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4637405-638175Build a BattleshipThis program is intended for 3rd – 12th grade with modifiers based on age groupsExamine the three primary components of a battleship: propulsion, armor, and armament. Use this knowledge to design your own battleship factoring in the problems that the designers of real ships faced.The idea of this program is that each table of people gets a packet (see the end of this lesson plan) and a worksheet. Each group has to decide whether they want more guns, more armor, or a faster ship. There is no right answer. Lesson Plan:One of the most obvious parts of what a ship will look like is how long it is and how wide it is. When building BB62 the navy knew that she needed to be able to go through the Panama Canal. The narrowest part is 110 feet. So how wide can the battleship be? 108 ft and 3 in.Someone figured out that there is an optimal length to width ratio [Have older kids actually work the math, 7.96 x (beam) = ideal length] and thus she is 887 ft, 7 in. That is as big as a ship can possibly be to fit in the Panama Canal. What dictates what our ship will look like? Weight and CostWhen a battleship was being designed there were two main constraints the designers had to balance, one was weight. International treaties in the 1920's and 1930's said battleships could not displace more than 35,000 tons standard. After subtracting your hull and the weight of all of the small things like crew, food, and fuel, you still have 55 million tons of displacement to work with.Who can guess what the other limit was? (people often say the navy, that isn't right, eventually someone will answer government) What branch of government decides how much can be spent? Congress/legislative Congress tells the Navy how much money they have to spend on their ships. Today you have $200 million to spend.?You are going to have to balance three different things in your design. Can anyone guess what one of those things are. (often you get buoyancy, no that is covered by weight). Armor, firepower, and speed are the three things you'll have to balance but you don't have enough money and displacement to do everything well.?We let our students use calculators, but this is basic math, so depending on your classroom priorities, the program isn’t majorly more time consuming to not use calculators, but it can help if your focus is on the history and less the math part. We recommend that students pick guns last regardless of their priority, because those two will cost the most in both weight and money and if they start with guns then tend to have a ship that can’t leave port. They may add as many of and as many types of guns that they like. The last class of battleships that the American Navy built, and the last active battleships in the world had major guns and immense armor, but the priority of the shipbuilders were speed. In that class was the battleship USS New Jersey, the fastest battleship that the world ever built. You will choose your components to make what you think is the best battleship. ContextBattleships were the most powerful surface warships in the world during the 20th century. The battleship building race between Germany and Great Britain was one of the causes of World War I. After the war, the navies of Great Britain, the United States, and Japan got into a second building race. To stop the expenditure and forestall a possible future war the war weary victors met in Washington DC in 1922 to sign the Washington Naval Treaty, the first international arms limitation treaty in history. The treaty required each navy to destroy many of their older battleships, cancel battleship under construction, and not build new battleships for a decade. New battleships would be limited to 35,000 tons standard displacement and guns of 16” or smaller. The signatories met in London in 1930 to extend the building holiday and again in 1936. At this Second London Naval Treaty, the countries that would become the Axis powers backed out of the treaty. The countries that would become the Allies invoked and “Escalator Clause”, allowing them to increase the size of their ships to 45,000 tons standard displacement. In addition to the weight being limited by international treaty, the cost was also limited. In the United States the Navy does not get to choose how much to spend on a new ship. The legislative Brach, Congress, gives the Navy a budget. These are the limits Iowa-class battleship like USS New Jersey were built to. It took years and a lot of hard decisions and compromises to come to a final agreement on the design. Battleships are comprised of three different aspects, guns, armor, and speed. There is never enough weight and money to build a ship that excels at all three of these things so designers have to intentionally choose what they want to highlight and what compromises they have to accept. Two competing designs that were worked on simultaneously, one that was traditional like all previous American battleships and focused on guns and armor at the expense of speed, and one, which focused on speed first, and guns second at the expense of armor. In the end, the fast design was selected and built. Because it takes so long to design a battleship navies rarely built just one of each design. In fact there were 6 Iowa-class ships were authorized and four were eventually completed. Most American battleships were named after states. Modern warships are often named after famous people and sometimes after places or famous older ships. Be sure to pick names for the ships in your class. Each designer can pick a name. 37649155969000Engines: 0100330You may select only 1 engine scheme. While your ship will likely have multiple engines and boilers, you only need to pick the type of engine that you will have.020000You may select only 1 engine scheme. While