the national resources so as to develop the economy, and raise the living standard of the people.
◆ To disseminate the technological know how achieved from the Research and Development works to the industrial and agricultural sectors in order to enhance the production
◆ To plan and carry out human resources development programs so as to obtain specialists and professionals in Science and Technology
◆ To analyze and test raw materials and finished products, and to implement quality control and standardization of industrial products.
◆ To coordinate research , development and use of Atomic Energy
Organization: the organization chart could be seen below
[pic]
Implementation programs: 2 sectors
❖ Developing Human Resource Sector
❖ Research and Development Sector
Tasks: developing human resources
❖ To fulfill the increasing demand of industries;
❖ To conduct courses on new academic fields so as to meet the needs of current situation;
❖ To enable qualified students to pursue advanced technologies;
❖ To disseminate technological know-how for the entire nation
II. DEPARTMENT OF ATOMIC ENERGY
Introduction
Myanmar's interest in nuclear energy for peaceful purpose is longstanding. As early as 1956, an Atomic Energy Division was established in the Union of Burma Applied Research Institute (UBARI)
The UBARI was recognized as the Central Research Organization (CRO) which again got a chance to the new name of Myanmar Scientific and Technological Research Department (MSTRD).
Until 1997, the AEC existed all along as a division under the UBARI, CRO and MSTRD.
In 1997, DAE was established as a new separate Government Department by combining the Atomic Energy Research Department and the Research Policy Direction Board.
The Myanmar Government is striving to acquire modern technology in all fields, including maritime, aerospace, medical and nuclear.
Objectives:
➢ To carry out research works for the development of nuclear technology in the country
➢ To carry out research, development and training in the field of atomic energy
➢ To protect radiation hazards or to implement nuclear radiation protection
➢ To coordinate with Government and Private Sectors for their nuclear technology applications and promotion
Missions:
➢ To carry out research, development and training in the field of atomic energy
➢ To ensure the safety of the radiation sources and the protection from nuclear radiation hazards.
Organizations: 4 departments
➢ Radiation Protection Department
➢ Radiation Application Department
➢ Reactor and Isotopes Department
➢ Administration and Finance Department
Manpower: about 200 employees (25% are trainees)
[pic]
Facilities
◆ Radiation Measurement Laboratory
This facility is equipped with radiation detectors, spectrometer for high resolution spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence analysis (using both isotope sources and tube excitation), air samples for environmental monitoring.
◆ Instrumentation Laboratory
This laboratory was established as part of the Agency assisted TC Project for Nuclear Instruments Repairs and Maintenance. It is provided with accessories equipment and tools required for a repair work. It is also capable of fabricating some nuclear related electronic modules.
◆ Radiation Dosimetry Laboratory
- The equipment used are TLD card readers and monitoring devices also provided by the Agency.
- It is providing dosimetry services for more than 440 radiation workers from 35 different government departments
- The DAE is extending personnel dosimetry services to the radiation workers on nation level. The number of radiation has increased during the last three years.
- The TLD badges are distributed to the workers to wear during their duty hours and checked the exposure dosage for every two months. Dosages of workers are recorded
◆ Gamma Irradiation Facility
- A 12,000 curies Cobalt gamma chamber (Gamma 5000 from BRIT, India) has been installed in 2000.
- It is providing irradiation for sterilization of tissues from Tissues Bank (also an IAEA undertaking). Irradiation for research including agriculture is just beginning.
◆ Non Destrutive Testing Laboratory
- An agency assisted project to establish an NDT laboratory started in 1995-96 in MSTRD.
- The facilities include Cs-137 Gamma radiography, x-ray radiography, ultrasonic, magnetic and dye-penetrant testing.
Current Activities:
◆ Services for monitoring of radioactivity;
◆ Preparing Atomic Energy Regulation in order to accomplish the provisions of Atomic Energy Laws;
◆ Insurance of licenses for importing and re-exporting of radiation sources;
◆ Radiation Dosimetry Services for radiation workers in the country
◆ Inspection of used radioactive sources and enforcement of regulatory compliance
◆ Determination of radioactivity in minerals and elementary analysis of ores by XRF
◆ Maintenance of nuclear instruments, calibration, and testing of nuclear and testing of instruments from various governments
◆ Sterilization of tissue grafts
◆ Determination of types and nature of minerals and compounds by XRD
◆ Study of radiation effects on various materials using Co-60 Gamma sources
◆ Technical cooperation with IAEA in case of expert visits, fellowships and training, scientific visits and participation in internal conferences
◆ Conducting national seminars and training courses for promoting new nuclear techniques
◆ For training and education, senior and junior scientists' conducts teaching and guidance for graduate and post-graduate students related with nuclear technology.
