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Life Science

4th Quarter Review Sheet

I. Vocabulary

1. metamorphosis – a change in body form that an organism undergoes as it changes during development. One form does not resemble the next form. Metamorphosis allows organisms to specialize; each form is specialized to perform a certain function.

There are two types of metamorphosis:

• Complete metamorphosis – each stage is completely different:

Egg, larva, pupa, adult

• Incomplete metamorphosis – the second stage resembles the final stage:

Egg, nymph, adult

2. life cycle – a series of events or stages that happen regularly in a definite order. Each different organism has its own particular life cycle.

• All organisms go through these stages: birth, growth, reproduction, death

• Humans go through these stages: birth, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, death

3. life span – how long an organism can be expected to live. The average life span of a human is 75 to 80 years.

4. reproduction – the making of offspring. There are several types of reproduction:

• Budding – a bud forms on an animal and breaks off, forming a new organism. The new organism is a clone of the parent organism

• Regeneration – a new organism is produced from part of an original organism. For example, if cut in half, each half would develop into a new compete organism. The new organism is a clone of the parent organism.

• Fertilization – the joining of an egg cell from a female and a sperm cell from a male. The new organism is NOT a clone of the parent organism, it receives half of its genes from the female parent and half from the male parent.

5. embryo – the developing animal that is produced by fertilization.

6. heredity – the passing on of traits from parents to offspring.

7. gene – contained on chromosomes, these are pieces of DNA that determine traits of organisms

7. allele - one member of a pair or series of genes that occupy a specific position on a specific chromosome. An allele may be recessive or dominant. Recessive alleles are signified by lowercase letter and must be paired with another recessive allele in order for the recessive trait to be expressed. Dominant alleles are signified by an uppercase letter.

8. camouflage – blending into surroundings due to color.

9. mimicry – occurs when one organism imitates another in order to avoid predators. An example is the Viceroy butterfly; it mimics the Monarch butterfly because predators avoid the Monarch due to its bad taste..

10. adaptations – traits that help organism survive. Examples include a giraffe’s long neck or a polar bear’s white fur. Both camouflage and mimicry are types of adaptations.

11. inherited behavior – inborn behavior that does not have to be learned by an organism. There are two types of inherited behavior:

• Reflex – a simple, automatic behavior. An example is scratching an itch

• Instinct – a complex set of behaviors such as building a nest, spinning a web, migrating, and hibernating.

12. learned behavior – behaviors that are not inborn; animals must learn how to do them. Examples include finding food and going through a maze.

13. mutation – a change in the genetic code that can affect a chromosome or part of a chromosome. Mutations allow for adaptations to develop, but can also cause genetic disorders, such as Down Syndrome or Cystic Fibrosis.

14. genotype – the genetic code for a trait. For example, bb is the genotype for blue eyes

15. phenotype – the physical expression of a genetic code. For example, the phenotype for the genetic code Bb is brown eyes. The phenotype for a recessive trait can only be expressed if both alleles are recessive; for example, the phenotype blue eyes can only be expressed if the genotype is bb.

16. hypothesis – what you predict will occur in an experiment

17. data – information you collect while conducting an experiment

18. bibliography – a list of all resources used when conducting research or writing a paper

19. Gregor Mendel – the “founder of genetics”, he was an Austrian monk who first proposed the idea of dominant and recessive traits.

II. Concepts

1. Compare and contrast the three types of reproduction: budding, regeneration, and fertilization. (See chart on page B 61)

Budding, regeneration, and fertilization are all ways that animals reproduce. Budding and regeneration only require one parent and produce clones. Fertilization requires two parents, one male and one female, and does not produce a clone.

2. Discuss the peppered moths’ adaptations in England in the 1800’s. What does this say about camouflage and adaptations?

Before the Industrial Revolution, light colored moths were more common in England than dark colored moths. This is because the light colored moths were camouflaged against light color trees. The dark colored moths stood out against the light colored trees, but the light colored moths blended in with the trees and so predators did not see them as often. After the Industrial Revolution, pollution from factories covered the trees with soot that made the bark dark. This caused the light colored moths to stand out and the dark colored moths to be camouflaged. The dark colored moths were now more common than the light colored moths.

3. How did Gregor Mendel determine that there existed recessive and dominant traits?

Gregor Mendel bred a tall pea plant with a short pea plant, in hopes that the offspring would be medium pea plants. Instead, only tall pea plants were among the offspring. He determined that this was because the trait for a plant being tall was dominant and the trait for a plant being short was recessive. In other words, the plant offspring received one dominant (T) and one recessive (t) allele for height, making its genotype Tt. The dominant allele “overpowers” the recessive allele, causing the phenotype to be tall.

4. How does an organism inherit traits?

An organism inherits traits at the time of fertilization. Offspring receive half of their chromosomes from their female parent and half from their male parent. These chromosomes contain alleles, which are codes for single traits, such as eye color or hair color.

5. How is an organism’s sex determined?

Chromosomes it receives from its mother and father determine an organism’s sex. Females have an XX chromosome pair and males have an XY chromosome pair. Female parents contribute an X chromosome and male parents can contribute either an X or a Y chromosome. If the male parent contributes and X chromosome, the offspring will be female. If the male parent contributes a Y chromosome, the offspring will be male.

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