Rob Waring



What do Japanese students think of contemporary complex social issues in LGBTQ? Graduation ThesisPresented tothe Faculty of the Department ofEnglish Language and LiteratureNotre Dame Seishin University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the DegreeBachelor of Arts bySaori Ono2021Contents Chapter One: background1.1 Introduction 11.2 Background 2 1.2.1 Definition of the terms2 1.2.1.1 LGBTQ2 1.2.1.2 Surrogacy 3 1.2.1.3 Adoption4 1.2.1.4 Fostering5 1.2.2 Data concerning these issues in Japan5 1.2.2.1 LGBTQ issues5 1.2.2.2 Surrogacy issues6 1.2.2.3. Adoption issues9 1.2.2.4 Fostering issues101.3 Previous Research11 1.3.1. Research about student’ cautiousness and attitudes toward Surrogacy system11 1.3.2 Research about impressions of the Adoption system14 1.3.3. Research about the understanding of Fostering system14 1.3.4 Summary151.4 Research Questions151.5 Conclusion16Chapter Two: The Data2.1 Introduction172.2 The questionnaire17 2.2.1 Introduction to the questionnaire17 2.2.2 Method17 2.2.3 Results 202.3 Summary 28Chapter Three: The Analysis3.1 Introduction293.2 Summary of the results from Chapter Two293.3 Comparing previous research and these data303.4 Research questions323.5 Implications333.6 Limitations of the Experiments333.5 Further research343.6 Conclusion34References36Appendices39AbstractThe purpose of this study was to find how much university students know about sexual minorities, surrogacy, adoption, fostering and what they think if sexual minority couples have children. The participants were 34 male and female university subjects aged between 20 to 23. A questionnaire was conducted in order to gather university subjects’ opinions about LGBTQ people having children. The topics of LGBTQ and the three different options for having children, which were surrogacy, adoption and fostering, were first taught to the participants through Google Forms. After they learned about them, they were asked their thoughts about LGBTQ people having children. Firstly, this study found that most of the participants did not know much about LGBTQ definitions and the three systems before they were taught about them. Secondly, most of the subjects agreed that gay couples, transgender couples, and questioning couples can have children through surrogacy, adoption or fostering. All the three systems were almost equally accepted by the subjects and no preferences were found among surrogacy, adoption and fostering.Chapter 1: Background 1.1 Introduction Most people fall in love with someone and get married with them. Many people also wish to have children. However, is it too hard for sexual minorities to have children?Nowadays, people’s interests in sexual minorities such as LGBTQ have been growing gradually in the world. In 2001, the Netherlands became the first country in the world to allow same-sex marriage. As of May 2020, same-sex marriage is accepted in 29 countries and regions. In Japan, there is no law about the same sex marriage. However, Shibuya ward in Tokyo enacted the first ordinance which can issue partnership certificates for same-sex couples, which are recognized as married couples in 2015. Nowadays, over 50 municipalities in Japan have introduced partnership certificates.According to a survey published by Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK) in October 2015, 35.9% of LGBTQ people wanted to have children. 5.5% of LGBTQ people already have had a child or children. The main way they used to have a child was assisted reproductive technology such as In Vitro Fertilization (IVF). LGBTQ couples seek the right to have a child in the same way as same as heterosexual couples. When LGBTQ people want to have children, there are 3 ways this can be achieved: surrogacy, adoption and fostering. However, surrogacy is only allowed for heterosexual couples in Japan, so if they want a surrogate mother, they have to use an agency in other country. If LGBTQ couples have children by fostering, they cannot become parents under the law and they cannot use the adoption system. Nowadays, the law about marriage in Japan for LGBTQ people is not equal to that of couples in same-sex marriage, so it is discrimination against sexual minorities. In the future, will the law include same-sex marriage of LGBTQ couples? This thesis will look at the attitude of university subjects toward LGBTQ, surrogacy, adoption and fostering and problems about the terms.1.2. Background 1.2.1 Definitions of the terms1.2.1.1 LGBTQ The first letters of LGBTQ stand for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning and LGBTQ is the term for sexual minorities. Lesbian is a woman who is sexually attracted to other women. Gay is a man who is sexually attracted to men. Bisexual is a person who is sexually attracted to both men and women. Transgender is a general word for people who feel that they belong to the other sex and not the sex they were born with. Transgender people also express gender they really want to be in their sexual behavior. Q includes 2 meanings which are Questioning and Queer. Questioning is a person who has not decided their gender identity and sexual orientation. Queer is an umbrella term that can be used by anyone in sexual and gender minority originally, the term queer was used as a derogatory term to despise LGBTQ people.1.2.1.2 SurrogacySurrogacy refers to when a woman has a baby born to another mother instead of being a biological mother. In Japan, The Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology bans it but the government doesn’t make a law about surrogacy in Japan, so surrogacy is not legally recognized. There are 3 types of surrogacy, which are gestational surrogacy, altruistic surrogacy, and traditional surrogacy. In gestational surrogacy, there is no genetic connection between the surrogate mother and the child, and there are 4 options for this method.1. Create a fertilized egg from the egg and sperm of the client couple and transplant to the uterus of the surrogate mother.2. Create a fertilized egg from the egg donated and sperm of the client male and transplant to the uterus of the surrogate mother.3. Create a fertilized egg from the egg of the client female and sperm donated and transplant to the uterus of the surrogate mother.4. Create a fertilized egg from the egg and sperm donated and