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THE WORLD in 1750: The world in 1750 was marked by powerful Eurasian states and empires, coastal African kingdoms, and growing European maritime empires. The interactions of these states, empires, and kingdoms disrupted regional trade networks and influenced the development of new global trade networks.

Major World Trade Routes in the 15th Century Major World Trade Routes in the 18th Century

Source: David John Lu, Sources of Japanese History, McGraw-Hill from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2005.

1. These rules reflect the Japanese policy of

A. totalitarianism B. interdependence C. appeasement D. isolationism

2. What was one result of the European Commercial Revolution?

A. decline in the spice trade B. the destruction of the papacy

C. the development of capitalism D. an increased reliance on bartering

3. Which action best represents what a historian should do when considering primary source evidence about a historical event?

A. reject the use of eyewitness accounts C. take into account different points of view

B. accept summaries written by journalists D emphasize the importance of religious values

4. What was a major cause for the shift in European trade from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean during the late 1400s?

A. Ottoman Turks seized control of Constantinople.

B. The Ming dynasty authorized Zheng He to make long-distance voyages.

C. The Tokugawa shogunate adopted an isolationist policy.

D. Christian crusaders captured Jerusalem.

Document A: In comparing the advantages of England for manufactures with those of other countries, we can by no means overlook the excellent commercial position of the country — intermediate between the north and south of Europe; and its insular situation [island location], which, combined with the command of the seas, secures our territory from invasion or annoyance. The German ocean, the Baltic, and the Mediterranean are the regular highways for our ships; and our western ports command an unobstructed [clear] passage to the Atlantic, and to every quarter [part] of the world. Source: Edward Baines, History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain, A.M. Kelly

Document B: The geographical features of Japan have much in common with those of ancient Hellas [Greece]. In both there is the same combination of mountain, valley, and plain, [and] a deeply indented coastline, with its bays, peninsulas, and islands off the coast. Few places inland are far removed from the mountains, and none are really distant from the sea.…

The land was on all sides well protected, and yet also open to the sea; and in each case, too, there was free access for commerce and civilisation from early times …The deeply indented coastline of Japan provides a number of excellent harbours on the Pacific coast, and its shores abound in fish of all kinds, the rich supplies of which have for centuries constituted one of the chief articles of food of the people. The fishing industries have helped to provide Japan with a recruiting-ground for one of the strongest and most formidable navies of modern times.

Source: Walter Weston, “The Geography of Japan in Its Influence on the Character of the Japanese People,” in The Japan Society of London, Transactions and Proceedings, XX (1922–1923)

5. An issue that is nested as a long-term impact within an Enduring Issue associated with both documents is

A. Scarcity B. Isolation C. Trade D. Disease

6. Which statement best describes the benefit of studying past events from multiple points of view?

A. Using primary sources allows historians access to official records.

B. Viewing history chronologically shows how eras overlap from one time period to the next.

C. Examining different perspectives gives a more complete picture of historical circumstances.

D. Evaluating the roles of specific individuals in history helps determine personal contributions.

7. Locke and Rousseau, as writers during the Enlightenment, expanded the concept of

A. Natural law B. self-sufficiency C. total war D. divine right

8. Historians need to determine the authenticity of a source in order to

A. establish its usefulness C. determine the characteristics of propaganda

B. reinforce popular opinion D. demonstrate the significance of religious beliefs

9. Which individual suggested the idea that if a government fails to protect its people’s natural rights of life, liberty, and property, the people have the right to overthrow it?

A. Karl Marx C. Thomas Hobbes

B. John Locke D. Niccolò Machiavelli

Historians follow rules to help them analyze primary sources. Some of the rules they use are:

• Every piece of evidence and every source must be read or viewed skeptically and critically.

• Each piece of evidence and source must be cross-checked and compared with related sources and pieces of evidence.

10. These rules are designed to help historians determine the

A. reliability of document information C. popularity of a publication

B. differences in belief systems D. laws of a civilization

11. People do not often create records for the benefit of historians. They produce them for other reasons...

— Chris Hinton, 1998

Based on this statement, historical sources often contain

A. facts that are completely balanced and reliable C. evidence that can be biased

B. accounts that represent all points of view D. summaries that detail research about the distant past

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Edict of 1635 Ordering the Closing of Japan

• Japanese ships are strictly forbidden to leave for foreign countries.

• No Japanese is permitted to go abroad. If there is anyone who attempts to do so secretly, he must be executed. The ship so involved must be impounded and its owner arrested, and the matter must be reported to the higher authority.

• If any Japanese returns from overseas after residing there, he must be put to death. . . .

• Any informer revealing the whereabouts of the followers of padres (Christians) must be rewarded accordingly. If anyone reveals the whereabouts of a high ranking padre, he must be given one hundred pieces of silver. For those of lower ranks, depending on the deed, the reward must be set accordingly. . . .

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