Chapter 1



Test Bank for Marine Biology: Function, Biodiversity, Ecology 2E

Jeffrey S. Levinton 8/22/01

Chapter 1

Charles Darwin is well known as a great marine biologist because of

a. His work on coral reefs

b. His classification of the barnacles

c. His participation in the voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle

d. All of the above

Bathybius was believed to be

a. The ancestor of the bony fishes.

b. A slime from which life arose on the sea bed.

c. The founder of marine biology.

d. A resident of hot vent environments.

Edward Forbes' "Azoic Theory" stated that

a. Life could not arise from inanimate objects

b. No life can be found within the sediment

c. There's no marine life deeper than 300 fathoms

d. There's no marine life shallower than 300 fathoms

In the 19th century, Prince Albert I of Monaco was famous for

a. Funding marine biology from his casino in Atlantic City

b. Leading the Challenger expedition

c. Outfitting oceanographic vessels and founding a lab

d. All of the above

The Challenger expedition

a. Circumnavigated the globe.

b. Helped disprove the Bathybius theory.

c. Produced many volumes of descriptions of marine life.

d. All of the above.

Darwin's theory of coral reef formation required that

a. Coral reefs cease growing when sea level lowered

b. Corals evolved very recently

c. The rock beneath a coral reef was steadily sinking

d. Volcanic islands were steadily rising under the reefs

The following is a scientific hypothesis

a. Blue whales cannot be seen diving but they could dive to 1000 m.

b. Mermaids will come to shore in San Francisco on May 1, 2002.

c. Sea otters have gills, and therefore they can dive to great depths.

d. None of the above.

Which of the following is the best way to test a hypothesis?

a. Perform an experiment that manipulates one environmental factor, holding the others constant.

b. Sample the environment exhaustively, and look for close correlations among ecological variables.

c. Collect a lot of information; eventually you will have enough to get the answer to your question.

d. Make sure to prove the hypothesis to be true.

After deciding upon a likely important effect it would be best to

a. Devise a sampling scheme that measures everything in the local environment to see the importance of the effect

b. Propose a null hypothesis, which should never be rejected to prove the lack of importance of the effect

c. Propose a null hypothesis, whose rejection would prove the importance of the effect

d. All of the above

Nekton

a. Move only with the currents

b. Include larger fish and sea mammals

c. Include protistan and other very small plankton

d. Are defined as swimmers who can dive very deeply

Infaunal animals are found

a. Only in sea caves

b. Below the tidal zone

c. Within plants

d. Below the sediment-water interface

Animals living in association with the sea surface are called

a. Plankton

b. Krypton

c. Neuston

d. Epifaunal

Pelagic habitats

a. Are found in estuaries

b. Are seaward of the continental shelf

c. Are deep water habitats in shelf canyons

d. All of the above

Which of the following pairs are the same habitats?

a. Oceanic and pelagic

b. Hadal and oceanic

c. Intertidal and epipelagic

d. None of the above

The mesopelagic zone ranges to depths of

a. 150 m

b. bottom of tidal zone

c. 2000 m

d. 4000 m

Hadal environments are associated with

a. Trenches

b. The intertidal zone

c. mid-oceanic ridges

d. Dinosaur habitats

Chapter 2

Submarine canyons are found in

a. Mid-oceanic ridges

b. The continental slope

c. Estuaries

d. The abyssal plain

Marginal seas tend to have properties that differ from the adjacent open ocean because

a. Local evaporation may be high relative to precipitation

b. Marginal seas usually have restricted circulation with the adjacent open ocean

c. Local river input might reduce the salinity of the marginal sea

d. All of the above

The abyssal plain

a. Drains large river systems such as the Amazon River

b. Is an average of about 4000 m depth

c. Actually has a slope of 3 degrees seaward

d. Never connects with an oceanic trench

As one proceeds away from a mid-oceanic ridge

a. One finds that first the ridge is magnetically neutral, but then there is a polar magnetic field

b. The oceanic crust becomes younger and younger

c. The oceanic crust becomes older and older

d. The ridge has a reversed magnetic field, which reflects its formation many thousands of years ago

Water is a good solvent because

a. Of the charge asymmetry of the water molecule

b. Because it is a good polar solvent

c. Because of its high transparency

d. All of the above

Seasonal temperature changes are the greatest in

a. Polar waters

b. The Equatorial region

c. Mid-latitudes

d. The deep sea

Many elements in seawater are found in constant ratios throughout the ocean because

a. The input of dissolved substances from rivers is broadly constant throughout the ocean

b. Dissolved material in the ocean has been there for millions of years, with no input or removal

c. They remain in the ocean longer than the mixing time

d. This is not true; no elements are generally found in constant ratios

Trace elements in seawater include

a. Chlorine and potassium

b. Sodium and aluminum

c. Iron and strontium

d. Sodium and chlorine

Salinity is often estimated by chlorinity because

a. Chlorine is the only major element of sea wate

b. Chlorine is in constant ratio to sodium and other major elements

c. Chlorine can be separated from the rest of sea water simply by evaporation

d. Salinity is not estimated by chlorinity but by sodium concentration

Which of the following does not decrease salinity?

a. Precipitation

b. Sea ice formation

c. River water flow

d. Melting of sea ice

Ultraviolet light is important because

a. It is harmful to marine life, owing to the damage it does to DNA

b. It penetrates much deeper than other wave lengths of light and is important in photosynthesis

c. It causes beneficial warming of living tissues

d. It stimulates protein synthesis

The Coriolis effect causes a deflection to the right in

a. The Southern Hemisphere

b. The Equator

c. The Northern Hemisphere

d. The Pole

Seawater is oxygenated on the deep-sea bottom because

a. Bottom seawater originates in shallow water in the tropics where oxygen is abundant

b. Wind mixes oxygenated water from the surface to the deep sea

c. A small amount of photosynthesis occurs on the deep sea bed

d. Sea water in the deep sea originates at the surface in high latitudes

Western ocean boundary currents such as the Gulf Stream owe their origin partially to

a. The eastward rotation of the earth

b. A local reversal of the Coriolis effect

c. Thermohaline convection effects

d. All of the above

Upwelling on the eastern sides of oceans is controlled by

a. The Coriolis effect

b. Local winds

c. Global-scale effects on climate

d. All of the above

Pycnoclines are

a. Vertical gradients in temperature only

b. Vertical gradients in sea water density

c. Vertical gradients in oxygen concentration

d. Small scale changes in current structure

The motion of wind-driven waves affects the bottom

a. At all depths

b. Only in water depths less than 20 m

c. At depths less than half the wave length

d. At depths less than two times the wave length

Tidal forces on the ocean are affected the most by

a. The Sun in winter

b. The Sun during summer solstice.

c. The Moon.

d. The Moon, but only at new moon.