transplant to the uterus of the surrogate mother.Altruistic surrogacy is when close friends or family help women who are infertile without payment. Traditional surrogacy uses surrogate mother’s egg and client male's sperm, and surrogate mother gets pregnant. There is a genetic connection between the surrogate mother and the child.1.2.1.3 AdoptionAdoption is a system that ends the relationship with biological parents and establishes the legal relationship with the adoptive parents. The special adoption system has the following conditions in Japan.? Both male and female who are married legally must file for adoption.?Adoptive parents must be over 25 years old. If one of the couples is over 25 years old and another is over 20 years old, they can file for adoption.?Adopted children must be under 6years old.?Require biological parents' consentIn the united states, there is Open Adoption which adoptive and biological parents share Identifying information includes first and last names, phone numbers, personal email addresses and more and keep contacts with each other.1.2.1. 4 Fostering Fostering is a system to temporarily, or continuously, take care of children (0~18 years old) who have no biological parents or who cannot live with their biological parents due to abuse, death and so on. You do not need any qualifications to become foster parents, but you must meet the requirements set by each municipality such as a wealth of love, understanding and enthusiasm for the child, and being financially comfortable enough to raise the child. Compared to adoption, some municipalities do not limit the age of foster parents and allow people who do not have a partner to become foster parents.1.2.2 Data concerning these issues in Japan1.2.2.1 LGBTQ issuesAccording to the survey in Osaka (2019), the rate of LGBTQ was 3.3% in Japan. What problems do LGBTQ people often face in daily life? Figure 1: the percentage resistance to come out to colleagues (including bosses and subordinates) at work 50.7% of LGBTQ people think it is hard to come out to their colleagues. It means LGBTQ people are not still recognized generally and there is not enough support such as welfare and seminars for sexual minorities in many companies in Japan. Let us focus on the problem of LGBTQ people getting married. If LGBTQ couples want to live in the same house or apartment they will often be refused. If the partner is injured, the other cannot stay with them in the hospital and decide on a way to cure their partner with a doctor. They are treated as a stranger. In Japan, there are two types of partnership institutions which are the Setagaya model and the Shibuya model, and they have some differences. The Shibuya model is an ordinance, which is like a law for regional areas. The Setagaya model is a guideline to do paperwork rapidly. Next, the Shibuya model requires a fee of about 29,000 yen per person to issue same-sex certificates. On the other hand, the Setagaya model doesn't require a fee and only needs documents such as ID, so it is easy to apply for foreigners, too. In Japan, eight municipalities issued a certificate of partnership and they can have some right as same as heterosexual couples without exemption for spouse and a survivor's pension. However, it is not recognized as a partner under the law. Some say that not having a law is discrimination against LGBTQ.1.2.2.2 Surrogacy issuesTable 2: History of surrogacy in Japan 19904 couples had a child with surrogacy in the US 1991A branch of mediator of surrogacy births, “the Surrogacy Information Center”, is established in Japan.2001Obstetrician and gynecologist did the first surrogacy in japan.2003.4The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare submitted a report including a recommendation that surrogacy should be prohibited.2003.11Japanese celebrity couple used surrogacy in the US.2008.7A single Japanese man used eggs donated by a Nepalese woman to give birth to a child by an Indian woman, but he could not bring the child back to Japan (Manji jiken).2014A Japanese man had 19 children by using surrogacy with Thai surrogate mothers.In Japan, there is no law to ban use of surrogacy, so surrogacy is a convenient system for whoever can afford it and regardless of age and gender. However, surrogacy has ethical issues and risks for the surrogate mother’s body and mind. There was a case of Manji jiken in 2008. Manji jiken is a case where a Japanese couple used a surrogacy system with husband’s sperm and donated eggs by a Nepalese woman and had a child by an Indian surrogate mother. However, the Japanese couple divorced a month before the child was born and the child could not go to Japan. In India, men who divorce cannot have rights as a father, so the child does not have any parents or nationality. Finally, the Indian government allowed the child to leave the country and the Japanese government admitted her to Japan, then she came back in November 2008. By the time she came back, her grandmother took care of her.There are many difficulties that surrogacy can create. If a child by surrogacy cannot leave the country because of residence issues as Manji jiken, who will raise the child? If the surrogate mother gave birth to a child with a disability, can the client refuse to receive the child? If a baby is stillborn, is money exchanged? If a surrogate mother has feelings of love for a baby, does she need to give up her baby? These problems occur because there is no law and detailed guidelines. The biggest victim is the child. 