Spanish Grammar Cheatsheet 1 - Matt

[Pages:24]Spanish Grammar Cheatsheet

1

Version 2014-06-17 | CC-BY-SA 3.0 | Matthias Ansorg | ma.

Adjectives, Adverbs, Nouns: Comparison

equality

tan + adjective / adverb + como form of tanto + noun + como

inequality

menos + word + que

"less ... than ..."

m?s + word + que

"more ... than ..."

mejor / peor / mayor / menor + que

elative

-?simo, -?sima (m,f)

superlative def.art. + menos + adj. + de def.art. + m?s + adj. + de def.art. + mejor / peor / mayor / menor + de

Adjectives: Gender and Number

m

f

sg -o, -dor, -?n, -?n

-a, -dora, -?na, -?na -e, -ista

pl

-[sg]s

(sg ends in vowel)

-[sg]es (sg ends in consonant)

Articles

definite (m,f,n)

sg el la lo

pl los las

indefinite (m,f) un una

unos unas

Nouns: Gender and Number

m

f

sg -e, -l, -ma, -n, -o, -pa, -r, -s, -ta

-a, -dad, -i?n, -tad, -tud, -umbre, -z

-[sg]s

(sg ends in vowel)

pl

-[sg]es (sg ends in consonant)

-ces

(sg ends in z)

Pronouns: Demonstrative

this (near) (m,f,n)

that (far) (m,f,n)

sg este

ese

esta

esa

esto

eso

pl estos estas

esos esas

that (farest) (m,f,n)

aquel aquella aquello

aquellos aquellas

Pronouns: Object: of a preposition (informal)

1st (m,f)

2nd (m,f)

3rd (m,f,n)

sg m?

ti

?l

"

"

ella

ello

pl nosotros nosotras

vosotros vosotras

ellos ellas

Pronouns: Object: of a verb (informal)

1st (m,f)

2nd (m,f)

3rd (m,f,n)

(in)direct

(in)direct

direct

indirect

sg me

te

"

"

le, lo la lo

le / se " "

pl nos

os

"

"

los

les / se

las

"

Also attached to infinitives, pos. imperatives, present participles. se: used when a direct object is also present ? "darselo".

Pronouns: Possessive

1st (m,f)

2nd (m,f)

3rd (m,f)

sg mi

tu

su

"

"

"

pl nuestro nuestra

vuestro

su

vuestra

"

Also as poss. adjectives (add -s for agreement with plural nouns).

Pronouns: Subject

1st (m,f)

2nd (m,f,formal)

sg yo "

t? " usted

pl nosotros nosotras

vosotros vosotras ustedes

3rd (m,f,n)

?l ella ello

ellos ellas

Verbs: Aux Verbs (present indicative)

"irregular"

1st

2nd

3rd

estar1 sg estoy

be

pl estamos

est?s est?is

est? est?n

haber sg he have pl hemos

has hab?is

ha, hay3 han

ir

sg voy

vas

va

go

pl vamos

vais

van

ser2

sg soy

eres

es

be

pl somos

sois

son

1currently / temporarily, 2naturally / permanently, 3"there is / are"

Verbs: Compound Tenses

be about to

estar + a punto de + inf. "estoy a punto de llorar"

comp. future ir present + a + inf.

"voy a tomar"

cond. perfect haber conditional + past part. "habr?a ido"

do again

volver + a + inf.

"vuelvo a hacer"

future perfect haber future + past part.

"habr? llegado"

passive

estar + past part.

"estoy mirado"

perfect

present of haber + past part.

"he llegado"

past perfect

haber preterite + past part.

"hube venido"

progressive

estar + present part.

"estoy veniendo"

terminative

acabar + de + inf.

"acabo de pensar"

Verbs: Conditional

1st

-ar

sg pl

-ar?a -ar?amos

-er

sg pl

-er?a -er?amos

-ir

sg pl

-ir?a -ir?amos

2nd -ar?as -ar?ais -er?as -er?ais -ir?as -ir?ais

3rd -aria -ar?an -eria -er?an -iria -ir?an

Verbs: Imperative

Informal Positive

Informal Negative1

-ar

sg pl

-a -ad

No + -es No + -?is

-er

sg pl

-e -ed

No + -as No + -?is

-ir

sg pl

-e -id

1 No + 2nd present subj.

No + -as

No + -?is Formal: (No +) 3rd present subj.

Spanish Grammar Cheatsheet

2

Version 2014-06-17 | CC-BY-SA 3.0 | Matthias Ansorg | ma.

Verbs: Imperfect Indicative

1st

2nd

-ar

sg -aba pl -?bamos

-abas -abais

-er, -ir

sg pl

-?a -?amos

-?as -?ais

3rd -aba -aban -?a -?an

Verbs: Imperfect Subjunctive (I)

1st

2nd

-ar

sg -ara pl -?ramos

-aras -arais

-er, -ir

sg -iera pl -i?ramos

-ieras -ierais

3rd -ara -aran -iera -ieran

Verbs: Future

1st

-ar

sg pl

-er

sg pl

-ir

sg pl

-ar? -aremos -er? -eremos -ir? -iremos

2nd

-ar?s -ar?is -er?s -er?is -ir?s -ir?is

3rd

-ara -ar?n -era -er?n -ir? -ir?n

Verbs: Participles

Present Part. (Gerund)

-ar

-ando

-er, -ir -iendo

-ado -ido

Past Part.

Verbs: Present Indicative

1st

2nd

-ar

sg pl

-o -amos

-as -?is

-er

sg pl

-o -emos

-es -?is

-ir

sg pl

-o -imos

-es -?s

3rd -a -an -e -en -e -en

Verbs: Present Subjunctive

1st

2nd

-ar

sg -e pl -emos

-es -?is

-er, -ir

sg pl

-a -amos

-as -?is

3rd -e -en -a -an

Verbs: Preterit

1st

-ar

sg -? pl -amos

-er, -ir

sg pl

-? -imos

2st -aste -asteis -iste -isteis

3rd -? -aron -i? -ieron

Vocabulary (prepositions, conjugations, question words)

about

sobre

of

de

after

tras

of the

del ( ................
................

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