During spring tides

a. The Sun, Moon and Earth are in line, but the Earth can be between, or on either side, of the Sun and Moon

b. The Earth must be in line with the Sun and Moon, but the Earth must be on one side of the Sun and Moon combined

c. The Spring Solstice occurs

d. The tidal range is the least

Fjords

a. Have an open connection with the ocean and are usually well oxygenated

b. Always have the same salinity as the adjacent oceanic area

c. Are never affected by tides

d. Are likely to have anoxic bottom waters

Estuaries often do not have a discrete layer of low salinity water on top of high salinity water because of

a. Wind mixing

b. Tidal motion

c. Basin shape

d. All of the above

The two factors that most affect sea water density are

a. Temperature and salinity

b. Temperature and oxygen

c. Oxygen and salinity

d. Nitrogen and temperature

An oxygen minimum layer develops

a. In a fjord at low tide

b. At a depth in the water column in the open ocean

c. Within the sediment, just above a burrowed zone

d. All of the above

Chapter 3

If a forager spends time feeding in one of several patches, and can move from patch to patch

a. It should stay in the patch until all the resource is exhausted and then travel to the nearest patch

b. It should know the number of patches and stay in the patch less time if there are more patches

c. It should stay longer in a patch if the travel time to another patch is increased

d. It should stay less time in a patch if the food in the next patch is going to be a long trip

Prey having toxic chemical are often brightly colored because

a. The toxic compound is usually brightly colored

b. Most prey species with toxic substances are tropical and the color is coincidental

c. The color is a warning given by the victim to never eat the next prey individual when it sees one

d. Predators have attacked a brightly colored poisonous individual and associate color with poison

Substances used as by organisms as poisons to deter predators are often known as

a. Refuges

b. Secondary compounds

c. Fatty acids

d. Hormones

Prey animals have inducible defenses

a. Because they can get rid of the defenses once the predator goes away

b. Because they can instantaneously produce the defense

c. Because there may be a cost to making the defense, so the defense is best unused unless a predator is present

d. All of the above

A series of populations that are interconnected, with some receiving individuals dispersing from others is known as a

a. Source population

b. Island group population

c. Metapopulation

d. Interdispersing Population

The following best describes a commensal interaction

a. ++

b. 00

c. --

d. +0

What is a problem with an obligatory mutualistic interaction between two species

a. If one species becomes extinct, then so must the other

b. If one species evolves, then the other might have to evolve to adjust to the first species

c. If one is vulnerable to a predator, then so might the other

d. All of the above

Parasites

a. Usually have reduced gonads and very low reproductive rates

b. Are usually fatal to their hosts

c. Usually have well developed reproductive organs

d. Have only one host, to which they are very faithful

An example of a renewable resource would be

a. Bacteria

b. Temperature

c. Petroleum hydrocarbons

d. Salinity

A uniform spatial distribution is usually a reflection of

a. Exploitation of the same food

b. Uniform probability of being in a given place

c. Territoriality

d. Mutualism

Which of the following hierarchies is correct?

a. species, genus, order, family, class, phylum

b. genus, species, family, class, order, phylum

c. species, genus, order, phylum, class

d. species, genus, family, order, class, phylum

Alternate genes at a locus that have different phenotypic effects are known as

a. Dominants

b. Phenotypes

c. Alleles

d. Chromosomes

A cline is a

a. Great change of temperature with depth

b. Spatial change in population density

c. Gradual change in time of body temperature

d. Spatial change in gene frequency

Sibling species are always

a. Found on either side of a barrier, such as Panama

b. Easy to identify

c. Quite similar, but rarely closely related

d. Quite similar, and very closely related

Province borders are often determined by

a. Coastal geographic barriers

b. Breaks in temperature

c. Oceanic barriers to shallow water species

d. All of the above

Predation and disturbance both have the following similar effects on community structure:

a. They both inevitably increase the number of coexisting species

b. At high disturbance and predation intensity, the number of species increases

c. At modest disturbance and predation intensity, the number of predatory species increases

d. At modest disturbance and predation intensity, the number of competing prey species increases

The best way to demonstrate the effects of interspecific competition is

a. Watch competing species and wait for one to displace another.

b. Perform an experiment: Add large numbers of predators

c. Perform an experiment: Remove one of the hypothetical competing species

d. Look for negative correlations in abundance between one species and another from place to place

Coexistence of species in a community may occur when

a. Predators are present

b. Species are exploiting different resources

c. Mortality is random and several species are colonizing randomly into a community

d. All of the above

Species occurring relatively late in succession are

a. Relatively poor colonizers

b. Have low resistance to predators because predators are gone by this stage of succession

c. Always present a fixed time after a disturbance occurs

d. All of the above

In a food web, plants are also known as

a. Saprophytes

b. Tertiary producers

c. Primary producers

d. Ecosystems

In order to estimate primary productivity in an ecosystem by sampling

a. One needs to know biomass only

b. One needs to know biomass and the time scale only

c. One needs to know the amount produced and time only

d. None of the above

Chapter 4

Scope for growth is

a. The amount of food consumed after the reproductive period

b. The difference between the amount assimilated from food and the cost of metabolism

c. The metabolic rate multiplied by the assimilation rate of food

d. All of the above

Poikilotherms

a. Are conformers with regard to body temperature

b. Are regulators with regard to body temperature

c. Always lose heat to the surrounding sea water

d. None of the above

If water temperature increases

a. Body temperature of homeotherms decreases

b. Body temperature of poikilotherms always increases

c. Metabolic rate always increases

d. Metabolic rate compensates by decreasing

At the southern extent of a poikilotherm species' range

a. The species probably will reproduce in summer

b. The species' survival will be at its limit in winter

c. The species will never survive

d. The species probably will reproduce in winter

Marine homeotherms have a problem in sea water because

a. They are always in variable temperature conditions

b. They are likely to be losing heat to the water

c. They have low concentrations of hemoglobin

d. Sea water tends to cool down much faster than air

When sea water freezes

a. Some fish may produce glycoproteins to lower the freezing point of sea water

b. The unfrozen water will have a higher salt content

c. Enzymes may not function

d. All of the above

Osmosis involves

a. The movement of dissolved salts across a membrane

b. The movement of dissolved salts and pure water across a membrane in one direction

c. The movement of pure water across a membrane in the direction of higher salt concentration

d. Behavior that allows an individual to move to a habitat with favorable salinity

When salinity increases, many invertebrates react by

a. Rapidly taking up inorganic salts

b. Degrading amino acids, to produce cellular ammonia

c. Synthesizing urea

d. Synthesizing free amino acids

Damage caused by temperature could be recognized by increases in

a. Osmolytes

b. Ubiquitin

c. Sodium ion

d. Dimethyl tin

Osmolytes are chemically

a. Indistinguishable from inorganic ions

b. Of only one type, found only in mammals and marine reptiles

c. Diverse, but restricted to organically derived compounds

d. Diverse, but restricted to inorganic ions

As oxygen concentration in sea water decreases

a. Oxygen consumption decreases proportionately

b. Oxygen consumption is about the same over a broad range of ambient concentration

c. Metabolic rate tends to increase

d. Body temperature increases

The Bohr effect involves

a. A shift of the blood pigment saturation curve to the right

b. A shift of the blood pigment saturation curve to the left

c. An increase of pH, which degrades hemoglobin

d. An increase of pH, which results in release of oxygen from blood pigments into the blood

