PDF U.S. Farm Income Outlook for 2017

U.S. Farm Income Outlook for 2017

Randy Schnepf Specialist in Agricultural Policy October 4, 2017

Congressional Research Service 7-5700

R40152

U.S. Farm Income Outlook for 2017

Summary

According to USDA's Economic Research Service (ERS), national net farm income--a key indicator of U.S. farm well-being--is forecast at $63.4 billion in 2017, up 3% from last year. The forecast rise in 2017 net farm income comes after three consecutive years of decline from 2013's record high of $123.8 billion. Net farm income is calculated on an accrual basis. Net cash income (calculated on a cash-flow basis) is also projected to be up in 2017 but by a larger share (12.6%), driven largely by sales from previous years' inventory, to $100.4 billion.

The 2017 net farm income forecast is substantially below the 10-year average of $86.4 billion and would be the second lowest since 2003 in inflation-adjusted dollars. This is primarily the result of the outlook for continued weak prices for corn, soybeans, and cotton. Most crops and livestock product prices remain significantly below the average for the period of 2011-2013, when prices for many major commodities attained record or near-record highs. Net farm income is down 49% since 2013; net cash income is down 26%. Farm-sector production expenses have fallen slightly over that period (-1%) but not nearly as quickly as commodity prices and revenue, thus contributing to lower aggregate income totals.

Partially offsetting the decline in farm revenues is a rise in government payments since 2013 (+18%). In 2017, payments are projected at $13.0 billion, down slightly (-0.2%) from 2016. The Price Loss Coverage (PLC) and Agricultural Risk Coverage (ARC) revenue support programs for major field crops are expected to trigger payments of $8.4 billion in 2017, up 2.5% from 2016.

U.S. farm income experienced a golden period during 2011 through 2014, due to strong commodity prices and agricultural exports. In 2017 agricultural exports are forecast to be up 8%, at $139.8 billion, due largely to an improving economic outlook in several major foreign importing countries--but still well below 2014's record of $152.3 billion. U.S. agricultural exports are projected to account for 33% of farm sector gross earnings in 2017.

In addition to the outlook for slightly higher net farm income in 2017, farm wealth is also projected to be up 4% from 2016, to $3,075 billion. Farm asset values reflect farm investors' and lenders' expectations about long-term profitability of farm sector investments. The outlook for slightly higher farm income has reversed the decline in farmland values experienced in 2016. Because they comprise such a significant portion of the U.S. farm sector's asset base (81%), change in farmland values is a critical barometer of the farm sector's financial performance.

At the farm household level, average farm household incomes have been well ahead of average U.S. household incomes since the late 1990s. In 2015 (the last year for which comparable data were available), the average farm household income (including off-farm income sources) of $119,880 was about 51% higher than the average U.S. household income of $79,263.

The outlook for a slight rise in net farm income and farm wealth suggests that the farm economy has at least temporarily stabilized but with substantial regional variation. Relatively weak prices for most major program crops signal continued tough times ahead. Heading into 2018, the financial picture for the agricultural sector as a whole remains dependent on continued growth in domestic and foreign demand sources to sustain prices at current modest levels. Improvements in agricultural economic well-being will hinge on crop harvests and prices, as well as both domestic and international macroeconomic factors, including economic growth and consumer demand.

This report is an update of the February 2017 version to take account of USDA's August 30, 2017, farm income update and the August 29, 2017, U.S. agricultural trade outlook update.

Congressional Research Service

U.S. Farm Income Outlook for 2017

Contents

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 USDA's 2017 Farm Income Forecast .............................................................................................. 2

Selected Highlights ................................................................................................................... 2 Overview of U.S. Agriculture in 2017 ...................................................................................... 4

Crop Outlook ...................................................................................................................... 4 Livestock Outlook............................................................................................................... 6 Gross Cash Income Highlights.................................................................................................. 9 Crop Receipts...................................................................................................................... 9 Livestock Receipts .............................................................................................................11 Government Payments ...................................................................................................... 13 Production Expenses ............................................................................................................... 14 Cash Rental Rates ................................................................................................................... 16 Agricultural Trade Outlook ........................................................................................................... 17 Key U.S. Agricultural Trade Highlights.................................................................................. 18 Farm Asset Values and Debt .......................................................................................................... 21 Average Farm Household Income ................................................................................................. 23 On-Farm vs. Off-Farm Income Shares.................................................................................... 23 U.S. Total vs. Farm Household Average Income .................................................................... 24 Note on Aggregate Farm Household Data ........................................................................ 24 USDA Monthly Farm Prices Received Charts .............................................................................. 26 USDA Farm Income Data Tables .................................................................................................. 26

