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AIM: What kinds of changes were transforming the societies of the West African Igbo and the North American Iroquois as the 15th century unfolded?Do Now: On the left side of the room, Examine Exhibit A 1&2, which are related to the Igbo society. Talk about these images with classmates. Think about the following: 1) What purpose did the object serve? 2) How is A1 connected to A2? On the right side of the room, Examine exhibit B. Talk about this image with a classmate.Describe what you see in this picture. 2) What was the importance of this activity to the Iroquois people? Explain its significance and provide analysis.I. The Shapes of Human Communities (A&B covered In yesterday’s lesson)A. In 1500, the world still had all types of societies, from bands of gatherers and hunters to empires, but the balance between them was different than it had been in 500.B. Paleolithic Persistence 1. gathering and hunting societies (Paleolithic peoples) still existed throughout all of Australia, much of Siberia, the arctic coastlands,and parts of Africa and the Americas2. they had changed over time, interacted with their neighbors3. example of Australian gatherers and huntersa. some 250 separate groupsb. had assimilated outside technologies and ideas, e.g., outrigger canoes, fish hooks, netting techniques, artistic styles, rituals, mythological conceptsc. had not adopted agricultured. manipulated their environment through “firestick farming”e. exchanged goods over hundreds of milesf. developed sophisticated sculpture and rock painting4. northwest coast of North America developed very differentlya. abundant environment allowed development of a complex gathering and hunting cultureb. had permanent villages, economic specialization, hierarchies, chiefdoms, food storage5. elsewhere, farming had advanced and absorbed Paleolithic landsC. Agricultural Village Societies1. predominated in much of North America, in Africa south of the equator, in parts of the Amazon River basin and Southeast Asia2. their societies mostly avoided oppressive authority, class inequalities, and seclusion of women typical of other civilizations3. example - Nigeriaa. Igbo peoples: dense population and trade, but purposely rejected kingship and state building. Q: Think about that. How can a society do that successfully? How was social order maintained?i. relied on other institutions to maintain social cohesionii. system was made famous in Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apartd. Igbo peoples traded among themselves and beyonde. the region shared common artistic traditionsf. all shifted from matrilineal to patrilineal system4. in what is now central New York State, agricultural village societiesunderwent substantial change in the centuries before 1500a. Iroquois speakers had become fully agricultural (maize and beans) by around 1300b. population growth, emergence of distinct peoplesc. rise of warfare as key to male prestige (perhaps since women did the farming, so males were no longer needed for getting food)d. warfare triggered the creation of the Iroquois confederationi. five Iroquois peoples made an agreement (the Great Law of Peace)ii. a confederation council was created to adjudicate disputes Q: How successful was the Confederation in its goals?iii. the Iroquois League of Five Nations ended blood feuds and tribal conflicts; coordinated Iroquois relations with outsiderse. some European colonists appreciated Iroquois values of social equality and personal freedom (even for women)i. descent was matrilinealii. married couples lived with the wife’s familyiii. women controlled agricultureiv. women selected and could depose officeholdersQ: Compare and contrast the Igbo and the Iroquois.Exhibit A 1, 2A1A2Exhibit B ................
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