At the time of low tide, intertidal animals may

a. Reduce metabolic rate

b. Respire directly from air, if the air is not dry

c. Shift metabolism to anaerobic pathways

d. All of the above

A blood pigment containing copper is

a. Hemerythrin

b. Hemoglobin

c. Hemocyanin

d. Chlorocruorin

Lactate buildup in the blood

a. Decreases the rate of oxygen consumption

b. Increases the affinity of hemocyanin for oxygen

c. Decreases the affinity of hemocyanin for oxygen

d. Tends to degrade hemocyanin molecules

Dissolved oxygen is often very low at the base of the thermocline in the open ocean because

a. Many fish congregate there

b. It is low from there, on down to the deep sea bottom, because of poor mixing with surface water

c. Fine-grained organic matter accumulates there, and microorganisms consume oxygen as they break down this material

d. This is the depth of the North Atlantic Deep Water, which is very low in dissolved oxygen

Most bioluminescent organisms use

a. Luciferin

b. Hemerythrin

c. Magnesium

d. Sodium ion

Chapter 5

Non-sexual reproduction might produce a colony of genetically identical individuals known as a

a. Colony

b. Reproductive population

c. Module

d. Eusocial

The outcome of sexual selection might be

a. Improved feeding behavior

b. More efficient conversion of energy to production of eggs

c. Increase in the brightness of tail spot coloration in males of a fish species

d. Evolution of hermaphroditism

A sequential hermaphrodite that switches from male to female is

a. Protandrous

b. Gonochoristic

c. Protogynous

d. Anachronistic

Protogynous sequential hermaphroditism may be favored because

a. When large, the individual will produce more offspring if it makes eggs

b. When large, the individual can compete successfully against other females for nesting sites

c. When large, the individual can compete successfully against other males for mates

d. None of the above

Populations with sexual reproduction have been found to be

a. Always more abundant than asexual populations of the same species

b. Always less abundant than asexual populations of the same species

c. Generally consisting of older individuals than asexual populations

d. More resistant to disease and parasites than asexual populations

Many species of corals spawn on the same nights because

a. They hope to maximize interspecies gamete contacts

b. The most phytoplankton food is in the water on these nights

c. The species are keyed into the same astronomical cycles, in order to maximize intraspecific gamete contact

d. These nights are very dark and one can avoid predators

Reproductive effort should increase when

a. A population is subjected to lower adult mortality

b. A population consists of sequential hermaphrodites

c. A population has separate sexes

d. A population is subjected to higher adult mortality

Increased environmental uncertainty should select for

a. Very high reproductive effort with reproduction occurring just once

b. Reproduction should be spread out over several reproductive seasons

c. Extremely low reproductive effort

d. Non-sexual reproduction

A planktotrophic larva

a. Usually develops from rather large eggs

b. Is always capable of dispersal across oceans

c. Is not capable of settlement throughout all of its planktonic life

d. Settles only on hard substrata

Which of the following species types would likely produce the smallest egg

a. Lecithotrophic species

b. Benthic species

c. Planktotrophic species

d. Estuarine species

Fish that spawn in fresh water but feed in continental shelf waters are

a. Catadromous

b. Polytomous

c. Lecithotrophic

d. Anadromous

Species with planktonic larvae, whose adults live successfully only at the upper limit of the intertidal zone

a. Will be able to settle successfully if their planktonic larvae are released for exactly 21 days

b. Will be able to settle successfully if their planktonic larvae are released at spring high tide and swim for 21 days

c. Will settle successfully if they are released in water and develop to the point of settlement in 14 days

d. Will settle successfully if first they are photopositive but are photonegative 14 days later

Settling larvae

a. Require fresh and clean substrates, devoid of bacteria and other organisms

b. Cannot encounter an appropriate substratum, except by being thrust against the bottom by turbulent water motion

c. Can detect dissolved substances several meters away and swim towards them as a settling cue

d. Can detect dissolved substances a few centimeters away and swim towards them as a settling cue

Larvae of estuarine benthic species

a. May leave the estuary, but return depending upon water currents and wind

b. May leave the estuary but never return

c. Never leave the estuary

d. Are never planktonic, so as to prevent washout into coastal waters

Benthic species with planktotrophic larvae

a. Are more common in Antarctic than any where else

b. Reach their maximum diversity in the tropics

c. Are the least common form of dispersal type in the ocean

d. None of the above

Planktotrophic benthic species and migrating fish species have the following in common

a. Both move at least thousands of kilometers

b. Both are completely faithful to specific spawning grounds

c. Both types have, respectively, more than one area to exploit resources

d. Spawning in fresh water, but adult feeding in salt water

Benthic species with planktotrophic larvae

a. Have narrower biogeographic ranges than species with non-planktonic larvae

b. Are found only in the Pacific Ocean

c. Are common in deep sea soft bottoms

d. Have broader biogeographic ranges than species with non-planktonic larvae

Chapter 6

The Reynolds number increases when

a. A.water velocity decreases

b. size of the object increases

c. water velocity increases

d. B and C

Within a boundary layer

a. Flow is always turbulent

b. Water velocity is less than in the main stream

c. Water velocity is zero

d. Reynolds number is always higher than in the main stream

Bernoulli's principle predicts

a. That pressure near an object increases as water velocity increases

b. That velocity varies with cross sectional area

c. That pressure varies inversely with flow velocity

d. That small objects sink at constant velocity

In a system of pipes, if water enters the system at a given velocity, what happens if the cross-sectional area triples

a. Velocity triples

b. No effect on velocity

c. Velocity decreases to the third power of initial velocity

d. Velocity decreases to one third the initial velocity

You can reduce drag on a fixed object in a fluid by

a. Increasing the cross-sectional area exposed to the flow

b. Decreasing the cross-sectional area exposed to the flow

c. Adding projections out from the side to break up the flow

d. Changing its density

Inertial forces dominate strongly when

a. Re < 1

b. Re < 200

c. Re > 1000

d. Re > 10

Chapter 7

Plankton that spend part of their life cycle in the water column, but live as adults in the benthos are

a. Mixoplankton

b. Meroplankton

c. Pleuston

d. Holoplankton

Nannoplankton have a size range of

a. 1-2 micrometers

b. 2 - 20 micrometers

c. 20-200 micrometers

d. < 1 micrometer

Many planktonic organisms have excesses of ammonium, sodium, and chloride relative to sea water because

a. They must regulate ionic concentrations in estuaries

b. They evolved in the deep sea and retain the chemistry of the deep sea

c. These excesses are substitutions of ions of lower density, which counteracts sinking