your ship will likely have multiple engines and boilers, you only need to pick the type of engine that you will have.4076700889000Armor:0159385You may select only one armor scheme. This chart shows you where the different types of armor are. 020000You may select only one armor scheme. This chart shows you where the different types of armor are. 350520020701000Guns: 0337820You may add as many guns as you would like, within your weight and budget limits. This chart is merely an example of where New Jersey’s guns are, minus many Anti-Aircraft guns.020000You may add as many guns as you would like, within your weight and budget limits. This chart is merely an example of where New Jersey’s guns are, minus many Anti-Aircraft guns.Engine OptionsOption:Max SpeedHorsepower:Range:Weight:Cost:NotesSteamTurbine A33kn212,000Travelling at 15 knots, 15,000 nautical miles9,990,000 lbs$65,000,000Eight Water tube boilersFour geared steam turbinesfour shaftstwo ruddersTurbo Electric Drive A32kn180,000Traveling at 10 knots,10,000 nautical miles7,352,000 lbs$63,000,000Sixteen water tube boilersSixteen turbo generatorEight Four shaftsOne RudderSteamTurbine B30kn172,000Travelling at 15 knots,15,000 nautical miles7,352,000 lbs$61,000,000Eight 2 drum boilersFour geared steam turbinesFour shaftsTwo ruddersSteamTurbine C27kn130,000Traveling at 15 knots,15,000 nautical miles6,064,000 lbs$58,000,000Sixteen water tube boilersSixteen turbo generatorsEight MotorsFour shaftsTwo RuddersDiesel Generator25kn56,000Travelling at 19 knots,16,300 nautical miles6,064,000 lbs$54,000,000Four 9 cylinder diesel enginesTwo shaftsOne RudderTurbo ElectricDrive B21kn28,900 electrical horsepowerTravelling at 10 knots,8,000 mi2,046,000 lbs$48,000,000Eight water tube boilers Eight turbo generatorsFour motorsFour shaftsOne rudderArmor Options:Turret FaceBarbetteDeckBeltConning TowerTotal Weight:Total Cost:Heavy Balanced22.5”21”9.5”16”External angled 19*18”32,700,000$85,000,000Heavy Long Range21”16”11”14”External straight16”36,900,000$88,000,000Heavy Close Range26.5”24”7.5”18”External angled 19*21”34,200,000$83,000,000Medium Balanced18”17”6”12”Internal angled 19*17”31,200,000$82,000,000Medium Long Range14.5”13”8”10” Internal Straight12”31,800,000$83,000,000Medium Short Range22”22”4.5”14”ExternalAngled 19*18”30,800,000$81,000,000LightHigh Speed12”9”3”9”ExternalAngled 11*6”24,800,000$67,000,000GunWeightCostRate of FireRange Armor Piercing Ability Notes:Main Battery18”/48 Ship to Ship Ship to Shore4,800,000 lbs$4,600,0001.5 Rounds/minute39,700 yardsAt 10,000 yards can pierce 34” of armor.Japanese started using this type of gun without American knowledge in World War II. 16”/50 Ship to Ship Ship to Shore4,400,000 lbs$4,000,0002 rounds/minute36,700 yards At 10,000 yards can pierce 26.2” of armorThis was possibly the best battleship gun ever put into service14”/50 Ship to Ship Ship to Shore3,200,000 lbs$3,500,0001.75 rounds/minute36,800 yardsAt 10,000 yards can pierce 20.12” of armorDuring the battleship modernization program of the 1930s, the 14”/50 Mark 11 was used to rearm the New Mexico and Tennessee Class Battleships 12”/50 Ship to Ship Ship to Shore2,200,000 lbs$3,550,0002.75 rounds/minute33,600 yardsAt 10,000 yards, can pierce 18.23” of armorDesigned to fire the new “Super Heavy” AP ProjectileSecondary Battery 6”/47 Ship to ShipShip to Shore382,502 lbs$1,000,00012 Rounds/minute23,500 yardsAt 10,000 yards, can pierce 3.2” of armorUnlike all previous 6” guns, these could load at any angle enhancing their Anti-aircraft use. These guns did not prove reliable in service, possibly because of the high rate of fire and need for any-elevation loading. 5”/38 Ship to ShipShip to ShoreAnti-Aircraft174,625 lbs$1,500,00015-22 rounds/minute15,919 yardsAt 10,00 yards, can pierce 1.5” of armorThis was unquestionably the finest dual-purpose gun of World War II. During the war they were considered to be highly reliable, robust, and accurate. 5”/54 Ship to ShipShip to ShoreAnti-Aircraft78,000 lbs$1,400,00015-18 rounds/minute22,500 yardsAt 10,00 yards, can pierce 2” of armorThis gun was not as popular as the 5”37 Mark 12, possibly because the larger projectile and cartridge cases resulted in faster crew fatigue.4”/50 Ship to ShipShip to ShoreAnti-Aircraft26,730 lbs$1,900,0008-9 rounds618287423126Guns continue on back of page00Guns continue on back of page/minute15,920 yardsAt 6,300 yards, can pierce 2” of armorWell liked on later ships, as its light weight made it easy to handle, an important factor on a smaller shipAnti-Aircraft3”/50 Ship to ShipShip to ShoreAnti-Aircraft33,195 lbs$1,100,00045-50 rounds/minute12,600 yardsAt 6,00 yards, can pierce 2” of armorThis was the smallest-caliber weapon which could still use the VT fuses available at the time. It also had a concentric counter recoil spring, which meant that it was more easily adapted for automatic fire. 40mm/56 Anti-Aircraft14,163 lbs$500,00080-90 Rounds/minute10,691 yardsAt 2,000 yards, can pierce 2” of armorProbably the best automatic cannon anti-aircraft weapon of World War II, largely ineffective against Japanese kamikaze attacks1.1” /75 Anti-Aircraft10,500 lbs$380,000150 Rounds /minute7,000 yardsCannot penetrate armorNicknamed the “Chicago Piano”. Frequently jammed. 20mm/70 Anti-Aircraft1,845 lbs$250,000250-320 rounds /minute4,650 yardsCannot penetrate armorWidely used by many nations, this 20mm automatic weapon originally designed by the Swiss firm Oerlikon was probably produced in higher numbers than any other AA weapon of WWII. Ineffective against Japanese kamikaze attacks. Weight:Cost:Engine option:Armor Option:Guns:Total Weight:Total cost:Your total allowed weight is: 55,000,000 poundsYour total allowed cost is: $200 millionWhich category did you prioritize, or were you fairly equal across the categories? ................
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