1.2.2.3 Adoption issuesFigure 2: The number of adopted children in JapanThe number of children who have no biological parents or who cannot live with biological parents due to abuse, death of parents, and so on are about 46,000 in Japan. However, the number of children who are adopted is small. It shows that the system of adoption is not wide-spread in Japan and this is one of the problems with adoption. According to the survey of The Nippon Foundation (2016), the rate of subjects aged 18-69 knowing about adoption is 45.9%, so awareness is low too. Next, there are some problems during the time of application. When someone tries to adopt a child, the consent of biological parents and the test period of bringing up children are required. However, there were cases in which biological parents suddenly withdrew their consent during a test period, so people who apply for adoption cannot start the test period without worrying about it. In addition, a problem also occurs after becoming adoption parents which is when to tell the child he or she was adopted and has other parents. If they tell the fact to adopted children at the wrong time, it can cause mental and physical problems for the adopted child, so it is the most important thing to pay attention to.1.2.2.4 Fostering issuesFigure 3: The number of foster children in JapanFigure 4: Percentage of foster children included in children required protection in each country (around 2010)As with adoption, the number of fostering (Figure 3) is small compared to the number of children who need to be taken care of by parents. As we saw with adoptions, it is also affected by a lack of knowledge about the fostering system. Compared to other countries, the rate of foster children in children who need protection in Japan is overwhelmingly small. The cultural emphasis on blood relatives in Japan have an influence on it, as do religious factors of Christianity in other countries. Shoji (2003) said that Japanese people are interested in social care a little more than America and Europe because there is no concept that children are precious gifts from God in Japan. However, that is nothing more than a guess because there is no particular evidence. There are also issues after a foster child lives with foster parents. According to the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, children in 13 families were abused by foster parents in 2018. The abuse was caused by lack of support by public institutions such as child consultation centers.1.3 Previous ResearchNow we will look at some previous research about attitudes for each term.1.3.1 SurrogacySuzuki (2001) examined female college student’s consciousness and attitudes toward surrogacy system. The subjects were 76 female college students aged 19-21. They answered a three-option question which was agree, agree with conditions, and disagree. The second question asked for opinions about the previous question. The number of subjects who agree with the surrogacy system was 7 (9.2%), agree with conditions was 58 (76.3%) and disagree was 11 (14.5%). It shows most subjects agree with the surrogacy system with conditions. Firstly, the subjects who agreed with surrogacy said, “we have no right to interfere with their relationship if a couple reach a consensus with each other” and we want to respect an opinion that really wants to have a child. Eight subjects who disagreed said “there are physical, ethical and mental problems for surrogacy." About one third said “we should not go against things in God’s territory." Others said it may cause problems for clients and children, for example, whether it is possible to love a child given birth by a surrogate mother, and can children accept the fact that there are two pairs of parents? Table 2: List of reasons of the subjects who disagreed with surrogacy Reasons Number of subjects (%)The problems of female who surrogate 8 (72.7%)We must not go against things in God’s territory. 4 (36.4%)The problems of clients3 (27.3%)The problems that surrogate children might have3 (27.3%)Social problems derived from surrogacy2 (18.2%)The subjects who agreed with conditions said that “severe conditions are required for problems derived by surrogacy”, and the most common condition presented by them is that agreement and discussion between client and surrogate mother (37.9%). 31.0% of the subjects presented the consideration toward a child's rights, and 19% of the subjects said there is no other way.Table 2: List of conditions were presented by subject agreed with conditions ConditionsNumber of subjects (%)1. Discussions and agreements between people involved22 (37.9%)2. Consideration for the rights of children18 (31.0%)3. When there is no other way11 (19.0%)4. Mental and physical care for client and surrogate mother10 (17.2%)5. To ensure their safety8 (13.8%)5. Client must adopt and bring up the child8 (13.8%)7. Financial conditions7 (12.1%)8. Understanding and agreements by family6 (10.3%)9. Surrogate mother must hand the child to the client5 (8.6%)9. Social cognition and security5 (8.6%)11. To set conditions such as health conditions4 (6.9%)12. Surrogate mother must be a total stranger3 (5.2%)12. Information disclosure, Doctor’s explanation, judgement, and advice3 (5.2%)14. Relatives2 (3.4%)15. Others2 (3.4%)1.3.2 AdoptionThe Nippon Foundation (2016) examined the adoption system. There were 3,000 subjects aged 18-69. The percentage of the people who had known about adoption was 45.9%. They were asked what impressions they have of the adoption system. The percentage of people who were positive was 30.3%, negative was 5.7% and the most common answer is neither agree nor disagree which is 64%. The most common reason for these impressions was “I do not know much about it” (38.7%). Other reasons were “the adoption system is necessary when biological parents cannot bring up their child” (31.6%), “the system is great for a couple who are infertility” (29.1%) and “the system is needed to bring up children within a family” (24.7%)1.3.3 FosteringSugahara (2019) examined the understanding of the foster care system. The subjects were 64 junior college students aiming to become a kindergarten teacher. They learned about the foster care system in class. In this questionnaire, they asked “what do you think of the foster care system?” The percentage of people who have positive answer was 91% and the other 9% was “no answer” and negative answers such as “it is not easy to be a foster care system parent.” Most subjects were positive about the system. For example, they answered, “It is an important system”, “I want to be a foster parent”, “Living with a family is the best for children”, “I hope the number of foster parents increase” and “it is a necessary system for children.”1.3.4 Summary From these results of investigations about surrogacy, adoption and fostering, only the number of positive answers in the survey of surrogacy was less than the number of positive answers. It can be because process of getting pregnant makes having children harder. Subjects considered the issues about surrogacy as we said before like mental and physical