Figures

Figure 1. Annual U.S. Farm Sector Nominal Income, 1940 to 2017F ............................................ 3 Figure 2. Annual U.S. Farm Sector Inflation-Adjusted Income, 1940 to 2017F............................. 3 Figure 3. U.S. Corn Stocks Relatively Abundant, Price Down in 2017F........................................ 5 Figure 4. U.S. Soybean Stocks-to-Use Share Up, Price Down in 2017F ........................................ 5 Figure 5. Indexed Farm-Price-to-Feed Ratios for Cattle, Broilers, Milk, and Hogs ....................... 6 Figure 6. The MPP Margin Projected to Remain Above $8/cwt. in 2017 ....................................... 7 Figure 7. The U.S. Beef Cattle Inventory (Including Calves) Since 1960 ...................................... 8 Figure 8. Farm Cash Receipts by Source, 2000 to 2017F ............................................................... 9 Figure 9. Crop Cash Receipts by Source, 2008 to 2017F.............................................................. 10 Figure 10. Cash Receipts for Selected Crops, 2013-2017F............................................................11 Figure 11. U.S. Livestock Product Cash Receipts by Source, 2008 to 2017F............................... 12 Figure 12. Cash Receipts for Selected Animal Products, 2013-2017F.......................................... 12 Figure 13. U.S. Government Farm Support, Direct Outlays, 1996 to 2017F ................................ 13 Figure 14. Total Farm Production Expenses, 1970 to 2017F ........................................................ 15 Figure 15. Index of Prices Received versus Prices Paid, 1995 to 2017......................................... 15 Figure 16. Farm Production Expenses for Selected Items, 2016 and 2017F................................. 16 Figure 17. U.S. Average Farm Land Cash Rental Rates Since 1998 ............................................. 17 Figure 18. U.S. Agricultural Trade Since 2000, Nominal Values.................................................. 18

Congressional Research Service

U.S. Farm Income Outlook for 2017

Figure 19. U.S. Agricultural Export Value as Share of Gross Cash Income ................................. 19 Figure 20. U.S. Agricultural Exports Have Leveled Off Since 2011 ............................................ 19 Figure 21. U.S. Agricultural Trade: Bulk vs. High-Value Shares.................................................. 20 Figure 22. Real Estate Assets Comprise 81% of Total Farm Sector Assets in 2017F,

Inflation-Adjusted (2009 = 100) ................................................................................................ 22 Figure 23. U.S. Average Farm Land Values, 1985 to 2017 ........................................................... 22 Figure 24. U.S. Farm Debt-to-Asset Ratio Since 1960 ................................................................. 23 Figure 25. U.S. Average Farm Household Income, Adjusted for Inflation (2009 = 100), by

Source, Since 1960 ..................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 26. U.S. Farm Household Incomes Have Been Well Above Average Household

Income Since 1996, Adjusted for Inflation (2009 = 100)........................................................... 25 Figure 27. U.S. Farm vs. Average Household Incomes Expressed as a Ratio............................... 25 Figure 28. Monthly Farm Prices for Corn, Soybeans, and Wheat, Nominal Dollars .................... 27 Figure 29. Monthly Farm Prices for Corn, Soybeans, and Wheat, Indexed Dollars ..................... 27 Figure 30. Monthly Farm Prices for Cotton and Rice, Nominal Dollars ...................................... 28 Figure 31. Monthly Farm Prices for Cotton and Rice, Indexed Dollars........................................ 28 Figure 32. Monthly Farm Prices for All-Milk and Cattle (500+ lbs), Nominal Dollars................ 29 Figure 33. Monthly Farm Prices for All-Milk and Cattle (500+ lbs), Indexed Dollars................. 29 Figure 34. Monthly Farm Prices for All Hogs and Broilers, Nominal Dollars ............................. 30 Figure 35. Monthly Farm Prices for All Hogs and Broilers, Indexed Dollars............................... 30

Tables

Table 1. Annual U.S. Farm Income Since 2010 ............................................................................ 31 Table 2. Average Annual Income per U.S. Household, Farm Versus All, 2009-2017F ................. 32 Table 3. Average Annual Farm Sector Debt-to-Asset Ratio, 2009-2017F..................................... 32 Table 4. U.S. Prices and Support Rates for Selected Farm Commodities Since 2012/13

Marketing Year ........................................................................................................................... 33

Contacts

Author Contact Information .......................................................................................................... 34

