Traditional Monetary Policy Tools of the Fed
Traditional Monetary Policy Tools of the Fed
|Name |Brief Description |How it Works |
|1. Open Market Operations |Buying and selling U.S. government bonds |Buying bonds from banks: Fed gives banks $$ in exchange |
| |(Treasury securities) to banks, bond |for bonds( Sm is increased (expands) |
| |dealers, and the public |Selling bonds from banks: |
| | |Fed gives banks securities and take their $$ (reduces |
| | |their reserve account at Fed) ( Sm decreased (contracts) |
|2. Reserve ratio (RR) |The amount of checkable deposits that a |If decrease RR ( banks have to keep less $ on reserve / |
| |bank is required to keep on reserve |have more to loan out ( Sm expands |
| | | |
| | |If increase RR ( banks have to keep more on reserve / |
| | |have less to loan out ( Sm contracts |
|3. Discount rate |The rate that the Fed charges member banks |If lowers discount rate ( cheaper to borrow ( increases |
| |for short-term (often overnight) loans of |reserves ( more $$ to lend out ( Sm expands |
| |reserves | |
| | |If increases discount rate ( Sm contracts |
|4. Federal Funds rate target |The rate that commercial banks charge to |Lowering interest rate target ( Sm expands |
| |each other for overnight loans of reserves | |
| |and other |Increasing interest rate target( Sm contracts |
| | | |
| |The Fed cannot set this rate – can only set| |
| |a target; manipulates rate through open | |
| |market operations | |
|5. Term Auction Facility |Fed is auctioning off reserves |Bids sorted highest to lowest based on interest rate |
| | | |
|Began December 2007 in response to mortgage|Fed holds 2 auctions/month |All borrowers pay same rate – lowest bid accepted |
|debt crisis (dramatic decrease in reserves)|Banks bid to borrow reserves for 28 days | |
| | |Bank sends IOU to Fed; Fed increases reserves of bank ( |
|LAST AUCTION |Banks anonymously submit bids that contain:|Sm expands |
|3/8/2010 |how much want to borrow | |
| |highest interest rate willing to pay |Ensures that ALL reserves that the Fed wishes to lend are|
| | |borrowed by banks! (anonymous – no market signal that |
| | |bank in financial trouble) |
NEW Monetary Policy Tools of the Fed
|Name |Brief Description |Begin Date |End Date |
|1. Paying interest on reserves held|To increase incentives for banks to hold |Orig. scheduled to begin |N/A |
|at Fed |reserves |10/1/2011 | |
| | |Began 10/1/2008 | |
|2. Primary Dealer Credit Facility |Fed expands discount window loans to primary |September 2008 |1/30/2009 |
|(PDCF) |dealers in exchange for a “wide range” of | | |
| |collateral (formerly only lent to commercial | |Extended to |
| |banks) to increase the amount of bank reserves | |4/30/2009 |
| | | |(on Dec. 2, 2008) |
| | | | |
| | | |EXPIRED 2/1/2010 |
|3. Term Securities Lending Facility|Auctions of Treasury securities in exchange for |September 2008 |1/30/2009 |
|(TSLF) |collateral to the NY Feds primary securities | | |
| |dealers | |Extended to |
| | | |4/30/2009 |
| |No impact on bank reserves. Goal: increase | |(on Dec. 2, 2008) |
| |liquidity and help financial markets function | | |
| | | |EXPIRED 2/1/2010 |
|4. Asset-Backed Commercial Paper |Loans to banks to purchase ABCP from a money |September 2008 |1/30/2009 |
|MMMF Liquidity Facility |market mutual fund (MMMF) | | |
| | | |Extended to |
| |No impact on bank reserves. Goal: increase | |4/30/2009 |
| |liquidity of ABCP. The MMMF can sell the paper | |(on Dec. 2, 2008) |
| |to raise $$ to pay out redemptions | | |
| | | | |
| | | |EXPIRED 2/1/2010 |
|5. Commercial Paper Funding |Fed buying short-term (3 month) commercial paper|October 2008 |4/30/2009 |
|Facility (CPFF) |(either unsecured or asset-backed) | | |
| | | |EXPIRED 2/1/2010 |
|6. Money Market Investor Funding |Loans to private sector to purchase CDs, bank |November 2008 |4/30/2009 |
|Facility (MMIFF) |notes, and commercial paper issued by financial | | |
| |institutions | |EXPIRED 10/30/2009 |
Source:
NOVEMBER 2008 - Fed announces plan to buy up to $600 billion of mortgage-backed securities and $200 billion to holders of securities backed by consumer credit debt (CCs, cars, etc.)
= TALF (Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility)
NOVEMBER 2010 – Fed announces second round of Quantitative Easing (QE2); purchase of $600 billion of Treasury bonds from member banks (ENDED)
SEPTEMBER 2011 – Fed announces known as “Operation Twist” moving from short-term into long term debt (swaps t-notes/bills for bonds)
SEPTEMBER 2012 – Fed announces it will buy $40 billion of MBS per month to keep rates low
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