problems and problems between client and surrogate mother, so most subjects agree with the surrogacy system with conditions. Next, according to investigation of adoption, 64% of subjects answered neither agree nor disagree, and the most common reason for it was “I do not know much about it”. It shows that degree of recognition of adoption is low as we mentioned in paragraph of fostering issues in Japan. By comparison, the number of positive answers of fostering is very high. It might be because subjects understand about the system in detail. It reveals that to spread and understand deeply of these systems, it is necessary to learn in detail like hearing example about system not just know.1.4 Research QuestionsThis thesis has several research questions.1. What do Japanese university students know about LGBTQ, surrogacy, adoption and fostering?2. What do they think of if LGBTQ couples have a child by surrogacy, adoption and fostering?1.5 ConclusionIn this chapter we looked at the definition of LGBTQ, surrogacy, adoption and fostering and the issues concerning them in Japan. Furthermore, we looked at the previous research about attitudes toward surrogacy, adoption and fostering. In Chapter Two, we will look at the data from a questionnaire that tries to answer the research questions..Chapter 2: The Data2.1 IntroductionIn Chapter One, we looked at the definition of LGBTQ, surrogacy, adoption and fostering and issues surrounding these terms. We also looked at some previous research. This chapter presents the data for a questionnaire about what university students think about LGBTQ, surrogacy, adoption and fostering.2.2 The questionnaire2.2.1 Introduction to the questionnaireThis questionnaire was designed to investigate recognition of LGBTQ, surrogacy, adoption and fostering and what university students think about these. 2.2.2 Method1) SubjectsThe 34 subjects of this questionnaire were university students aged 20-23 from Notre Dame Seishin University and other universities such as Okayama University, Yokohama National University. Their majors were English, Food science, Law, and so on. The subjects include 32 females and 2 males. 2) Test design The questionnaire was divided into nine sections. Section 1 of the questionnaire focuses on the basic information about age and gender. In Section 2, the subjects were asked how much they know about LGBTQ, surrogacy, adoption and fostering in order to reveal their level of recognition of the concepts. They were asked “How much do you know about these things?” and the subjects chose an answer from 4 options which were very well, quite well, not so well and not very well. We also asked for knowledge about these terms in narrative form. In Section 3, the subjects read short sentences (Figure 5) about LGBTQ, surrogacy, adoption and fostering to learn what it is and to answer the following questions. Figure 5: Information on LGBTQ, surrogacy, adoption and fostering in the questionnaireThe fourth section checked their understanding in the previous section. The subjects answered four questions of choosing the right sentence about each term. In Section 5, the subjects were asked what they think if a heterosexual couple have a child. There were four options which were: agree with surrogacy, agree with adoption, agree with fostering, and disagree with all and the subjects checked all options they can agree. After that, we asked, “Why do you think so?” and the subjects wrote their thoughts. Sections 6-8 asked questions in the same way with different gender such as homosexual couples, transgender couples, and questioning people. Finally, we asked their name to conduct an interview about their answers. The English and Japanese versions of the questionnaire are in the Appendices.3) ProcedureThe questionnaire was made using Google Forms. There were no time restrictions, so the subjects could answer it at anytime and anywhere with their smartphones. The data were analyzed using Google spreadsheet.2.2.3 ResultsFirst, we will look at the data in several tables and figures.Table 2: How much do they know about LGBTQ, surrogacy, adoption and fostering (n=32)Very wellQuite wellNot very well(only name)Not at allLGBTQ32092Surrogacy 22381Adoption116143Fostering013165We asked how many people had known and heard of LGBTQ, surrogacy, adoption and fostering. None of the terms were known very well by many university students. In particular, there were no students who had known about fostering very well and the number of subjects who had not known about fostering at all was the largest of all terms. The number for quite well of LGBTQ and surrogacy was more than Not very well, on the other hand, the number of quite well of adoption and fostering was less than Not very well. We also asked subjects who answered except those who said Not at all, their knowledge of each term in narrative form. Firstly, most of the students had known that LGBTQ stands for sexual minority, and represents lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender. However, the number of subjects who had known Q represents questioning was only six.Secondly, most of the subjects said that surrogacy is the system that other females get a child instead of a female who cannot surrogate. A student used the word “in vitro fertilization."Next, almost all the subjects had known that adoption is the system that establishes the relationship between the adoptive parents and children who have no parents, and half of them recognize it is a legal relationship as opposed to fostering. there was no subject that knew any conditions of adoption.Lastly, almost all the subjects had known that fostering is the system whereby foster parents bring up a child who cannot live with their biological parents. However, 2 subjects misunderstood that it is a legal relationship. one of them answered both adoption and fostering establish a legal relationship, and another answered only fostering established it. In addition, 2 subjects answered about conditions such as “there are no more restrictive rules than adoption” and “there is an age limit.”Figure 6: The data for the question: What do you think if a heterosexual couple (male and female) have a child? (n=32)Figure 6 shows the number of subjects who agreed with each system used by heterosexual couples. Most subjects agree with