d. All of the above

Nautilus adjusts its vertical position in the water column by means of

a. Gas secretion

b. Use of low density ions

c. Swimming upwards continuously

d. Delicate projections from the shell that prevent sinking

During asexual reproduction in diatoms

a. Generation time decreases steadily

b. Part of the silica shell is cast off with each cell division

c. Cell size decreases steadily to a threshold

d. Are unique among phytoplankton in having resting stages on the bottom

Cyanobacteria

a. Are abundant only in estuaries

b. Are capable of nitrogen fixation

c. Cannot live in stagnant waters

d. Only occur in chains of cells

Calanoid copepods are most closely related to

a. Siphonophores

b. Ctenophora

c. Krill

d. Pteropods

Siphonophores are notable because

a. They are planktonic gelatinous carnivores

b. They are polymorphic colonies

c. They often have gas-filled floats

d. All of the above

Arrow worms

a. Feed upon phytoplankton

b. Maintain symbiotic algae

c. Feed upon bacteria

d. Are carnivores

Foraminifera and radiolaria share the following

a. They both secrete tests made of calcium carbonate

b. They both engulf food items with pseudopodia

c. They both lack sexual reproduction

d. They both are found only in high latitudes

Planktonic organisms are usually

a. Distributed at random in the water column

b. Found only at the air-water interface

c. Found near the surface during the day and at depth at night

d. Patchily distributed in the water column

Which of the following explanations of diurnal vertical migrations cannot be excluded by available data

a. Strong light is harmful

b. The zooplankton are seeking a certain temperature, which varies between day and night

c. Predation is stronger near the surface during daylight

d. Zooplankton are responding directly and only to diurnal changes in ambient light

Diurnal vertical migrations are a feature of

a. All phytoplankton and zooplankton

b. All zooplankton

c. Nearly all zooplankton capable of swimming

d. All zooplankton, with the exception of copepods

With regard to diurnal vertical migration, nearly transparent gelatinous forms

a. Pose problems for the energy hypothesis

b. Pose problems for the predation hypothesis

c. Can swim too slow to account completely for their vertical ascent

d. All of the above

Chapter 8

Cephalopods are capable of avoiding predators by means of

a. Rapid color change

b. Production of clouds of ink

c. Rapid swimming

d. All of the above

The teeth of cartilaginous fishes are

a. Fixed and fused to the jaw

b. Composed of replaceable rows

c. Strongly adapted for piercing prey

d. Few in number

Deep-bodied fishes

a. Usually swim at sustained high velocity

b. Are excellent divers

c. Are well suited to maneuvering

d. Are extremely rare

Most bony fish swim continuously

a. By strong movements of the caudal fin

b. By undulations of the entire body

c. By hydro-jet propulsion

d. By contracting a web of surrounding skin

Gas exchange into the fish swim bladder is regulated by

a. The gill

b. The retina

c. The hemoglobin in the blood

d. The rete mirabile

A fish gill and the rete mirabile are examples of

a. Counter-current exchangers

b. Sodium excretory pumps

c. Oxygen transport systems

d. Temperature regulatory mechanisms

The lateral line and otolith system both involve use of

a. Chemoreceptors mainly

b. Detection of electrical energy in the water

c. Mechanoreceptors mainly

d. Temperature receptors

Body temperature of fishes

a. Is always above ambient water temperature

b. May be greater than ambient in either the body or part of the brain

c. Is only increased in the body

d. Conforms to water temperature in all fishes

Mesopelagic fishes usually have their photophores

a. Concentrated on the dorsal surface

b. All over the body

c. Hidden unless they swim towards the surface

d. Concentrated on the ventral surface

Members of the Odontoceti

a. Suspension feed on krill

b. Sit on the bottom and attack passing sharks

c. Attack prey including fish and smaller marine mammals

d. Lay eggs on the bottom

Baleen whales

a. Attack large prey such as seals

b. Generally feed and breed in the same small areas

c. May migrate thousands of kilometers between feeding and breeding areas

d. Never feed on fish

Continuous ram feeders

a. Are never found among the whales

b. Have well developed anterior heads for attacking prey

c. Have baleen plates and feed by keeping the mouth open while swimming

d. Periodically close the mouth to expell water through the baleen plates

Pinnipeds differ from Sirenia in

a. Having hair

b. Lacking hair

c. Being able to dive

d. Being herbivores

A member of the Sirenia is

a. The Harbor Seal

b. The Beluga Whale

c. The Blue Whale

d. The Manatee

Whales have a problem diving because

a. They can hold their breath for very short periods of time

b. They inhale air at the surface at high levels of pressure

c. Upon ascent they may suffer release of gas bubbles in the circulatory system

d. Upon descent they cannot prevent large amounts of carbon dioxide from dissolving in the blood and suffer the bends

Sea birds

a. Generally nest in areas with just a few pairs

b. Feed and breed in the same areas

c. Are usually monogamous

d. Feed only by diving below the surface

Differences in feeding among shore bird species are

a. Best reflected in differences in diving from the surface

b. Best reflected in difference in beak morphology

c. Nonexistent

d. Present, but only in the breeding grounds

Eared seals

a. Never touch shore, breeding at sea

b. Have flippers that are only adapted to swimming

c. Have paddle-like hind flippers that can be rotated forward for movement on land

d. Are only found in the southern hemisphere

Sea turtles

a. Feed and reproduce in the same areas

b. Lay eggs underwater

c. Migrate often thousands of kilometers between egg-laying and feeding areas

d. Are all carnivorous

Chapter 9

The Spring diatom increase

a. Reaches its peak of biomass at the time day length is longest

b. Reaches its peak of biomass after the time of day length is longest

c. Attains a maximum of biomass when nutrients are still very concentrated in the surface waters

d. Does not end because of reduced day length

At the compensation depth

a. Total phytoplankton oxygen production in the water column equals total respiration

b. Phytoplankton oxygen production per cell equals cell respiration

c. Phytoplankton cells are stationary in position

d. There is no light present

A phytoplankton bloom will begin to increase

a. If the mixing depth is greater than the critical depth

b. If the mixing depth is equal to the critical depth

c. If the mixing depth is less than the critical depth

d. If the mixing depth is less than the compensation depth

In the temperate zone, towards the end of the spring

a. The water column becomes more stable vertically

b. The water column becomes less stable vertically

c. Mixing from below brings bottom nutrients towards the surface

d. The phytoplankton begin a secondary early summer increase

Benthic-planktonic coupling

a. Occurs only in the deep sea

b. Is restricted to waters where a strong thermocline is permanent

c. Is correlated with the development of an isothermal water column

d. Can only occur when wind action is nil

In turbid nearshore ocean waters

a. Light penetration is at wave lengths that are shorter than for the open sea

b. Light penetration is deeper than in the open sea

c. Light penetration is greatest at the far red end of the spectrum

d. Light penetration is at visible wave lengths that are longer than for the open sea