Nuclear Research Reactor:
◆ Burma is building a nuclear research reactor near May Myo (Pyin Oo Lwin) with help from Russia.
◆ The Military Junta had informed the IAEA in September 2000 of its intention to construct the reactor.
◆ The research reactor outbuilding frame was built by ELE steel industries limited of Yangon and water from Anisakhan/BE water fall will be used for the reactor cavity cooling system.
◆ Russia will provide Myanmar with its first nuclear reactor. The move has dismayed the United States which has long campaigned for acceleration in ex Burma’s democratic process. Russia's Federal Atomic Energy Agency, Rosatom, said it had reached a deal with the military junta to build a nuclear research centre. The plant will have a light-water reactor with a capacity of 10MW. It will use 20 per cent-enriched nuclear fuel. Russia's federal atomic energy agency insisted Myanmar had a right to peaceful nuclear technology - and said that there was "no way" it could use the reactor to develop nuclear missiles. The United States do not agree, they claim the country is not equipped with the necessary security standards to handle the atomic material; US State Department deputy spokesman Tom Casey said main concerns include “the possibility for accidents, for environmental damage, or for proliferation simply by the possibility of fuel being diverted, stolen or otherwise removed”. Moscow maintains that construction of the Burmese nuclear power plant will take place under the strict supervision of the International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA. It is still unknown, however where exactly the plan twill be built; unofficial sources speak of Pwint Phyu, a small city in the centre of the country, in the region of Magwe.
◆ Myanmar has been under US and European sanctions since 1990, when the Junta refused to accept the election victory of the opposition leader, Aung San Suu Kyi. The impact of the sanctions has been muted, however, because of countries such as China, India, Russia and Thailand, which are spending billions of dollars to gain a share of Myanmar's vast energy resources. Analysts believe its leaders have sought Russia's help in an attempt to balance its traditional and lopsided dependence on China.
Source: AsiaNews.it, 19 September, 2007
International Cooperation
With the IAEA
➢ Myanmar became the IAEA’s Member States in 1957
➢ Myanmar acceded to the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in December 1992.
➢ In April 1995, Myanmar signed the Safeguards Agreement with the IAEA.
➢ DAE, under the MOST, is responsible for atomic energy-related affairs, including international cooperation in this field
➢ Myanmar is also RCA’s Member State, and is keenly looking for opportunities to participate in the activities of RCA.
With RCA: Myanmar joined RCA since 1997 and benefited from the RCA’s Technical support.
This country has participated in 20 IAEA/RCA Projects for 2007/2008 Cycles in various fields as follow:
- Agriculture:
- Human Health
- Environment
- Industry
` - Energy
- Radiation Protection
- Research Reactor Utilization
- TCDC
REMARKS
Now, Myanmar is able to start nuclear applications in many areas. However the application of nuclear technology remains limited in Myanmar. The constraint is due mainly to the fact that isotopes have to be imported.
SINGAPORE [pic]
Introduction
◆ IAEA Membership: 5 January 1967
Periods Represented on the Board: 1968-70, 1998-2000, 2004-06 .
At present, there is SIN/9/016 National Project: “Strengthening Human Capacity in Nuclear Science and Technology with Emphasis on Safety and Emergency Response Planning”
◆ Multilateral Agreements
- RCA: Singapore joined in RCA in 1972
- RCA Projects: 1 (on Air pollution)
◆ International organization participation: APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, C, CP, ESCAP, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNIKOM, UNMEE, UNMISET, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT AGENCY (NEA)
The National Environment Agency (NEA) was formed under the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources (MEWR) on 1 July 2002 to focus on the implementation of environmental policies.
NAE Divisions:
◆ Corporate Services Division (CSD)
◆ Human Resource Division (HRD)
◆ Policy and Planning Division (PPD)
◆ Environmental Protection Division (EPD)
◆ Environmental Public Health Division (EPHD)
◆ Meteorological Services Division (MSD)
◆ Singapore Environment Institute (SEI)
The Divisions of Environmental Protection, Environmental Public Health, and Meteorological Services work together to ensure a quality environment for Singaporeans, for now and for generations to come.
The Environmental Public Health Division: ensures a high standard of public health through comprehensive ground surveillance and appropriate preventive measures. This Division is also responsible for the overall cleanliness in Singapore and a high standard of hygiene in our food retail industry. It also plays a lead role in enhancing our living environment through programmes such as the Hawker Centres Upgrading Programme (HUP) and Clean Public Toilets Programme.
