NAME



VITAMINS TABLE 2004

10/04

VITAMINS 2003

UW SCHOOL OF PHARMACY

Compliments of Professor Gary Elmer and the Rho Chi Honors Society at the University of Washington

|NAME |DEFICIENCY |TOXICITY |SOURCES |COMMENT |NOTES |

|Vitamin A |Night blindness, xeropthalmia, |Hypercarotenosis (with carotenoids): |Plants: carotenoids |Uses: deficiency, psoriasis, measles, acne. |Beta carotene supplements |

|(Fat soluble) |blindness, keratinization of |turn yellow but no harm. | | |not recommended for smokers|

| |epithelial tissues leading to |Hypervitaminosis A(retinol): |Animals: retinal (fish oil, |Functions: 1) vision; 2) normal differentiation of |(increased lung cancer |

|DV= 5000 IU |infections, impaired fertility. |hydrocephalus, N/V, hypercalcemia, |liver) |epithelial tissues; 3) growth; 4) involvement in |risk) |

| | |fatigue, malaise, joint pain, HA, |Stored in liver. |progesterone and corticosterone biosynthesis; 5) free| |

| | |blurred vision. | |radical scavenger/antioxidant (mostly carotenoids). | |

| | |Teratogenic (retinol): | | | |

| | |>50,000 IU/d can be toxic | | | |

|Vitamin D |Rickets, osteomalacia |Calcification of soft tissues (lungs, |Fish products, eggs, liver, |Uses: deficiency states: |Use with calcium is |

|(Fat soluble) | |kidneys). |fortified milk, sunshine. |1) hypoparathyroidism |important to minimize bone |

| | | | |2) osteomalacia and osteoporosis |loss of aging |

|DV= 400 IU | |Avoid high doses: | |3)decrease colon cancer risk | |

| | |400 IU/d toxic in infants | |Functions: necessary for absorption of Ca2+ from | |

| | |150,000 IU/d toxic in adults. | |intestinal mucosa.; activated to 1,25 dihydroxy D3 | |

|Vitamin E |Dietary deficiency is rare. |None. |Almost ubiquitous, esp. in |Uses: Intermittent claudication, nocturnal leg |Enthusiasm for high dose E |

|(Fat soluble) | | |plant oils. |cramps?, PMS?, topical use - scar prevention?; |for prevention of heart |

| |Neurological impairment and |Drug interactions: possible increased | |potential use in preventing heart disease and |disease and cancer has |

|DV=30 IU |hemolytic anemia observed in |bleeding with warfarin. |Not stored in liver. |prostate cancer but results are mixed |diminished |

| |deficient infants. | | |Functions: Antioxidant to prevent radical oxidation | |

| | | | |of lipids and membrane destruction. Role in coronary | |

| | | | |vascular diseases and cancer prevention.but data is | |

| | | | |conflicting | |

|Vitamin K |Bleeding. |Allergic reactions with IV use - |Spinach, cabbage, tomatoes, |Uses: | |

|(phytonadione) | |prefer IM administration. |other green vegetables. |1) anticoagulant overdose (K1) | |

|(Fat soluble) |Occurs fast since not stored in the| | |2) prevention of neonatal hemorrhage | |

| |body. | |Synthesized by intestinal |Functions: necessary for carboxylation of | |

|5-25 mg | | |flora. |gamma-glutamyl residues required for blood | |

|(no recommendation) | | | |coagulation (clotting factors IX, X, and XII need | |

| | | |Not stored in body. |carboxylation for activation).; same for osteocalcin | |

| | | | |and has use for decreasing bone fractures in | |

| | | | |postmenopausal women | |

|Thiamine (B1) |Early: anorexia, N/V, fatigue, |None, except for anaphylactic reaction|Most tissues and plants esp. in|Uses: | |

|(Water soluble) |weight loss, nystagmus, tachycardia|in repeated IV administration |lean meat, nuts, and vegetables|1) alcoholic deficiency | |

| |Late: beriberi, cardiac problems; | | |2) thiamine responsive inborn errors-defects in | |

|DV 1.5 mg |cerebral problems, depression, | | |pyruvate dehydrogenase | |

| |irritability, memory loss; GI: | | |3) Wernicke-Korsakoff | |

| |N/V, weight loss; | | |4) thiamine responsive megaloblastic anemia | |

| |Wernicke-Korsakoff | | |High alcohol or high carbohydrate intakes will | |

| | | | |increase demand for thiamin | |

|Riboflavin (B2) |Rare |None |Milk, meat, leafy |Uses: deficiency states | |

|(Water soluble) |Vegans: cheilosis, glossitis, | |vegetables, eggs, yeast |migraine | |