Marine snow

a. Forms only in Antarctic waters

b. Is formed only in tropical clear ocean waters

c. Is extremely pure particulate organic matter

d. Is found throughout the ocean water column

Auxotrophic phytoplankton

a. Require only inorganic nutrients to grow

b. Depend upon dissolved organic matter alone for nutrient uptake

c. Probably can grow only in the presence of other living organisms in the water column

d. Appear very early in the spring phytoplankton bloom

Nitrogen is usually taken up the fastest by phytoplankton in the form of

a. Nitrite

b. Ammonium

c. Nitrate

d. Dissolved amino acids

Nitrogen

a. Tends to exchange less rapidly than phosphorus between phytoplankton and the water

b. Tends to exchange more rapidly than phosphorus between phytoplankton and the water

c. Is never limiting during the phytoplankton season

d. Only occurs in one form at a time in the water column

In contrast to phosphorous, nitrogen

a. Is only limiting in estuaries

b. Is strongly controlled by microbial processes

c. Is a major factor in energy metabolism in phytoplankton cells

d. Is very insoluble in seawater

In the tropical gyre centers

a. Nitrogen is supplied mainly on windless days from regeneration across the thermocline

b. Nitrogen often comes mainly from excretion processes

c. Nitrogen mainly circulates in the form of nitrate

d. Nitrogen is surprisingly abundant

In the sea the nitrogen:phosphorus ratio

a. Varies greatly between phytoplankton and the water column

b. Varies strongly between winter and summer

c. Of phytoplankton resembles that of the water column

d. Is strictly constant at 1:15

In the water column

a. Bacteria consume far more dissolved nutrients than do phytoplankton

b. Bacteria are consumed mainly by larger zooplankton

c. Bacteria are consumed by protozoans, which provides a link to the rest

d. All of the above

In phytoplankton in offshore waters

a. We would expect phytoplankton to be relatively inefficient at nutrient uptake

b. We would expect saturation of nutrient uptake at nutrient concentrations higher than for inshore forms

c. Only nitrate can be taken up

d. We would expect saturation of nutrient uptake at nutrient concentrations lower than for inshore forms

Nuisance blooms

a. Have become more frequent in recent years

b. Are dominated by dinoflagellates only

c. Are dominated by phytoplankton that lack resting stages

d. Are only associated with turbulent and well mixed water columns

Zooplankton grazing

a. Is not required for a Spring diatom increase to end

b. May produce alternate areas of abundant and less abundant phytoplankton

c. Can fail to increase beyond an upper limit of phytoplankton cell concentration

d. All of the above

Chapter 10

Primary productivity

a. Is always greater than secondary productivity

b. Is always less than secondary productivity

c. Is always completely consumed by higher trophic levels

d. Is all that is needed to calculate secondary productivity

Food chain efficiency

a. Is always greater, the higher you go in the food chain

b. Is an important determinant of the potential fish production in the sea

c. Is usually greater than 50 percent

d. None of the above

The largest number of trophic levels

a. Are usually found in upwelling systems

b. Are usually found in the tropical open sea

c. Are usually found in the plankton of estuaries

d. Is theoretically 3

Dissolved oxygen is usually measured chemically by

a. The polarographic method

b. Radiometric techniques

c. The Calvin method

d. The Winkler method

In the light-dark bottle method, the dark bottle measures

a. The dark cycle of photosynthesis

b. Net photosynthesis

c. Respiration

d. Dissolved carbon excretion

The radiocarbon method

a. Seriously overestimates photosynthesis

b. Gives lower estimates of photosynthesis than the oxygen method

c. Cannot be done in the same environment as the oxygen method

d. Can be used to estimate photosynthesis, but only in the dark

Current satellite-based estimates of primary production

a. Do not require ground-based validation

b. Are hampered by a lack of a detector in the proper wave length range

c. Apply only to measures in the Pacific, where cloud cover is minimal

d. Must be calibrated by surface validation in local areas of the ocean

Upwelling

a. Occurs only near the shores of continents

b. Originates from waters of 100-200 m or less

c. Originates from waters of 1000 m or less

d. Is constant in given areas, with no reversals

Primary production in the sea

a. Is lowest in estuaries

b. Is seasonal only in mid-latitudes

c. Is lowest in tropical gyre surface waters

d. Is lowest in fronts off of the shelf-slope break

In measures of primary production, respiration

a. Is explained only by animal activity

b. Is about 50 percent of photosynthesis

c. Is about 10 percent of photosynthesis

d. Is nil

Chapter 11

What is the advantage of bilateral symmetry in animals?