The Meteorological Services Division continues to provide valuable weather information to support public health and socio-economic activities. It also issues haze alerts and provides vital meteorological services to the aviation and maritime communities and the military.
The Environmental Protection Division (EPD) plays a major role in protecting our environment, implements programs to monitor, reduce and prevent environmental pollution. It is responsible for the operation of the four refuse incineration plants and an offshore landfill in Singapore. In order to conserve resources and landfill space, the EPD implements programs to minimize waste generation, and maximize recycling and energy conservation.
The NEA works with its partners in the community, in industries and commerce, and the public sector to sustain a clean and healthy living environment loved and cared for by everyone.
REMARKS
◆ Singapore is a Member State of the IAEA and also RCA
◆ National Environment Agency NEA is State Management Organization in charge of Environmental issues, including radiation protection and nuclear science
◆ There is not much to say about nuclear in Singapore but the fact that this country is trying to promote nuclear science and techniques for civilian applications, especially in human health care and environmental protection
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-----------------------
Science, Technology
and Quality Control
Dept.
General Planning
Dept.
Aided Institutions (8)
1. Heavy Warter
Board (Mumbai)
2. Nuclear Fuel
Complex (Hyderabad)
3. Board of Radiation &
Isotope Technology
(Mumbai)
1. Nuclear Power
Corp. of India Ltd.
(Mumbai)
2. Indian Rare Earth
Ltd. (Mumbai)
3. Uranium Corp. of
India Ltd.
(Jaduguda)
4. Electronics Corp.
of India Ltd.
(Hyderabad)
5. Bharativa Nabhikiva
Vidvut Nigam Ltd.
(BHAVINI)
(Kalpakkam)
Dept. of Registration and
Licensing
1.Directorate of Purchase
& Stores (Mumbai)
2. Directorate of
Construction, Services
& Estate Management
(Mumbai)
3. General Services
Organization
(Kalpakkam)
1. Bhabha Atomic
Research Center
(BARC, Mumbai)
2. Indira Gandhi
Center for Atomic
Research (Kalpakkam)
3, Raja Ramana
Center for Advanced
Technology (Indora)
4, Variable Energy
Cyclotron Center
(Kolkata)
5. Atomic Minerals
Directorate for
Exploration &
Research
(Hyderabade)
Dept. of Legislation and
Information
Dep. of
International
Cooperation
Thailand Institute of
Nuclear Technology (TINT)
(Public Organization)
National Institute of Metrology
(Thailand)
National Synchrotron
Research Center
National Innovation
Agency
Office of Atoms
for Peace (OAP)
Dept. of Science
Service
Office of the Permanent
Secretary
Office of the Minister
Others
Others
Univ. of Dalat
HoChiMinh
National Univ.
Institute of
Physics
Institute for
Material Research
Others
Vietnam
Agency for
Radiation
and
Nuclear
Safety
& Control
VARANSAC
others
Vietnam
Atomic
Energy
Commission
VAEC
Hanoi Univ. of
Technology
HUT
Hanoi Univ. of
Natural Science
HUS
Institute of
Energy (IE)
Electricity of
Vietnam
(EVN)
Ministry of
Industry & Trade
Ministry of
Education & Training
Nuclear Medicine
Departments
X-ray Facilities
Radio-therapy
Ministry of Science
& Technology
Ministry of
Health
Prime Minister
Academy of
Science &Technology
Center for Nuclear Technique
Applications (CNTA, Dalat)
Hanoi Irradiation Center (HIC, Hanoi)
Technology Application & Development
Company (NEAD Co.,Hanoi)
Dept. of Planning
and
R&D Management
Dep. of
International
Cooperation
Dept. of
Administration
& Personnel
Institute for Technology Radioactive
& Rare Elements (ITRRE, Hanoi)
Institute for Nuclear
Science & Techniques (INST, Hanoi)
Research and Development Center
for Radiation Technology
(VINAGAMMA,HCM City)
Center for Nuclear
Techniques (CNT, HCM City)
Nuclear Research Institute
(NRI, Dalat)
VIETNAM ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION (VAEC)
GOVERNMENT
MINISTRY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (MOST)
Service
Organizations
Geo-Informatics and Space
Technology Development Agency
Nuclear Science Museum
Thailand Institute of Science
& Technological Research
National Science & Technology
Development Agency
1
2
3
1
2
4
3
Government Agency
Autonomous Agency
State Enterprise
Public Organization
4
THAI ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION
OFFICE OF ATOMS FOR PEACE (OAP)
18 Sub -Committees
Medical Application
Agricultural Application
Industrial Application
Licensing of Radioisotopes and Nuclear Materials (LRNMS)
Nuclear Law
Food Processing Technology
Reactor Safety (RSSC)
(Formation of Regulatory and Safety Standard for NPP and
Reactor Safety)
Etc.