each of the systems, but one subject disagreed with all systems and the number of subjects who agree with surrogacy is less than adoption and fostering. The most common reason for agreement for all systems is that these systems can help children who do not have parents and heterosexual couples have the right to have a child. Four subjects said that conditions are necessary to avoid troubles. There are four subjects who disagree with only surrogacy, and the reasons for it is that'' the risk for surrogate mother’s body is heavy.”, “It might lead to human trafficking” and” I cannot agree with using this system because of work, not infertility. Only one subject disagreed to all systems, and the reason is that “I do not know.”Figure 7: The data for the question: What do you think if a homosexual couple have a child? (n=32)Figure 7 shows the number of subjects who agree with each system used by homosexual couples. Most subjects agree with each of the systems, however the number of subjects who disagree with each of the systems and who disagree with only surrogacy increased more than in the previous questions. The most common reasons for people who agree with all the systems is that “Even if the gender is male, they have right to have a child the same as heterosexual couples.” There was an opinion such as “To raise a child by a pair of males is not different from by a pair of male and female”. The subjects who agree with adoption and fostering said ''The risk for a surrogate mother’s body is heavy.”, “To use adoption and fostering is better than surrogacy because I feel it is strange using a donated egg.” Four subjects disagree with all the systems, and they said, “females are necessary to bring up children.” and “it is hard to bring up children in this world there is still prejudice and discrimination against homosexual people, and it is possible it might lead to bullying.” Figure 8: The data for the questions: What do you think if a transgender couple (MtF and FtM) have a child? (n=32)Figure 8 shows the number of subjects who agree with each system used by transgender couples (MtF and FtM). The number of subjects who agree is increased more than that for homosexual couple’s and the number of subjects who disagree with all and agree with adoption and fostering decreased. The common reason people agree with each of the systems was also that they have a right to have a child because they are human. Two subjects said, “there are no problems because they are pair of male and female and others cannot judge they are transgender by appearance” In addition, another two subjects said that a child may be confused when the parents talk about their gender and when the child is aware of their sex and gender. The subject who disagrees with each of the systems said there is still prejudice and discrimination about LGBTQ, so it is hard to raise a child.Figure 9: The data for the question: What do you think if a transgender couple (MtF and MtF) have a child? (n=32)Figure 9 shows the number of subjects who agree with each system used by transgender couples (MtF and MtF). The number of subjects who agreed with adoption and fostering was 28, while the number of subjects who agreed with surrogacy was 25. The most common reason for agreement for all the systems is that these systems can help children who do not have parents and all people have the right to have a child. Others said, “adoption and fostering are better than surrogacy to have a new child”, “it is no problem if parents explain their gender and then, the child can understand it” and “it seems that there are two mothers, and their concern about gender may reach the child.” The 6 people who agreed with adoption and fostering said “surrogacy is hard because a fertilized egg cannot be created by pairs of MtF and MtF.” The people who disagree with each of the systems said there is still prejudice and discrimination about LGBTQ, so it is hard to raise a child. Figure 10: The data for the questions: What do you think if a transgender couple (FtM and FtM) have a child? (n=32)Figure 10 shows the number of subjects who agree with each system used by transgender couples (FtM and FtM). Both the number and reasons are not different from the previous questions in Figure 8.Figure 11: The data for the questions: What do you think if a Questioning person has a child? (n=32)Figure 11 shows the number of subjects who agree with each system used by people who are Questioning. Most subjects who agree with each of the systems, but the number of all options except Disagree with all is the lowest of all questions and the number of subjects who disagree with all is the highest. The common reason people agree with each of the systems was also that they have the right to have a child because they are human. Seven subjects said positive opinions such as even questioning people who do not decide gender identity and gender orientation can raise a child. On the other hand, two subjects gave the opposite opinion and they said that questioning people may be confused and face some problems because they are not sure of the position of the father or mother. Three subjects who disagree with each of the systems said, “I do not know.”2.3 SummaryIn this chapter we looked at the result from the questionnaire. Many university subjects think all humans are equal and have the opinion that people want to have a child even though they are a sexual minority. Furthermore, there is almost no difference in the number of subjects agreed with each system even though the gender of the couple changed. In the next chapter, we will review the data from Chapter Two and compare it with the previous research in Chapter One. Chapter 3: The Analysis 3.1 IntroductionIn Chapter One we looked at the definition of LGBTQ, surrogacy, adoption and fostering and issues of the terms in Japan. After that, we looked at attitudes towards surrogacy, adoption and fostering from previous research. In Chapter Two, we looked at the data from the questionnaire about the awareness of LGBTQ, surrogacy, adoption and fostering and what they think if LGBTQ people have a child using these systems. In this chapter we will summarize the data and look at in detail by comparing it to the data observed in Chapter One. We will then answer the research questions, look at the