a. Can sense food equally in all directions

b. Superior in every way to radial symmetry

c. Can more efficiently detect signals from one direction while moving

d. It is always useful to have a rear end

Sponges feed by means of

a. Currents formed by amoebocyte cells

b. Currents generated by muscular contraction

c. Currents formed by collar cells

d. External water currents only

All sponges have

a. Bilateral symmetry

b. Spicules

c. Nematocysts

d. No chemical defenses

All Cnidaria

a. Have a swimming life stage known as a medusa

b. Are colonial

c. Have collar cells

d. Have nematocysts

Flatworms have

a. A complete digestive tract with mouth and anus

b. No structure capable of gathering food actively

c. Many representatives that are parasitic

d. Only free-living representatives

Nemerteans differ from nematodes in that they

a. Are all suspension feeders

b. Have many non-marine representatives

c. Are all carnivores

d. Live in the deep sea only

Annelids differ from nematodes in

a. Having a complete digestion system

b. Being marine only

c. Having mouthparts

d. Having segments

Members of the Polychaeta

a. Have parapodia

b. Lack setae

c. Are segmented, unlike the Oligochaeta

d. All of the above

The Pogonophora

a. Are worm-like in shape

b. Lack a complete digestive tract

c. Are found in the deep sea

d. All of the above

Torsion

a. Is found in mollusks that lack a radula

b. Is found in only the scaphopods

c. Is an important feature of gastropods

d. Refers to the spiral form of the shell

All arthropods share

a. A calcified internal skeleton

b. A calcified external skeleton

c. An external skeleton composed of chitin

d. A strictly marine habitat

The following is not a crustacean

a. Horseshoe crab

b. Lobster

c. Crab

d. Barnacle

Brachiopods, bryozoans, and phoronids share the following

a. They are all colonial

b. A ctenidium

c. A radula

d. A lophophore

Echinoderms differ from mollusks in their

a. Lack of three tissue layers

b. Dominant radial symmetry

c. Lack of a calcium carbonate skeleton

d. All of the above

Benthic sea squirts are most closely related to

a. The sponges

b. The vertebrates

c. The arthropods

d. Plants

In Cambrian times

a. All of the phyla that lived failed to survive to the present

b. No bilateral groups had arisen as yet

c. Nearly all of the fossilizable living phyla had appeared by then

d. None of the above

Chapter 12

An individual seaweed attached to the substratum is known as a

a. Stipe

b. Holdfast

c. Thallus

d. Blade

Green seaweeds

a. Are exclusively unicellular

b. Include the coralline algae

c. Use starch as their storage product

d. Are exclusively multicellular

Agar is extracted from a

a. Red seaweed

b. Bacterium

c. Green seaweed

d. Brown seaweed

Sea grasses differ from seaweeds

a. In having the ability to spread asexually

b. In having chlorophyll

c. In living on soft sediment

d. In having flowers

Benthic diatoms differ from their planktonic relatives in

a. Being exclusively heterotrophic

b. Living in chains of cells only

c. Being usually bilaterally symmetrical

d. Living only in estuaries

Cyanobacteria

a. Only occur as single cells

b. Are capable of nitrogen fixation

c. Are closely related to fungi

d. Are filamentous in shape, unlike the fungi

Chapter 13

Meiobenthos

a. Are greater than 1 mm in size

b. Are always epifaunal

c. Are smaller than 0.5 mm

d. Are smaller than microbenthos

As the silt-clay content of sediment increases

a. We can tell that the variability of current strength increases

b. The current strength decreases

c. The current strength increases

d. The water depth must increase

An example of a hydrostatic skeleton would be

a. The chitin of an arthropod

b. Bones in a fish

c. Axial skeleton of a whale

d. A bivalve foot

Interstitial animals all

a. Are usually worm-like in shape

b. Can swim away from the sediment

c. Have high fecundity

d. All of the above

The RPD

a. Is a border between the presence and absence of bacteria

b. Is only found in estuarine sediments

c. May only be a horizontal surface

d. Is a border between oxidative and reducing processes in sediments

Deposit feeders

a. Routinely digest cellulose and other refractory compounds in sediments

b. Can digest diatoms but poorly digest bacteria

c. Can usually digest diatoms and many bacteria

d. Digest bacteria only

Some large benthic invertebrates lack a gut because

a. They feed on dissolved organic matter

b. They have symbiotic bacteria, which provide nutrients

c. They have very low metabolic needs

d. No large benthic invertebrates lack a gut

If you are a deposit feeder, it may be bad to process sediment through your gut too quickly because

a. You may suffer osmotic problems

b. You will not have an opportunity to expose the food to digestive enzymes

c. The sediment will become too watery

d. You will be exposed inevitably to sulfide

Passive suspension feeders may change their overall body form as they grow because

a. They develop reproductive structures

b. They always grow into turbulent flow

c. They may grow in complex flow near the bottom, but unidirectional flow off of the bottom

d. They must be able to bend over in flow off of the bottom in all cases

Growing erect into the current may be a problem owing to

a. A low Reynolds number

b. Oxygen overload

c. Oversupply of particles

d. Drag

In most cases, suspension feeders capture particles by means of

a. Direct interception

b. Sieving

c. Gravitational impaction

d. Intertial impaction

Wood boring

a. Is found only in the bivalves

b. Involves chemical action only in bivalves

c. Is found only in isopods

d. Is found in bivalves and isopods

Biogenic graded bedding

a. Usually involves transport of coarse particles to the surface

b. Is generated by strong wave action in the intertidal zone

c. Is commonly caused by head-down deposit feeders

d. None of the above

Chapter 14

Intertidal organisms

a. Are usually the same temperature as air temperature at the time of low tide

b. Always suffer from high heat stress

c. Can never move to a place where they can avoid drying out

d. May be cooler than a comparably-sized non-living object on a hot day at the time of low tide

If there is genetically-based color polymorphism in a bivalve, solar heat stress would create conditions for light-colored forms to

a. Be found only at low latitudes

b. Be found in the lower part of the intertidal only

c. Be found in greater frequency in low latitudes

d. Be found in greater frequency in high latitudes

Mobile carnivores are

a. Usually found in the highest part of the intertidal

b. Not usually able to get to prey in the highest part of the intertidal

c. Generally nonselective

d. Always visual in prey detection

Swash riders

a. Always are found in the lowest part of the intertidal

b. Migrate in longshore currents

c. Change vertical position to stay in wave-stirred sediments

d. Change veritical position to stay in moist, undisturbed sediments

Connell's experiments demonstrated

a. Barnacles settle randomly in the intertidal

b. The adult vertical distribution is greater than that of the newly settled larvae

c. Predation by snails is concentrated in the low part of a rocky shore

d. All of the above

Infaunal bivalve species may reduce competition by

a. Feeding on different types of phytoplankton

b. Living at different depths below the sediment-water interface

c. Living on the sediment surface

d. Being inactive for much of the year and being active in a time such as winter when other bivalves are inactive

In character displacement

a. Coexisting species exploit different resources in the same way in all localities

b. Coexisting species change resource exploitation in an identical way along an environmental gradient

c. Coexisting species exploit the same resources when alone, but diverge in resource exploitation when coexisting

d. Predators cause a change in morphology of the prey

Keystone species

a. Are primary producers

b. Are superior competitors and affect community structure

c. Affect community structure by preying on competitively important prey species

d. Are found only in the intertidal zone

Predation is generally

a. Important in rocky shores but unimportant on soft intertidal sediments

b. Seasonal only on rocky shores

c. A major factor in community structure in areas where migratory shorebirds stop

d. Restricted in importance on rocky shores to starfish only

Early dominants in intertidal seaweed succession

a. Inevitably give way to species later in the successional sequence

b. Are poor colonizers

c. Are resistant to grazing

d. Are usually not as well defended chemically as species later in succession

Estuaries

a. Are ephemeral and therefore of no biological importance

b. Are extremely important as nurseries for many species of fish

c. Have salinities too low to support much marine life

d. Have relatively low primary production, so species must feed outside the estuary

In an estuary

a. Benthos penetrate not as far upstream as zooplankton

b. Benthos live with more salinity variation than zooplankton

c. Benthos penetrate just as far upstream as zooplankton

d. Benthos penetrate farther upstream than do zooplankton

Spartina salt marsh plants spread mainly by

a. Seed set as they are flowering plants

b. Vegetative growth via the rhizomal system

c. Fragmentation and water-borne transport of adult plants

d. Subterranean spores

Lower intertidal salt marsh plants

a. Can grow well in the high intertidal zone

b. Are severely limited in growth in the high intertidal zone

c. Are no more salt-tolerant than high intertidal plants

d. Can grow in very deep water

Detritus derived from Spartina

a. Is very digestible and is consumed by many invertebrate species

b. Cannot be broken down by bacteria

c. Is never produced because all Spartina leaves are consumed by herbivores

d. None of the above

Mangroves

a. Have roots that penetrate into the oxygenated sediment below

b. Must have roots adapted to the anoxic sediment

c. Cannot live in regular sea water

d. Are common in high-latitude estuaries

Chapter 15

Sea grasses such as eel grass

a. Can spread populations only by rhizome extension

b. Are flowering plants that are pollinated by flying insects at the time of low tide

c. Are flowering plants that are fertilized by pollen that is spread by water currents

d. Are flowering plants with self fertilization only

Sea grasses such as eel grass

a. Have their lower depth limited strictly by light

b. Have their lower depth limited by herbivore pressure by fish grazing

c. Can live at great depths, as much as 10 m

d. Cannot grow in soft sediment such as mud because the pore waters lack oxygen

Sea grasses

a. Are always strongly controlled by grazing by herbivores

b. Are rather indigestible so only a restricted number of herbivore species can subsist on them

c. Are digestible by invertebrates but not vertebrates

d. Tend to grow right up to the edge of patch reefs in the Caribbean

In the 1930s

a. Eel grass increased greatly owing to the relaxation of overfishing

b. Eel grass declined owing to sewage

c. Eel grass declined because of a disease

d. Decreasing light caused a decline of eel grass

How does Eel grass affect sedimentation?