Other Support groups
Bureau of Technical Support for
Safety Regulation
Bureau of Nuclear Safety Regulation
Bureau of Radiation Safety Regulation
Deputy Secretary General (1)
Bureau of Atomic Energy Administration
Deputy Secretary General (2)
Office of Secretary
Office of Atoms for Peace
18 Sub-Committees
Ministry of Science and Technology
Thai Atomic Energy Commission
Prime Minister
Ministry of Science and Technology
Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology
R & D
Unit
Nuclear Technology
Operation
Unit
Business
Development
Unit
Administration
Unit
Nuclear Technology
Service Center
Thai
Irradiation
Center
Isotope
Production
Center
Waste
Management
Center
Gem
Irradiation
Center
Dept. of
Administrative
& Planning
Center of Technical Suppopt
for Radiation & Nuclear Safety
VARANSAC Inspectorate
Industrial
Organizations
Dept. of
International Cooperation
Dept. Nuclear safety and Saguards
Vietnam Agency for Radiation and Nuclear Safety & Control (VARANSAC)
GOVERNMENT
MINISTRY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (MOST)
System Engineering
Department
Administration
Department
China Atomic Energy Authority (CAEA)
Ministry of Science and Technology
Public Sector
Undertakings
R&D Center
Atomic Energy
Regulatory Board
Department of
Energy (DAE)
DAE Science
Research Council
Atomic Energy
Commission (AEC)
Director
35 other Div.
Radiation
Medicine
Radiation
Biology
Research
Reactor Design
Reactor
Safety
Reactor
Project
Reactor
Physics Design
Reactor
Operation.
Reactor
Control.
Quality
Assurance
Material
Science
HRD Div.
Fuel
Chemistry
Heavy Water
Laser &
Plasma tech.
Medical
Mineral
Processing
Accelerator &
Pulse Div.
Metallic Fuel
Food Tech.
Environmental
Assessment
Electronics
Control
Instrumentation
Computer Div.
Chemical
Technology
Chemical
Engineering
Bio-organic
Back-end
Technology
Development
Atomic Fuels
Architecture
& Civil
Engineering
Applied
Physics
Analytical
Chemistry
Accelerator &
Pulse Div.
Reactor Project
Chemical
Engineering
Knowledge
Management
Health Safety
& Environment
Nuclear Fuel
Cycle
Nuclear Fuels
Materials
Chemistry
Reactor
Reactor Design
& Development
Radiochemistry
& isotope
Physics
Engineering
Services
Design,
Manufacturing
& Automation
Electronics &
Instrumentation
Chemical
Technology
Bio-Medical
Beam Tech.
Administrative
69 Divisions
19 Groups
Radiological and Medical Sciences
Nuclear Technology Cooperation
Nuclear Policy Study
Technical Cooperation among Industries,
Academies and Institutes
R&D on Radiation Technology Application
Nuclear Human Resource Development
Research Reactor Utilization
Advanced Fuel Technology Development
KALIMER Development
Advanced Reactor Technology Development
Nuclear Safety Research
Research on Back-End of the Fuel Cycle
Nuclear Basic Research
KAERI ORGANIZATION CHART
Business Development Center for NT
Nuclear R&D Resource Management
Public Information and Inter-Cooperation Div.
Nuclear Control and Safety Center
Policy and Planning
Advanced Radiation Technology Institute
(Jeongeup)
HANARO Application Research
Innovative Nuclear System Development
Advanced Nuclear Technology Development
Nuclear Safety Research
Sustainable Nuclear System Development
R&D Planning and Coordination
Auditor
President
Board of Trusty
Note: OECD/NEA: OECD/ Nuclear Energy Agency
CENTRAL AGENCY
PRIVATE SECTOR
UNIVERSITIES
R&D INSTITUTIONS
U.S.A Japan
France Russia
Vietnam Indonesia
ect.