limitations to the study and suggest some implications for teacher and learning in general.3.2 Summary of the results from Chapter TwoIn Chapter Two, we looked at the data for the questionnaire. Section Two of the questionnaire asked about the subjects’ knowledge of LGBTQ, surrogacy, adoption and fostering. Sections Five to Eight of the questionnaire was about attitudes toward these terms when several gender couples such as heterosexual, homosexual, transgender, and questioning people have a child According to the data, most subjects had known about LGBTQ, surrogacy, adoption and fostering quite well. However, there were some subjects who did not know at all about the terms. Next, we asked their knowledge about each term. Most of the subjects had known what it is, but some subjects were confused about the difference between adoption and fostering. From sections 5-8, we asked what systems they can agree with if gender couples would have a child. The data showed that most subjects agree with each of the systems whatever the gender is and they think all humans are equal and have the right to have a child. In Section 5, there were several attitudes such as “Conditions are necessary to avoid troubles”, “I do not know.” In Section 6, there were opinions such as “To raise a child by two males is not different.”, “To use adoption and fostering is better than surrogacy.” In the questions about pairs of MtF and FtM, subjects said that there are no problems because they are a pair of male and female and there is still prejudice and discrimination about LGBTQ, so to raise a child is hard. In the case of pairs of MtF and MtF, there were opinions like “it seems that there are two mothers, and their concern about gender may reach the child.”, “surrogacy is hard because a fertilized egg cannot be created by pairs of MtF and MtF.” The data and reasons about FtM and FtM were almost the same as the questions about MtF and MtF couples. In Section 8, the number of all options except disagree with all was the lowest of all questions and the number of subjects who disagreed with all was the highest. 3.3 Comparing previous research and these data3.2.1 Surrogacy According to the previous research of Suzuki (2001), 58 subjects agreed with surrogacy with conditions. They presented conditions such as “agreement and discussion between client and surrogate mother (37.9%)”, “the consideration towards the child’ right (31.0%), and “the case there is no other way” (19%). In the data from the questionnaire, four subjects said that conditions are necessary to avoid troubles because the risk to the surrogate mother’s body is high, it might lead to human trafficking, and they cannot agree with using this system because of work, not infertility. We can not discuss the data with previous research of Suzuki and questionnaire because the way to question from previous research. 3.2.2 Adoption and fostering According to the previous research of The Nippon Foundation (2016) about adoption, 30.3% of the subjects gave positive impressions, 5.7% of the subjects answered negative impressions and 64% of the subjects answered neither agree nor disagree. According to the previous research of Sugahara (2019) about fostering, 91% of the subjects gave positive answers and 9% gave negative one and no answer. There were positive answers such as “It is a great system”, “I want to be a foster parent”, “Living within a family is the best for a child”, I hope the number of foster parents increases” and “it is a necessary system for a child.” In the data from the questionnaire, those who agreed with adoption also agreed with fostering and they did not have any negative attitudes towards adoption and fostering. The main reasons are that these systems can help to reduce the number of children who do not have parents. For children, it is better to live with adults. We cannot discuss the data of Suzuki and questionnaire because their data are not like those here.3.4 Research questionsThis section will answer the research questions from Chapter One.1. What do Japanese university subjects know about LGBTQ, surrogacy, adoption and fostering?According to the result of the questionnaire, most university subjects have a vague knowledge. They had heard of these terms and they had known what letters of LGBT stands for, and how surrogacy, adoption and fostering work. Some subjects had known some conditions about fostering. However, only 6 subjects knew what Q stands for, and no subjects had known about conditions about surrogacy and adoption.2. What do they think of if LGBTQ couples have a child by surrogacy, adoption and fostering?According to the result of the questionnaire, most university subjects have positive opinions about it. They said all people have rights to have children and surrogacy, adoption and fostering can help children who can not live with biological families.3.5 ImplicationsWe can find out that many university subjects think all humans are equal and the opinion that people want to have a child should be respected even though they are a sexual minority. On the other hand, some subjects cannot imagine sexual minority couples having a child. It is because there are few cases where LGBTQ couples have children around them in Japan and many Japanese people do not have an opportunity to think of LGBTQ couples have children. 3.6 Limitations of the Experiments There are several limitations with this study. Firstly, most of the subjects were female university students. If there had been more male subjects, it would have been possible to compare the results between males and females. Furthermore, in the questionnaire, we asked their gender and answer options of the question are female, male and others, but we could not compare them as there were only two males. If there had been some LGBTQ subjects and we asked them in detail what gender they have, we can analyze the data from the point of view of sexual minorities. They were mostly seniors majoring in English in university, who were 20-23 years old. If the subjects had not been university students but high school and junior high school students, the result of knowledge about LGBTQ, surrogacy, adoption and fostering and attitude might be different because. There were only 34 subjects and they were Japanese. In addition, we did not ask the question “What do you think if a homosexual couple (female and female) have a child? “and if it had been asked, we can compare the result between pairs of female homosexuals and pairs of male homosexuals.3.7. Further researchIn this study, we looked at the terms LGBTQ, surrogacy, adoption and fostering. Focusing on one gender and one system to have children can become deeper research to discuss the subject's attitudes clearly. For example, there are four ways to create a fertilized egg in surrogacy. If we had focused on only surrogacy and made questions about attitudes toward the four ways, the data will become deeper than this study. Furthermore, we gave the subjects information about the definitions, conditions and types about LGBTQ, surrogacy, adoption and fostering in the questionnaire. If the subjects had been given information about problems about these terms, the data of their attitudes may have led to an increase in more negative answers.3.8. Conclusion In this thesis, we researched the knowledge and attitudes about LGBTQ, surrogacy, adoption and fostering of Japanese university subjects. We have found that Japanese subjects have heard of the term LGBTQ, surrogacy, adoption and fostering but they did not know them deeply. In addition, they think it doesn’t matter what kind of gender we have when we have a child. Some subjects feel strange and cannot imagine sexual minorities having children. However, it is essential to understand that there are many kinds of gender and LGBTQ people also hope to have a child like heterosexual people. Young people who will be parents in the near future should recognize it is an important problem close to them about sexual minorities and understand them.ReferencesBooks公益社団法人　家庭養護促進家庭養護促進協会大阪事務所編. 2016 『子どもの養子縁組ガイドブック』岩崎美枝子監修. 株式会社明石書店庄司順一.2003 『フォスターケア』明石書店日比野由利.2015 『ルポ　生殖ビジネス　世界で「出産」はどう商品化されているか』朝日新聞出版南和行.2015 『同性婚－私たち弁護士夫婦です』祥伝社薬師 実芳, 笹原 千奈未, 古堂 達也 小川奈津己. 2019 『LGBTってなんだろう?－からだの性?こころの性?好きになる性』合同出版株式会社湯沢雍彦. 2004 『里親制度の国際比較』株式会社ミネルヴァ書房Webpages上田宏和『日本における同性婚容認の可能性－アメリカ合衆国最高裁判所の同性婚容認判決の論理を示唆として－』 HYPERLINK "" \h September 21, 2020代理出産を問い直す会. 2017 『代理出産－繁殖階級の女？』上映会配布資料』 September 21, 2020電通ダイバーシティ?ラボ. 2019 『LGBT調査2018』 HYPERLINK "" \h September 20, 2020Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. (n.d) 『普通養子縁組と特別養子縁組のちがい』 HYPERLINK "" \h September 20, 2020Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. 2014 『社会的養護の現状について（参考資料）』 HYPERLINK "" \h September 20, 2020美輪清子. 2016 『なぜ里親委託は伸展しないのか？－里親登録者不足仮説と里親委託児童限定化仮説－』 HYPERLINK "" \h September 25, 2020Nippon Hoso Kyokai (n.d)『LGBT当事者アンケート調査－2600人の声から－』 HYPERLINK "" \h September 21, 2020日本財団 (n.d)『特別養子縁組に関する調査　サマリー』 HYPERLINK "" \h September 25, 2020Sugahara. 2019 A study on understanding of foster care system－based on the questionnaire results of junior college students－. September 25, 2020Sunaga F, Ogura H, Horikawa H, Kurata N & Masaki Ki. 2019 The awareness and behavior of university students toward sexual minority: part2 －a research study through an online survey－. September 25, 2020Suzuki. 2001 Female college students’ consciousness and attitudes toward the new assisted reproductive technology “host-mother." September 20, 2020AppendicesAppendix 1: The English questionnaire (for example)I agree with allow these data to be used for researchA. YesB. NoHow old are you?What is your gender?A. FemaleB. MaleC. Prefer not to sayPlease answer these questionsHow much do you know about these things?Very wellquite wellnot very wellnot at allLGBTQSurrogacyFosteringAdoptionTell me about LGBTQ, what does it mean?Tell me about surrogacy, how does it work?Tell me about fostering, how does it work?Tell me about fostering, how does it work?Please read these LGBTQLGBTQ+ is the first letters stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning and term of sexual minority. Lesbian is a woman who is sexually attracted to other women. Gay is a man sexually attracted to people of the same sex. Bisexual is a person sexually attracted to both men and women. Transgender is a general word for people who feel that they belong to the other sex, and not the sex they were born with, and who express this in their sexual behavior. MtF stands for a person whose sex is male and gender identity is female. FtM stand for a person whose sex is female and gender identity is male.Questioning is a person who does not decide on gender identity and sexual orientation. Queer is umbrella term that can be used by anyone in sexual and gender minority except straight and cisgender. Originally, queer is used to despise LGBTQ people. SurrogacySurrogacy means a woman has a baby instead of a biological mother. In Japan, the Government doesn’t make law about surrogacy in Japan, but The Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology bans it. Next, there are 3 types of surrogacy, which is gestational surrogacy, altruistic surrogacy, and traditional surrogacy.In Gestational surrogacy, there is no genetic connection between the surrogate mother and the child, and there are 4 options for this method.1. Create a fertilized egg from the egg and sperm of the client couple and transplant to the uterus of the surrogate mother.2. Create a fertilized egg from the egg donated and sperm of the client male and transplant to the uterus of the surrogate mother. 3. Create a fertilized egg from the egg of the client female and sperm donated and transplant to the uterus of the surrogate mother. 