Congressional Research Service

U.S. Farm Income Outlook for 2017

Introduction

The U.S. farm sector is vast and varied. It encompasses production activities related to traditional field crops (such as corn, soybeans, wheat, and cotton) and livestock and poultry products (including meat, dairy, and eggs), as well as fruits, tree nuts, and vegetables. In addition, U.S. agricultural output includes greenhouse and nursery products, forest products, custom work, machine hire, and other farm-related activities. The intensity and economic importance of each of these activities, as well as their underlying market structure and production processes, vary regionally based on the agro-climatic setting, market conditions, and other factors. As a result, farm income and rural economic conditions may vary substantially across the United States.1 However, this report focuses singularly on aggregate national net farm income and the status of the farm debt-to-asset ratio as reported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA's) Economic Research Service (ERS).2

Annual U.S. net farm income is the single most watched indicator of farm sector well-being, as it captures and reflects the entirety of economic activity across the range of production processes, input expenses, and marketing conditions that have prevailed during a specific time period. When national net farm income is reported together with a measure of the national farm debt-to-asset ratio, the two summary statistics provide a quick and widely referenced indicator of the economic well-being of the national farm economy.

Measuring Farm Profitability

Two different indicators measure farm profitability: net cash income and net farm income. Net cash income compares cash receipts to cash expenses. As such, it is a cash flow measure representing the funds that are available to farm operators to meet family living expenses and make debt payments. For example, crops that are produced and harvested but kept in on-farm storage are not counted in net cash income. Farm output must be sold before it is counted as part of the household's cash flow. Net farm income is a more comprehensive measure of farm profitability. It measures value of production indicating the farm operator's share of the net value added to the national economy within a calendar year, independent of whether it is received in cash or noncash form. As a result, net farm income includes the value of home consumption, changes in inventories, capital replacement, and implicit rent and expenses related to the farm operator's dwelling that are not reflected in cash transactions. Thus, once a crop is grown and harvested it is included in the farm's net income calculation, even if it remains in on-farm storage. Key Concepts Net cash income is generally less variable than net farm income. Farmers can manage the timing of crop and

livestock sales and of purchase of inputs to stabilize the variability in their net cash income. For example, farmers can hold crops from large harvests to sell in the forthcoming year, when output may be lower and prices higher. Off-farm income and crop insurance subsidies, both of which have increased in importance in recent years, are not included in the calculation of aggregate farm income. Crop insurance indemnity payments are included. Off-farm income is included in the discussion of farm income at the household level at the end of this report.

1 For information on state-level farm income, see "U.S. and State Farm Income and Wealth Statistics," available as part of the Farm Income and Wealth Statistics, Farm Income and Costs, Farm Economy Topics, Economic Research Service (ERS), USDA, at .

2 For a more detailed discussion of the issues in this report, see ERS, "Farm Sector Income and Finances: 2017 Farm Sector Income Forecast," August 30, 2017, .

Congressional Research Service

1

U.S. Farm Income Outlook for 2017

USDA's 2017 Farm Income Forecast

According to ERS, net farm income is forecast at $63.4 billion in 2017, up 3% from last year (Table 1).3 The forecast rise in 2017 net farm income comes after three consecutive years of decline from 2013's record high of $123.8 billion. The 2017 net farm income forecast is substantially below the 10-year average of $86.4 billion (Figure 1). In inflation-adjusted dollars, the 2017 forecast is the second lowest since 2003 (Figure 2). Net cash income is also projected to be up in 2017 but by a larger share (12.5%), driven largely by sales from previous years' inventory, to $100.4 billion. Since the record highs of 2013, net farm income and net cash income have fallen by 49% and 26%, respectively (Figure 1).

Selected Highlights

After three consecutive years of decline, net cash income and net farm income are both forecast to rise in 2017 relative to 2016. The downward trend in farm income since 2013 was primarily a result of the significant decline in most farm commodity prices since the 2013-2014 period.

Farm prices for most feedstuffs--feed grains, hay, and wheat--declined during both 2015/16 and 2016/17 as U.S. and global grain stocks rebuild (Table 4 and Figure 28 to Figure 31). In contrast, cotton and soybean prices showed resilience in 2016. The price outlook for 2017 is mixed.

Poultry, hog, and milk prices are all projected to be higher in 2017, albeit well below their market highs of 2014/15 (Table 4 and Figure 32 to Figure 35). Cattle prices are projected to be down slightly in 2017.

Government payments in 2017 are projected to be down slightly (-0.2%) to $13.0 billion (Figure 13). Lower marketing-assistance loan benefits and the end of the cotton ginning cost-share program, which paid $326 million in 2016, more than offset projected higher Price Loss Coverage (PLC) and Agriculture Risk Coverage (ARC) program payments of $8.4 billion--triggered by lower commodity prices. Outlays under the ARC and PLC programs (which are contingent on market prices) are intended to provide some relief for participating producers from the market downturn.

Total production expenses (Figure 14), at $355.1 billion, are projected to be up 1.3% in 2017, driven largely by replacement animal, labor, and interest costs.

