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Scientific Method, Characteristics and Basic Needs Study Guide – Unit 1 Test The Scientific Method Problem (ask a question) “What is the effect of ___IV___ on ____DV____?Hypothesis – form a hypothesis in an “IF ….THEN….” formatExperiment – identify IV and DV, constants, control (if you have one), procedureObservations – record the data (data table, charts, graphs)Conclusion – did your data support or not support your hypothesis?Communication – let people know about the results of your experiment*The scientific method is a process through which scientists solve problems and investigate scientific phenomena. The 6 steps of the scientific method do not have to always be in the same order, and not all steps are used in every experiment. Sometimes you may have to go back and revise your hypothesis or the design of your experiment, depending on your results. Scientists usually repeat their experiments many times to ensure that the results are reliable. Additional vocabulary for the scientific method:Experimental Group – the group that the “change” or what is being tested is used on. Example: in an experiment where there is vitamin juice given to workers to see if the juice makes them produce more work, the group that would get the juice is the experimental group. Control Group – the group that the “change” or what is being tested is not used. Example: in an experiment where there is vitamin juice given to workers to see if the juice makes them produce more work, the control group would not be given the vitamin juice.Constants - the parts of the experiment that stay the same example: amount of fluid they drink, other foods in the diet, the tasks assigned to the workersIndependent Variable - the one thing I change example: the type of fluidDependent Variable - the result of the change, what is measured. Example: productivity of workersTheory – a hypothesis that has been supported by a great deal of dataQualitative Data – based on the 5 sensesQuantitative Data – based on measurements and numbersCharacteristics and Basic NeedsAll living things have cellsAll living things are unicellular or multicellular. Uni = one and multi = manyThis is the organization on life Cells tissue organ organ systems organisms Away to think about this is a cell is the smallest living thing. A group of cells working together is called tissue, a group of tissues working together is called an organ, organs working together make up an organ system, and all of your organ systems working together make up an organism.All living things excreteAll living things need to eliminate waste from their bodies to stay healthy. Some wastes our body gets rid of are carbon dioxide from our lungs, lactic acid and urea from our skin, and digestive waste from our intestines.All living things reproduceStudents should know the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction in which only one parent is needed, and sexual reproduction is a type in which two parents are needed.All living things sense and respond to stimuliA stimulus is anything in an environment that causes a reaction, and a response is the reaction to that stimulus. For example in the winter, cold weather is a stimulus, shivering is the response to the cold temperature. Your body starts to shiver to make your muscles work to generate heat to bring your body temperature up. This is because your body is trying to maintain homeostasis, which means maintaining a constant internal environment. left617918500All living things have DNAAll living things have Deoxyribonucleic Acid, or DNA. It is the blueprint of your body and holds all of your genetic information in it. You get half of your DNA from mom, and half of your DNA from your dad, which is why you look a little like both of them. The passing down of these traits from parents to offspring is called heredity. All living things grow and developAlthough multicellular organisms are made up of more than one cell, they started off as only one. Over time, they divided over and over to become the multicellular organisms they are. Most living things have a general development from when they are first born to when they are a full adult. Remember, the larger the organisms, the more cells it has, it is not that their cells are bigger!!!!!!!!!All living things use energyAll organisms use energy. What is different between some organisms is how they get their energy. Some organisms are producers and some are consumers. Producers are organisms that can make their own food, they are also called autotrophs, like plants and some bacteria.Consumers are organisms that need to eat food, they are also called heterotrophs, like animals.If an organism has ALL seven of these characteristics, then we call it biotic.If an organism does not have ALL seven characteristics, then we call it abiotic.Abiotic= nonliving Biotic= living or was once livingBasic Needs of Animals and PlantsPlants and animals need five things in order to survive. The needs directly tie in to some of the characteristics they have. Below are the basic needs of plants and animals.Plants need: Animals need:Carbon dioxide from the air Oxygen from the airSpace to grow and develop Space to grow and developWater WaterMinerals to help with processes and health Food to convert into energySunlight to help with photosynthesis Shelter to help maintain homeostasis371475304800035718755143500AbioticNonliving factors in the environment Biotic Living factors in the environment UnicellularMade of a single cell Stimulus Anything that affects the activity of an organism, organ or tissueResponseAny reaction to a stimulusHomeostasisThe maintenance of a constant internal environment MulticellularMade of many cellsSexual ReproductionReproduction in which two cells join to form a zygote; offspring share characteristics of two parents Asexual ReproductionReproduction in which a singleParent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. DNA Deoxyribonucleic acidHereditary material that controls all the activities of the cell. Provides instructions for making proteins.DigestionBreaking down of food so that it can be used by the bodyMetabolismThe rate of how fast your body turns food into energy HeredityThe passing of traits from parent to offspring.IngestionThe taking in of food into the bodyFood for us ................
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