4. Create a fertilized egg from the egg and sperm donated and transplant to the uterus of the surrogate mother. Traditional surrogacy uses surrogate mother’s egg and client male's sperm, and surrogate mother gets pregnant. There is a genetic connection between the surrogate mother and the child.Altruistic surrogacy is when a woman helps a close friend or family without paying money. AdoptionAdoption is a system that ends the relationship with biological parents and establishes the relationship with the adoptive parents. The special adoption system has the following conditions.? Both male and female who are married legally must file adoption. ?Adoptive parents must be over 25 years old. If one of the couples is over 25 years old and another is over 20 years old, you can file adoption.?Adopted children must be under 6years old.?Require biological parents' consentFosteringFostering is a system to temporarily or continuously take care of children (0~18 years old) who have no biological parents or who cannot live with biological parents due to abuse, etc. You do not need any qualifications to become foster parents, but you must meet the requirements set by each municipality such as a wealth of love, understanding and enthusiasm for the child, and being financially comfortable enough to raise the child. Compared to adoption, some municipalities do not limit the age of foster parents and allow people who do not have a partner to become foster parents.Check your understandingDo you understand LGBTQ, surrogacy, adoption and fostering?YesNoMaybeWhich of the following statements about LGBTQ is true?L of LGBTQ stands for transgender.A bisexual is a person attracted to people of the same sex.Queer is used as insult word.If a person whose gender identity is male loves a man, he is classified as Gay.Which of these 3 is "surrogacy"?A child is brought up by another family until 18 years old.A woman agrees to give birth for another woman.A child has different new legal parents from biological parents.Which of these 3 is "adoption"?A child is brought up by another family until 18 years old.A woman agrees to give birth for another woman.A child has different new legal parents from biological parents.Which of these 3 is fostering?A child is brought up by another family until 18 years old.A woman agrees to give birth for another woman.A child has different new legal parents from biological parents.What do you think if a heterosexual couple (male and female) have a child? Please check all appropriate answers.agree with surrogacyagree with adoptionagree with fosteringDisagree with allWhy do you think so?What do you think if a homosexual couple (male and male) have a child? Please check all appropriate answers.agree with surrogacyagree with adoptionagree with fosteringDisagree with allWhy do you think so?What do you think if a homosexual couple (female and female) have a child? Please check all appropriate answers.agree with surrogacyagree with adoptionagree with fosteringDisagree with allWhy do you think so?What do you think if a transgender couple (MtF and FtM) have a child? Please check all appropriate answers.agree with surrogacyagree with adoptionagree with fosteringDisagree with allWhy do you think so?What do you think if a transgender couple (MtF and MtF) have a child? Please check all appropriate answers.agree with surrogacyagree with adoptionagree with fosteringDisagree with allWhy do you think so?What do you think if a transgender couple (FtM and FtM) have a child? Please check all appropriate answers.agree with surrogacyagree with adoptionagree with fosteringDisagree with allWhy do you think so?What do you think if a Questioning people has a child? Please check all appropriate answers.agree with surrogacyagree with adoptionagree with fosteringDisagree with allWhy do you think so?Would you mind if I interview you about your answer? If you agree, please fill in your name.Appendix 2: The Japanese questionnaire (for example) 1.回答していただいたデータは研究で使用します。A.許可する B. 許可しない2.ノートルダム清心女子大学の学生ですか。A.はい B.いいえ3.年齢4.性別A.女 B.男 C.その他5.以下のことについてどのくらい知っていますか？LGBTQ A.よく知っているB.少し知っている C.名前だけ聞いたことがあるD.全く知らない代理出産A.よく知っているB.少し知っている C.名前だけ聞いたことがあるD.全く知らない養子縁組制度 A.よく知っているB.少し知っている C.名前だけ聞いたことがあるD.全く知らない里親制度 A.よく知っているB.少し知っている C.名前だけ聞いたことがあるD.全く知らない6.LGBTQとは何ですか？ご存知のことを教えてください。(全く知らないと答えた方は飛ばしてください。)7.代理出産はどのような制度ですか。ご存知のことを教えてください。(全く知らないと答えた方は飛ばしてください。)8.養子縁組制度はどのような制度ですか、ご存知のことを教えてください。(全く知らないと答えた方は飛ばしてください。) 9.里親制度はどのような制度ですか。ご存知のことを教えてください。(全く知らないと答えた方は飛ばしてください。)LGBTQLGBTQとは、レズビアン、ゲイ、バイセクシャル、トランスジェンダー、キュアー（クエッショニング）の頭文字で作られた性的マイノリティを表す言葉です。レズビアン（L）は同性愛者のうち自認する性は女性で、好きになる性が女性という人を指します。ゲイ（G）は同性愛者のうち自認する性は男性で、好きになる性が男性という人を指します。バイセクシャル（B）（同性愛者）は好きになる性が異性の場合も同性の場合もある人を指します。トランスジェンダー（T）とは、出生時割り当てられた性と自認する性が異なる人を指します。MtFは出生時の性が女性で、自認する性が男性の方を表しています。FtMは出生時の性が男性で、自認する性が女性の方を表しています。Qはキュアーとクエッショニングの２つを意味しています。クエスチョニングは自認の性や好きになる性が定まっていない、もしくは意図的に定めていない人を指します。キュアーは性的マイノリティ全体を表す言葉として使われています。元々キュアーは性的少数者に対する侮辱用語として使われていましたが、1990年代から自己肯定的に使われるようになりました。 代理出産代理出産とは、ドナーの女性が依頼者女性の代わりに赤ちゃんを産むことを指します。 日本では、政府は代理出産について法律を定めていませんが、日本産科婦人科学会では代理出産を禁止しています。 代理出産には、ジェステイショナル?サロガシー（体外受精型の代理出産）、アルトルイスティック?サロガシー（利他的代理出産）、トラディッショナル?サロガシー（伝統的代理出産）の3種類があります。ジェステイショナル?サロガシーでは、代理母と子どもの間に遺伝子的なつながりは生じません。そしてこの方法には 4つのケースがあります。1依頼者カップルの卵子と精子で受精卵を作製し、代理母の子宮へ移植2第三者からの提供卵子と依頼男性の精子で受精卵を作製し、代理母の子宮へ移植3依頼女性の卵子と第三者からの提供精子で受精卵を作製し、代理母の子宮へ移植4第三者からの卵子と精子で受精卵を作製し、代理母の子宮へ移植トラディッショナル?サロガシーでは、代理母の卵子と依頼男性の精子を使用し、妊娠します。この方法では代理母と子どもの間に遺伝的なつながりが生じます。アルトルイスティック?サロガシーは、親しい友人や家族が代わりに赤ちゃんを産む制度です。特別養子縁組制度特別養子縁組は、養子となる子どもに発生している実親の血族との親族関係を終了させて、養親と親子関係を結ぶ制度です。特別養子縁組制度には以下の条件があります。?法律婚をしている夫婦が共に申し立てなければならない。?養親となる夫婦の年齢が２５歳以上でなければならない。ただし夫婦のどちらかが２５歳になっていて、かつその片方が２０歳であれば申し立てることができる。?養子となる子どもは６歳未満でなければならない。?養子となる子どもの実方の父母の同意がなければならない。里親里親制度とは、保護者がいない児童や虐待などの理由により親元で暮らすことができない子ども（０?１８歳）を、一時的あるいは継続的に自身の家庭に預かり養育することを里親制度といいます。里親になるためには特別な資格は必要ありませんが、子どもへ豊かな愛情、理解と熱意があること、経済的に困窮していないことなどの各自治体が定めた要件を満たす必要があります。特別養子縁組に比べて、里親となる人の年齢制限をしない自治体や、配偶者がいない場合でも里親になることを認める自治体もあります。理解度調査前のページには戻らないでください。LGBTQ、代理出産、特別養子縁組制度、里親制度について理解できましたか。A.はい B.いいえ C.たぶんLGBTQについての以下の文章のうち、正しいものを選んでください。A.LGBTQのLはトランスジェンダーを表している。B.バイセクシュアルの人は同じ性別の人を好きになる。C.キュアーは侮蔑語として使われている。D.自認する性が男性の人が男性を好きになる場合、その人はゲイに分類される。次の文章のうち、代理出産はどれですか。A.子どもが１８歳まで他の家族に育てられる。B.ある女性が他の女性の代わりに子どもを産む。C.子どもが実親とは違う法律上の親を新たに持つ。次の文章のうち、特別養子縁組はどれですか。A.子どもが１８歳まで他の家族に育てられる。B.ある女性が他の女性の代わりに子どもを産む。C.子どもが実親とは違う法律上の親を新たに持つ。次の文章のうち、里親はどれですか。A.子どもが１８歳まで他の家族に育てられる。B.ある女性が他の女性の代わりに子どもを産む。C.子どもが実親とは違う法律上の親を新たに持つ。ヘテロセクシュアルのカップル（男性と女性）が子供を持つことをどう思いますか？当てはまるもの全て選択してください。代理出産は賛成できる特別養子縁組は賛成できる里親制度は賛成できるいずれも賛成できないそれはなぜですか。ホモセクシュアルのカップル（男性と男性）が子供を持つことをどう思いますか？当てはまるもの全て選択してください。代理出産は賛成できる特別養子縁組制度は賛成できる里親制度は賛成できるいずれも賛成できないそれはなぜですか。トランスジェンダーのカップル（MtF and FtM）が子供を持つことをどう思いますか？当てはまるもの全て選択してください。代理出産は賛成できる特別養子縁組は賛成できる里親制度は賛成できるいずれも賛成できないそれはなぜですか。トランスジェンダーのカップル（MtF同士のカップル）が子供を持つことをどう思いますか？当てはまるもの全て選択してください。代理出産は賛成できる特別養子縁組制度は賛成できる里親制度は賛成できるいずれも賛成できないそれはなぜですか。トランスジェンダーのカップル（FtM同士のカップル）が子供を持つことをどう思いますか？当てはまるもの全て選択してください。代理出産は賛成できる特別養子縁組制度は賛成できる里親制度は賛成できるいずれも賛成できないそれはなぜですか。クエスチョニングについての質問にお答えください。クエスチョニングの方が子供を持つことをどう思いますか？当てはまるもの全て選択してください。代理出産は賛成できる特別養子縁組制度は賛成できる里親制度は賛成できるいずれも賛成できないそれはなぜですか。ご協力いただきありがとうございました。回答について後日お話をお伺いする可能性があります。問題なければ名前をご記入ください。 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download