| |dermatitis | | |Functions: redox reactions, tissue respiration, | |

|DV 1.7 mg |(Diagnosis with glutathion | | |hydrogen transfer | |

| |reductase) | | | | |

|Pyridoxine (B6) |Rare: rash, peripheral neuritis, |>200 mg/d - decreased |Synthesized by intestional |Uses: | |

|(Water soluble) |anemia |prolactin |flora. Also, in milk, meat, |1) INH and OC therapy | |

| | | |whole grain, and beans |2) inborn errors | |

|DV 2 mg |Drug induced deficiency: INH, oral|>1-2 g/d - neuropathy, | |3) decrease homocysteine | |

| |contraceptive agents (OC) |stiffness, numbness, | |4) Carpal Tunnel Syndrome? PMS? | |

| | |tingling | |Function: amino acid metabolism | |

|Folic Acid |1) Megaloblastic anemia |None, except for masking signs of |Leafy vegetables, liver |Uses: deficiency states and prevention of birth | |

|(Folate) |2) Teratogenesis: |pernicious anemia | |defects; also to decrease heart disease via | |

|(Water Soluble) |3)spina bifida |(see B12 deficiency) | |decreasing homocysteine | |

| |4) increased cancer risk | | |Functions: | |

|DV 0.4 mg |Antagonists: MTX, TMP, alcohol, | | |1) methyl donor, for normal tissue differentiation | |

| |OC, phenytoin, N2O | | |2) decrease homocysteine | |

|Vitamin B12 |Rarely diet based; is absorption |None in normal doses |Only microorganisms can make |Functions: | |

|(Water soluble) |problem. | |B12 - meat. 2-5 mg stored in |1) methyl transfer reactions | |

| |Pernicious anemia due to inadequate| |liver: |2) rearrangement reactions | |

|DV 6 mcg |myelin syntheses. Megaloblastic | |0.1% turnover/day |3) myelin syntheses | |

| |anemia due to failure to recycle | | |4) decrease homocysteine | |

| |folates | | | | |

|Pantothenic Acid |Rare: fatique, muscle cramps, |None |Widespread in foods: |Uses: deficiency states; topically used for ulcers | |

|(B5) |peripheral neuropathy | |liver, meat, eggs, |and sores; also in hair growth products | |

|(Water soluble) | | |potatoes | | |

|DV 10 mg | | | |Functions: Precursor to CoA used in acyl transfer | |

|(4-7 mg is safe | | | |reactions. | |

|and adequate) | | | | | |

|Biotin |Avidin precipitates deficiency |None |Synthesized by intestinal |Uses: biotin responsive inborn errors | |

|(Water soluble) |state: | |flora. Also in eggs, meat, | | |

| |dermatitis, muscle pain, fatigue, | |nuts. |Functions: carboxylation reactions | |

|DV 0.3 mg |numbness | | | | |

| | | | |Active form: Carboxybiotin | |

|Niacin (B3) |Pellegra ("4D's"): dermatitis, |1 g - peripheral vasodilation, | |(To decrease flushing, pretreat with aspirin 1 hr | |

|(60 mg tryptophan replaces| |flushing, GI upset, ulcers, diarrhea, | |before niacin dose.) | |

|1 mg B3) | |liver damage, decreased glucose | | | |

| | |tolerance. | | | |

|Ascorbic Acid |Scurvy - decreased collagen |None |Broccoli, brussel sprouts, |Uses: alcoholism, promote healing after surgery, | |

|(Vitamin C) |synthesis: | |peppers, citrus products, |antioxidant. | |

|(Water soluble) |multiple hemorrhages, weight loss, |Large doses: could rarely precipitate|potatoes, and tomatoes. | | |

| |anemia, edema, tooth loss. |urate crystals by acidifying urine. | |Functions: | |

|DV 60 mg |______________________ |Large doses possibly contraindicated | |1) increases the rate of reactions | |

| |100-200 mg/d will saturate tissues.|in gout, cystinurea, and urate stones.| |tyrosine -----> epinephrine | |

| |500 mg will saturate body. | | |proline ------> hydroxyproline | |

| |Increased requirements in: | | |folic acid ---> THFA | |

| |pregnancy, smoking, lactating (100 | | |2) absorption of iron | |

| |mg/d). | | |3) water soluble free radical scavenger | |

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