RCA
FNCA
IAEA
OECD/NEA
REGIONAL
Program
BILATERAL
Program
Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST)
MULTILATERAL
Program
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION PROGRAM
COAL
HYDRO
OIL
GAS
NUCLEAR
COAL
GAS
NUCLEAR
HYDRO
17.716MW
OIL
Proton-based engineering technology
Expanding neutron facility and advancing application technology
Strengthening the base for core future technology development
Nurturing nuclear manpower
Strengthen the Base for
Developing Nuclear Technology
Radiation Fusion Technology
Radiation medical technology
Base technology of radiation
Develop Radiation Technology
To Meet Social Demand
Export-oriented nuclear reactor
Advanced Korean nuclear fuel technology
Develop Fundamental Technology for
National Competitiveness
NPP Safety assessment/verification technology
Safety management system of radiation and nuclear installations
Nuclear activities monitoring/radiation protection technology
Future reactor system technology
Core technology on nuclear fuel cycle
Enhancing NPP operating technology
Secure Nuclear Safety Technology to
Prevent Nuclear Disasters
Sustain Nuclear Energy Supply through
Developing Core Technologies
Goals
Objectives
To complete the development of SMART
To promote international cooperation foe the development of Generation IV reactors
To set up plans for raising nuclear –related industries as exportable items
To develop non-proliferation fuel cycle technology
To establish an advanced safety mechanism for nuclear and radiation safety
To set up a national physical protection system against the terror attack
Acquired the license for the standard design of APR 1400 reactor
Concluded the siting of the low and intermediate level radio-waste disposal facility
Completed the basic design of the system-intigrated modular advanced reactor (SMART)
aimed at electricity generation and seawater desalination
Develop the PLUS-7, the fuel for Korean standard light water reactor
Enacted the”Act on the Utilization of Radiation and Radioisotopes” for the promotion of
the radiation/radioisotopes application
Suppotrted the quality mediacl service through the estblishment and operation of a regional
cyclotron network by are
Establish the “Nuclear Safety Commission”
Introduced a” Periodic Safety Review (PSR)” system for the nuclear power plants
in operation
Revised the ”Laws Governing a Nuclear Accident Liability and Compensation”
Constructed the “Radiation Safety Information System”
Commenced with the operation of a “Civilian Supervisory Center for Environment
Radiation and Safety”
Increased No. of operating NPPs from 11 units in 1996 to 16 units in 2001
The 3rd
CNEPP
(2007-2011)
The 2nd
CNEPP
[pic]
+9?y{(2002-2006)
The 1st
CNEPP
(1997-2001)
To provide a stable electricity supply through the development
of nuclear energy as the primary source of electricity generation.
To achieve technological self-reliance in nuclear reactor fuel
cycle development
To make the nuclear industry one of the major export industries
through the participation of the private sector, and by actively
promoting the development of commercial nuclear technology
To expand the application of nuclear technology to medical,
agricultural, and industrial areas
1. Promoting Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy
2. Securing Nuclear Safety
3. Enhancing Nuclear Transparency
Goals
Basic
Direction
KNFC
KPS
WIN-Korea
KRIA
KONLA
KRWS
KANT
KSNT
WIN
KNEF
KHNP
NETEC
KOPEC
MOE
MOCIE
MOFAT
NSC
MOST
KNS
KAIST
KAIF
KAERI
KINAC
KINS
KEPCO
KEPRI
MOFE
AEC
Prime Minister
8 other Ministries
others
Ministry of Commerce and Industry
Meteorological
Institute
Meteorological
Administration
KAIST
KIRAMS
KAERI
KIGAM
KINS
Ministry of Science and
Technology (MOST)
Ministerial Council on
Science & Technology
National Council on
Science & Technology
26 Government-supported
Institutes
Presidential Council on
Science & Technology
Deputy Prime Minister
of Economy
Prime Minister
President
Malaysia Nuclear Agency
PUSPATI TRIGA
Reactor
MINTec-Sinagama
Irradiation Facility
Thermal and Renewable
Energy Engineering
Non-Ionising
Radiation Laboratory
Secondary Standard
Dosimetry Laboratory
Analytical
Chemistry Laboratory
STERIFEED Plant
Radioactive Waste
Management Centre
Radioisotope
Production Laboratory
Non-Destructive
Testing Laboratory
Tissue Bank and
Bioproduct Laboratory
Environmental
Laboratory
ALURTRON-Electron Beam
Processing Service Centre
RAYMINTEX
Plant
Flora Centre
Radiation Protection Dept.
Dept. of Atomic Energy
(DAE)
Ministry of Science
and Technology
Radiation Application Dept.
Reactor and Isotopes Dept.
Administration and Finance Dept.
5 other Departments
Administration and
Finance Dept.
Radiation Application
Dept.
Radiation Protection
Dept.
Reactor and Isotopes
Dept.
Administration
Div.
International
Relations Div.
Finance
Div.
Nuclear Technique Div.
Irradiation Div.
Radiation Biology
Research Div.
Health Physics Div.
Radioisotopes
Div.
Education & Training
Div.
Reactor
Div.
Regulatory Control Div.
Food & Environment
Monitoring Div.
Occupational & Medical
Exposure Control Div.
Waste Management
& Transport Div.
Dept. of Atomic Energy (DAE)
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