a. It slows currents and increases sedimentation

b. Leaves decompose and increase sedimentation of organic material.

c. It encourages the growth of surface algae and seaweeds and increases sedimentation

d. All of the above

Subtidal rocky reefs

a. Tend to be dominated by solitary animal species, such as barnacles

b. Are usually dominated by colonial invertebrates

c. Contain very homogeneous assemblages of invertebrates

d. Have faunas that are very similar to the fauna of rocky shores

Kelps

a. Grow well in low nutrient concentrations

b. Are confined to the tropics

c. Grow very slowly

d. Are limited to cooler and cold marine waters

If an Alaskan kelp forest is left undisturbed

a. A well-developed multistory canopy will develop eventually

b. Only a relatively low lying kelp species will come to dominate and eliminate most other kelp species

c. Urchins will stop consuming seaweeds

d. Sea otters will switch to feeding on kelp

What is the large kelp plant that we see?

a. An asexual sporophyte

b. A very large gametophyte

c. The only stage of a plant that is non-sexual

d. A benthic stage of a planktonic gametophyte

A barrens is liable to form when

a. Sea otters are very abundant

b. Urchins are very abundant

c. Storms are infrequent

d. Kelps grow too rapidly

El Niños

a. Are very beneficial for kelp forest growth

b. Have no effect on kelp forest growth

c. Negatively affect kelp forest growth

d. Kill kelps because of the very cold water they bring

Zooxanthellae

a.Are never found outside of their coral hosts

b.Are found only in hermatypic corals

c.Are found in a number of invertebrate animal groups

d.Cannot reproduce while in their hosts

Coral atolls

a. Are found strictly in the Pacific

b. Are formed by rising of the earth's crust

c. Are formed by sinking of the earth's crust

d. Grow in higher latitudes than coastal reefs

Zooxanthellae benefit their coral hosts

a. Principally by removing nitrogenous wastes

b. Mainly by supplying oxygen in an oxygen-poor environment

c. By protecting them from uv light

d. By transferring carbohydrates to their hosts, which is used for food

Mass spawning of many species on coral reefs is beneficial because

a. It guarantees cross-fertilization among species

b. It increases the probability of fertilization for each species separately

c. It allows suspension feeders to feed on gametes from the water column

d. It guarantees the distant transport of gametes from the parents

Many sessile species often coexist on coral reefs because

a. Space is never limiting

b. Predation always reduces population sizes

c. Interspecific mechanisms of competition are complex and often non-hierarchical

d. They could never require the same space for attachment

Corals growing slowly on reefs

a. Are always overgrown by faster growing corals, so they survive only by high larval recruitment

b. May maintain themselves by aggressive responses towards neighbors

c. Live only on the undersides of other corals

d. Tend to grow tall so as to shade out their neighbors

In regions with coral reefs

a. Diseases are spread only locally within a reef

b. Only corals have been found to be affected by disease

c. Disease has been found to play an insignificant role in coral reef ecology

d. Diseases can be spread by currents over large areas

Chapter 16

Suspension feeders do badly in mud because

a. Of a very low food supply

b. Of anoxic pore water in the sediment

c. Of predation

d. Of high turbidity near the sediment-water interface

Muddy sediments dominated by deposit feeders

a. Tend to be anoxic right at the surface

b. Have low water content

c. Have very high water content far below the sediment- water interface

d. Have very high water content near the sediment-water interface

Trophic group amensalism

a. Is a negative effect caused by predators eating prey

b. Is a negative effect caused by suspension feeders depleting the water column of food for deposit feeders

c. Is a negative effect caused by deposit feeders making the environment unsuitable for suspension feeders

d. None of the above

Patchiness on the sea bed is caused by

a. Disturbance caused by grazing benthic fishes

b. Burrowing structures generated by large burrowing animals

c. Patchy settlement of larvae of benthic invertebrates

d. All of the above

Particulate organic matter

a. Never reaches the deep-sea floor

b. Reaches the deep-sea floor but is always too refractory to be of importance to the benthos

c. Is deposited on the deep-sea floor in a very irregular way, causing patchiness in food supply

d. Arrives on the deep sea floor continuously through the year as a drizzle of food supply for the deep-sea benthos

Following a disturbance, the later stages of succession in a subtidal soft bottom involve

a. Deeper-burrowing species

b. Shallower-burrowing species

c. Epifaunal species

d. Species adapted to anoxia

Until the 1950s deep-sea sampling was hampered by

a. The lack of a sampling device that could dig into the mud

b. The lack of a closing device, resulting in washout of bottom organisms

c. The lack of ships capable of deploying deep-sea samplers

d. All of the above

In deep-sea sediments below gyres centers, sediments

a. Organic matter supply is not particularly less than in the deep sea nearer to the continental slope

b. Organic matter is completely absent

c. Sediments are black because of the input of organic matter

d. Sediments have the lowest organic matter in the deep sea

Temperature in the deep-sea abyssal plain

a. Is the coldest on earth

b. Is seasonally and spatially very stable

c. Has about the same annual range as coastal mid-latitude shelf waters

d. Is stable at about 10 degrees C

The number of benthic species

a. Increases continuously from the continental shelf coral reefs to the abyssal plain

b. Increases continuously from the continental shelf soft sediments to those of the abyssal plain

c. Decreases from continental shelf muddy sediments to the continental slope, then increases again

d. Increases from shelf muds to the depths of the continental rise, then decreases towards the abyssal plain

