The Cell
ATP and Cellular Respiration
One of the most important compounds that cells use to store and release energy is ______________________________________ (ATP). ATP can easily ______________and ______________ energy by _______________ and _____________ bonds between its phosphate groups. This characteristic of ATP makes it exceptionally useful as a basic energy source for all cells. It is an efficient way to _______________ store energy that can quickly be released by one simple reaction.
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How is ATP used?
Energy is stored in the __________ between the ______________ ______________ in ATP. A phosphate group bond can be broken, ______________ useable energy for the cell.
Converting between ATP and ADP
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ATP is not a good molecule for storing large amounts of energy over the ______________________. It is more efficient for cells to keep only a small supply of ATP on hand. Cells can ______________ _______ from _______ as needed by using the energy in foods like glucose. A single molecule of glucose stores more than ______ times the chemical energy required to add a phosphate group to recharge ATP from ADP.
How can our cells continuously recharge ATP? Where does the energy come from?
Cellular Respiration
__________________________________-process by which the chemical energy of “food” molecules is released & partially captured in the form of ATP
Cellular Respiration can be divided into 3 processes:
1.
2.
3.
Each step releases more and more of the energy stored in glucose.
Stages of Cellular Respiration- each stage occurs in a different location
1. Glycolysis-in the __________________
2. Krebs Cycle -in the ______________________________
3. Electron Transport Chain -at the _____________ of the_________________ mitochondrial membrane
Each molecule of glucose can generate a total of _____ ATP molecules during the 3 steps of cellular respiration.
______________________-breakdown of glucose inside the cell; “________________________”
Gylcolysis Products
High energy electrons are produced as glucose is broken down and must be carried by
enzymes(NAD+) to the Electron Transport Chain.
Net gain of ____ATP molecules and 2 NADH as glucose is converted to pyruvic acid;
Glycolysis does not require ______________; it is an anaerobic process.
Most of glucose’s energy (______%) remains locked in the __________________ of pyruvic acid at the end of glycolysis.
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If oxygen is not present after glycolysis:
If oxygen is not present (________________respiration), then pyruvate will go through the process of _________________________.
Fermentation- a process by which ______________ can be released from food molecules in the _____________ of oxygen. Fermentation occurs in the __________________ of cells.
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During fermentation, cells convert ____________ produced by glycolysis back into the electron carrier __________, which allows glycolysis to continue producing __________.
2 types of fermentation
1.Lactic Acid Fermentation
In animals, _______________ acid is converted to _____________ acid when it accepts electrons from _____________, regenerating ___________
When you cannot supply enough ____________ to your muscles fast enough, such as during vigorous exercise, ___________________ forms to help produce more _______.
Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid that is used to produce beverages such as __________________ and foods such as ____________________
______________________.
2. Alcoholic Fermentation
Only occurs in ________________and some other microorganisms; Pyruvic acid is broken down into ______________________
Causes bread dough to ____________, produces tiny __________ in beer & sparkling wine as well as the _______________ content; an ______________ process
If oxygen is present after glycolysis:
Pyruvate will move to the ____________________ when oxygen is present (_____________________ respiration)
The Krebs Cycle
In the second stage of cellular respiration, the pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis is broken down into ____________________ in a series of energy-extracting reactions;
_____________________ break down pyruvate to carbon dioxide and generate a pool of energy (2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2) through_______________;
_______ is released in this process; this is why we exhale CO2
Kreb’s Cycle Products Per Glucose Molecule
For each glucose molecule, __ CO2 molecules, ___ ATP molecules, ___ NADH molecules, and ____ FADH2 molecules are produced.
___________________ are molecules formed by electron addition. They accept electrons from ________________.
ETC Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain produces the _____________ of the energy in cellular respiration by using _________________, a powerful electron acceptor.
The electron transport chain uses high-energy _________________ to convert ________ into _________; it allows the release of the large amount of chemical energy carried in __________ and ___________
Total Breakdown of Glucose
Glycolysis ( ___ ATP
Krebs Cycle ( ____ ATP
ETC ( _____ ATP
Total( _______ ATP from aerobic cellular respiration
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This represents about ____ percent of the total energy of glucose. The remaining ______ percent is released as ____________.
Overall equation for Cellular Respiration:
................
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