The Cell



ATP and Cellular Respiration

One of the most important compounds that cells use to store and release energy is ______________________________________ (ATP). ATP can easily ______________and ______________ energy by _______________ and _____________ bonds between its phosphate groups. This characteristic of ATP makes it exceptionally useful as a basic energy source for all cells. It is an efficient way to _______________ store energy that can quickly be released by one simple reaction.

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How is ATP used?

Energy is stored in the __________ between the ______________ ______________ in ATP. A phosphate group bond can be broken, ______________ useable energy for the cell.

Converting between ATP and ADP

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ATP is not a good molecule for storing large amounts of energy over the ______________________. It is more efficient for cells to keep only a small supply of ATP on hand. Cells can ______________ _______ from _______ as needed by using the energy in foods like glucose. A single molecule of glucose stores more than ______ times the chemical energy required to add a phosphate group to recharge ATP from ADP.

How can our cells continuously recharge ATP? Where does the energy come from?

Cellular Respiration

__________________________________-process by which the chemical energy of “food” molecules is released & partially captured in the form of ATP

Cellular Respiration can be divided into 3 processes:

1.

2.

3.

Each step releases more and more of the energy stored in glucose.

Stages of Cellular Respiration- each stage occurs in a different location

1. Glycolysis-in the __________________

2. Krebs Cycle -in the ______________________________

3. Electron Transport Chain -at the _____________ of the_________________ mitochondrial membrane

Each molecule of glucose can generate a total of _____ ATP molecules during the 3 steps of cellular respiration.

______________________-breakdown of glucose inside the cell; “________________________”

Gylcolysis Products

High energy electrons are produced as glucose is broken down and must be carried by

enzymes(NAD+) to the Electron Transport Chain.

Net gain of ____ATP molecules and 2 NADH as glucose is converted to pyruvic acid;

Glycolysis does not require ______________; it is an anaerobic process.

Most of glucose’s energy (______%) remains locked in the __________________ of pyruvic acid at the end of glycolysis.

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If oxygen is not present after glycolysis:

If oxygen is not present (________________respiration), then pyruvate will go through the process of _________________________.

Fermentation- a process by which ______________ can be released from food molecules in the _____________ of oxygen. Fermentation occurs in the __________________ of cells.

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During fermentation, cells convert ____________ produced by glycolysis back into the electron carrier __________, which allows glycolysis to continue producing __________.

2 types of fermentation

1.Lactic Acid Fermentation

In animals, _______________ acid is converted to _____________ acid when it accepts electrons from _____________, regenerating ___________

When you cannot supply enough ____________ to your muscles fast enough, such as during vigorous exercise, ___________________ forms to help produce more _______.

Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid that is used to produce beverages such as __________________ and foods such as ____________________

______________________.

2. Alcoholic Fermentation

Only occurs in ________________and some other microorganisms; Pyruvic acid is broken down into ______________________

Causes bread dough to ____________, produces tiny __________ in beer & sparkling wine as well as the _______________ content; an ______________ process

If oxygen is present after glycolysis:

Pyruvate will move to the ____________________ when oxygen is present (_____________________ respiration)

The Krebs Cycle

In the second stage of cellular respiration, the pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis is broken down into ____________________ in a series of energy-extracting reactions;

_____________________ break down pyruvate to carbon dioxide and generate a pool of energy (2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2) through_______________;

_______ is released in this process; this is why we exhale CO2

Kreb’s Cycle Products Per Glucose Molecule

For each glucose molecule, __ CO2 molecules, ___ ATP molecules, ___ NADH molecules, and ____ FADH2 molecules are produced.

___________________ are molecules formed by electron addition. They accept electrons from ________________.

ETC Electron Transport Chain

The electron transport chain produces the _____________ of the energy in cellular respiration by using _________________, a powerful electron acceptor.

The electron transport chain uses high-energy _________________ to convert ________ into _________; it allows the release of the large amount of chemical energy carried in __________ and ___________

Total Breakdown of Glucose

Glycolysis ( ___ ATP

Krebs Cycle ( ____ ATP

ETC ( _____ ATP

Total( _______ ATP from aerobic cellular respiration

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This represents about ____ percent of the total energy of glucose. The remaining ______ percent is released as ____________.

Overall equation for Cellular Respiration:

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