U.S. farm prices are supported in part by global demand for U.S. agricultural exports (Figure 18), which are expected to rise to $139.8 billion (+8%) in 2017--still well below the record of $152.3 billion set in 2014.4

Farm asset values are projected to be up, at $3,075 billion (+4%) in 2017, as land values strengthen. A rise in farm debt to $390 billion (+4.4%) is expected to result in a rise in the debt-to-asset ratio to 12.7%, the highest level since 2011 (Figure 24).

3 The material presented in the report is drawn primarily from the 2017 Farm Sector Income Forecast of ERS at . 4 ERS, Outlook for U.S. Agricultural Trade, AES-101, August 29, 2017.

Congressional Research Service

2

U.S. Farm Income Outlook for 2017

Figure 1.Annual U.S. Farm Sector Nominal Income, 1940 to 2017F

Source: ERS, "2017 Farm Income Forecast," August 30, 2017. All values are nominal, that is, not adjusted for inflation. 2017 is forecast. All values are nominal.

Figure 2.Annual U.S. Farm Sector Inflation-Adjusted Income, 1940 to 2017F

Source: ERS, "2017 Farm Income Forecast," August 30, 2017. All values are adjusted for inflation using the chain-type gross domestic product (GDP) deflator, where 2009 = 100, Office of Management and Budget (OMB), Historical Tables, Table 10.1, ; 2017 is forecast.

Congressional Research Service

3

U.S. Farm Income Outlook for 2017

Overview of U.S. Agriculture in 2017

Crop Outlook

Normal weather conditions prevailed in most U.S. growing regions, with the notable exception of Montana and the Dakotas, where severe drought impacted the small-grain crops. The northcentral drought expanded in late summer into Idaho, Oregon, and Washington and parts of southern Iowa. As a result of the north-central drought, USDA is forecasting substantially lower yield and output for spring-grown barley and wheat crops in the affected states. Overall, 2017 U.S. wheat production is estimated to be down nearly 25% from last year. This production shortfall, coupled with continued strong export demand for U.S. wheat, is behind an 18% increase in the U.S. wheat farm price during the 2017/18 crop year to $4.60 per bushel--still below the $7.77 achieved in 2012 (Figure 28). Reduced rainfall also appears to have lowered sorghum, oat, and forage-crop prospects in affected regions. However, the effect on the corn and soybean crops appears minimal.

Corn and soybeans are the two largest U.S. commercial crops in terms of both value and quantity. These crops provide important inputs for the domestic livestock, poultry, and biofuels sectors. In addition, the United States is traditionally one of the world's leading exporters of corn, soybeans, and soybean products--vegetable oil and meal. As a result, the outlook for these two crops is critical to both farm sector profitability and regional economic activity across large swaths of the United States as well as in international markets. For the past several years, U.S. corn and soybean crops have experienced remarkable growth in both productivity and output. Both crops had record harvests in 2014, above-average harvests in 2015, and record harvests again in 2016, thus helping to build stockpiles at the end of the marketing year (Figure 3 and Figure 4) and pressure prices lower in U.S. and international markets (Figure 28 through Figure 31) in 2017.

Planted acres for both feed grains (101.8 million acres) and wheat (45.7 million acres) were down in 2017 by 6.4% and 9.0%, respectively, from 2016. However, soybean-planted acres were estimated at a record 89.5 million (+7.3%). The 2017 yield outlook for both corn and soybean crops is above trend (although down from the previous year's record highs) for both, with expectations for the second-highest soybean yield (49.4 bu./ac.) and third-highest corn yield (169.9 bu./ac.) on record. The record soybean plantings coupled with the strong yield outlook combine for an expected record large soybean harvest of 4.4 billion bushels in 2017. As a result of the expected record harvest, soybean prices are projected to be lower (-3.2%) at $9.20 per bushel. Despite lower area, yield, and production, U.S. corn supplies are expected to continue to build in 2017, thus pushing the expected crop-year price down 4.5% to $3.20/bu. The corn and soybean price forecasts for 2017 are the lowest since the 2006 crop year for both crops.

The length and severity of the California drought has important national implications for retail food prices. California production accounts for about one-third of U.S. vegetables, almost twothirds of U.S. fruit and nuts, about 20% of U.S. milk, and a substantial portion of wine.5 Abundant precipitation during the 2016/17 winter has alleviated drought conditions in much of the northern portion of the state. However, the drought, which began in 2012, persists in the lower third of the state.6

5 See CRS In Focus IF10133, California Drought: Water Supply and Conveyance Issues, by Betsy A. Cody; and CRS Report R44093, California Agricultural Production and Irrigated Water Use, by Ren?e Johnson and Betsy A. Cody. 6 See the U.S. Drought Monitor, September 5, 2017, .

Congressional Research Service

4

 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download