The high biomass adjacent to hot vents depends upon the release of

a. Sulfur from the vents

b. Nitrogen from the vents

c. Phosphorus from the vents

d. Bacteria from the vents

Vestimentiferans can live without a gut because

a. They live near sources of dissolved organic matter

b. They are parasites living within the guts of bivalves

c. They have symbiotic bacteria, which are the source of their nutrition

d. They are protistans

Bivalves and vestimentiferans living near vents

a. Have very slow growth rates

b. Have growth rates similar to typical abyssal benthos

c. Grow only in response to falls of phytoplankton detritus

d. Have very rapid growth rates

Chapter 17

Over a time scale of many millions of years, biodiversity is controlled by

a. Predation rates

b. Intensity of interspecific competition

c. The balance of speciation and extinction

d. Speciation only

Most often, the speciation process requires

a. Intense interspecific competition

b. The establishment of a geographic barrier that divides a species into isolated populations

c. Strong gene flow between populations

d. Low extinction rates

The probability of extinction is enhanced by

a. Reduced population size

b. Restricted geographic range

c. Environmental change

d. All of the above

As latitude increases, biodiversity generally

a. Decreases

b. Increases

c. Stays the same

d. Fluctuates randomly

For most groups, biodiversity

a. Is greater on the Atlantic coast of the U.S., relative to the Pacific Coast

b. Is greater on the Pacific coast of the U.S., relative to the Atlantic Coast

c. Is greater in New England than in the Caribbean

d. Is greater in Alaska than in southern California

In the ocean, centers of high diversity

a. Have much geologically older living representatives than in low diversity areas

b. Are found in high latitudes

c. Have much geologically younger living representatives relative to low diversity areas

d. Are found only in the deep sea

The vicariance hypothesis of biogeography would be supported if

a. All shallow-water species were found on both sides of an ocean

b. Related groups of species are confined to different geographic areas, corresponding to geological history of the origin of the isolated areas

c. Species diversity is higher in diversity centers

d. None of the above

Species diversity might be greater in regions with greater areas because

a. Of the greater population sizes in the larger areas

b. Of the lower extinction rates in the larger areas

c. Of greater diversity of habitats in larger areas

d. All of the above

The fossil record demonstrates that

a. Diversity has not changed much over the Phanerozoic

b. Major mass extinctions occurred, one extinguishing over 95 percent of the ocean's species

c. Diversity has steadily increased over geological time

d. The Pleistocene glacial age caused the greatest extinction of the past 50 million years

The species-area relationship

a. Accurately predicts the species diversity for all groups

b. Predicts more species in smaller areas

c. Has been proven to be completely invalid

d. Probably overestimates the number of species that might survive at higher trophic levels

Genetic markers are useful for marine species because

a. They can identify separate populations for management

b. They can be used to identify species

c. They allow the establishment of evolutionary relationships among species

d. All of the above

Chapter 18

Which of the following is a renewable resource?

a. Coal

b. Petroleum

c. Gold

d. Corn-derived ethanol

Stocks

a. Are used to identify different species

b. Are always genetically identical

c. Are isolated populations of the same species

d. Must be genetically different

Stock size is usually estimated by means of

a. Scientific surveys of fish populations

b. Theoretical estimates alone

c. Predictions from phytoplankton population size

d. Landings by fishers

If fishing effort goes up and the landings are the same, then

a. Stock size must have declined

b. Stock size must have increased

c. Stock size may have remained the same

d. The premise of increased effort with similar landings is impossible

Theoretically, maximum sustainable yield occurs

a. When fishing rate is at a minimum

b. When fishing rate is modest

c. When fishing rate is very high

d. When only the reproductive individuals are fished from the population

Mesh limits are a problem in assigning a sustainable yield

a. Because the mesh size used may trap many other species

b. Because mesh size may be assigned incorrectly to a given age class

c. Larger animals may be able to slip through the flexible mesh

d. All of the above

Whale fisheries are especially hard to sustain because

a. Whales, unlike fish, migrate long distances

b. Whales, unlike all other fish, have to be fished one at a time

c. Whales have small numbers of young

d. Whales can be hunted at sea by ships that do not have to return to shore

The Blue Whale Unit

a. Was a measure of Blue Whale size

b. Allows the setting of limits on several species of whales in terms of one species' size

c. Was never adopted by the International Whaling Commission

d. Was a color code for whale identification

Why does deforestation hurt salmon fisheries?

a. The logs are thrown into marine waters, which pollutes the habitat for the fish

b. The logs fall into streams, which dams them up

c. The removal of logs encourages erosion, which clogs the fish spawning grounds with mud

d. Deforestation does not harm salmon fisheries

Harmful algal blooms

a. Have been on the decline in the past decades

b. Have been increasing in frequency and extent in past decades

c. Are found only in tropical waters

d. Are confined to areas with mussels

Why do power plants exert some harm on fisheries?

a. Warm water from cooling waters can cause mortality

b. Fish are caught in intake pipe of water cooling apparatus

c. Only A

d. A and B

What group is affected by the parasite MSX?

a. Salmon

b. Oysters

c. Tuna

d. Kelp

Chapter 19

An example of a point source is

a. Runoff from a watershed along a coastline

b. Precipitation

c. Flow into an estuary from an industrial wastewater pipe

d. None of the above

Metals can be especially dangerous in the environment because

a. They are soluble in animal fat

b. They are cumulative toxins

c. They always have effects on the nervous system

d. They cause thinning of bird eggshells

Lead derives from

a. Urban run-off

b. Sewage wastewater

c. Atmospheric deposition

d. All of the above

DDT

a. Has proven to have no effect on insects

b. Was the cause of major declines in many sea bird species

c. Affects insects but has no effect on marine crustaceans

d. Decomposes very rapidly in the environment to a harmless residue

PCBs originate from

a. Acid rain

b. Degradation of pesticides such as DDT

c. The bottoms of ships

d. Industrial sources, such as machinery

Oil is especially toxic when

a. It has a large fraction of aromatics

b. It is pure crude oil

c. It has stayed in the ocean for several years

d. None of the above

Which of the following is the most counterproductive way to deal with an oil spill

a. If seas are rough, let them break up the spill and disperse the oil

b. Contain the oil within a floating boom

c. Add lots of detergents to the sea surface to disperse the oil

d. Reduce tanker traffic near hazardous sites

Eutrophication often results in

a. Hypoxia

b. Reduced primary production

c. Decreased pH

d. All of the above

Coliform bacteria counts are often used as a pollution indicator because

a. They cause disease

b. They are a direct estimate of hypoxia

c. They harbor dangerous viruses

d. They are thought to be correlated in abundance with other microorganisms that cause disease

Tertiary sewage treatment would involve

a. The removal of very fine particulate matter

b. Removal of dissolved nutrients

c. Removal of heavy metals

d. Removal of oxygen

The greenhouse effect of the earth's atmosphere

a. Is caused by industrial emissions only of methane

b. Is caused only by carbon dioxide that is derived from industrial emissions

c. Is caused by natural sources only of carbon dioxide and other natural gases such as methane

d. Is caused by carbon dioxide and other gases from both natural and industrial sources

Secchi disk data show

a. A strong rise in phytoplankton abundance over the last 70 years

b. No change in temperature over the past 70 years

c. An increase in temperature over the past 70 years

d. No change in phytoplankton abundance over the last 70 years

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