I



• Rights of the Citizens

• Section 1

• CREATING A BILL OF RIGHTS:

– The original ____________________ did not contain a bill of rights.

– The founding fathers believed that they had protected the ____________________of citizens by limiting the government’s power

• ANTI-FEDERALISTS

– THE ANTI-FEDERALISTS

• The ____________________believed that the Constitution gave too much power to the ____________________government

• They were troubled by the fact that there was no ____________________to protect citizens.

• Feared ____________________of the ____________________.

• ____________________promised to use the ____________________process to add a bill of rights

• The new government went into effect in ____________________.

– PROPOSAL & RATIFICATION

• Madison believed that the Bill of Rights would be a symbol that ____________________was listening to the citizens

• ____________________amendments were proposed them to the states.

• The states passed the ____________________amendments that protected the rights of citizens.

• amendments that did not pass

– limit the size of ____________________

– limit when Congress could raise its ____________________.

• THE AMENDMENT PROCESS

» ____________________ (official suggestion)

» a ____________________vote of both houses of congress or

» a ____________________called by 2/3 of the states (this has never been done)

» RATIFICATION

» a ¾ approval of states ____________________

» a ¾ approval of special state ____________________conventions

Objectives

1. Explain why the Constitution originally did not have a bill of rights.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Explain why the Anti-Federalists called for a bill of rights.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Explain how the Constitution can be amended.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Rights of the Citizens

• Section 2

• Bill of Rights

• BASIC FREEDOMS: The first ____________________ amendments to the Constitution were added to protect the rights of American Citizens.

o THE ____________________

▪ THE ____________________ AMENDMENT

• FREEDOM OF ____________________

o “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion…” This is usually seen as the separation of church and state.

o “…or abridging the free exercise thereof…”

• FREEDOM OF ____________________

o This allows for criticism of the government.

o This protects one’s right to hold unpopular ideas.

o However, speech may not libel or cause “clear and present danger.”

o FREEDOMS OF ____________________, ____________________, AND ____________________

Objectives

4. What is the purpose of the Bill of Rights? Focus on explaining the importance of majority rule and minority rights.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Rights of the Citizens

• Section 3

▪ THE ____________________ AMENDMENT: Guar-antees the “________________________________________.” Some point to the “____________________” to support gun control.

▪ THE ____________________ AMENDMENT: ________________________________________, no individual can be forced to house or supply the military except in time of war.

▪ THE ____________________ AMENDMENT: Forbids ____________________ of ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________ without a ____________________ or ____________________.

▪ THE ____________________ AMENDMENT: Rights of the accused and property.

• One can not be brought to trial unless indicted by the ____________________.

• Bans ____________________.

• Prevents ____________________, being tried for the same crime twice.

• Protects property can not be taken except in the case of ____________________ and as the result of due process of law.

▪ THE ____________________ AMENDMENT: Rights of the accused. These rights are sometimes called ____________________ or ____________________.

• a ____________________ trial

• a trial by ____________________

• must be ____________________

• the right to ____________________ ____________________ or witnesses and have own witnesses right to ____________________ (“…to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.”)

5. Summarize the significance of the right to bare arms, a search warrant, probable cause, self incrimination, right to property, and eminent domain.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Rights of the Citizens

• Section 4

• 6th Amendment

• THE ____________________ AMENDMENT: Rights of the ____________________. These rights are sometimes called habeas corpus or ____________________.

– a speedy ____________________

– a trial by ____________________

– must be informed of ____________________

– the right to face and question ____________________ or witnesses and have own ____________________

– right to ____________________ (“…to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.”)

• 7th Amendment

• THE ____________________ AMENDMENT: Trial by _________________________________________________________.

• 8th Amendment

• THE ____________________ AMENDMENT: Bans _________________________________________________________.

• 9th Amendment

• THE ____________________ AMENDMENT: People ____________________ held at the time of the Constitution.

• 10th Amendment

• The ____________________ AMENDMENT: States maintain all rights not ____________________ of states.

Objectives

6. Summarize the rights of the accused, right to a civil trial by jury, ban on cruel and unusual punishment.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Explain what is meant by “un-named rights”.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Define states rights.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Explain how the rights of citizens may be regulated, but not denied.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Guided Reading Activity

p. 131-139

1. Describe the 2 methods that may be used to propose and to ratify an amendment.

2. Summarize the debate in Congress over the Bill of Rights.

3. Describe how the Bill of Rights became part of the Constitution.

4. Define separation of church and state:

5. Define eminent domain:

6. Define due process of law:

7. Define double jeopardy:

8. List the freedoms that are protected in the 1st amendment.

9. Summarize the amendments that protect against abuse of power by the government.

10. Explain how the rights of the accused are protected by the Bill of Rights.

11. Describe the rights protected by the 9th and 10th amendment.

• Rights of the Citizens

• Section 5

• INTERPRETING THE BILL OF RIGHTS:

• Since the Constitution does not spell many things out in detail, how do we know what the law actually is? This is often the role of the Supreme Court.

• GIDDEON v. WAINWRIGHT (1963)

• GIDDEON v. WAINWRIGHT (1963)

– Clarence Giddeon was ________________________________________.

– The court ruled that this ________________________________________.

• MIRANDA v. ARIZONA (1966)

• MIRANDA v. ARIZONA (1966)

– ____________________was arrested on kidnapping and rape charges.

– Miranda had been questioned, confessed, and signed a written statement.

– The Court ruled that without being told that he had ________________________________________; his ____________________could not be used in his trial.

– This violated his ________________________________________.

• TINKER v. DES MOINES (1969)

• TINKER v. DES MOINES (1969)

– Mary Beth and John Tinker wore ____________________to school in protest of the ____________________.

– The School ____________________the arm bands.

– The Court ruled that since the arm bands did not disrupt classes or interfere with the rights of other students, the action was protected as freedom of speech.

• NATIONAL SOCIALIST PARTY v. SKOKIE, IL (1977)

• NATIONAL SOCIALIST PARTY v. SKOKIE, IL (1977)

– A neo-____________________ (in uniform) applied for a permit to hold a parade in Skokie, a town with a large ____________________population.

– The city told them they needed $350,000 in ____________________in order to obtain the permit.

– The Nazis then planned a protest of the insurance requirement, the county court banned ____________________that promoted ____________________.

– The Illinois ____________________upheld the county’s ruling.

– The Supreme Court ordered Illinois to review the earlier decisions.

– The Court ruled that:

» The ____________________was too much, and therefore ____________________free speech and assembly.

» The law had not been applied ____________________. The uniforms and swastika could not be banned even though they may be seen as “________________________________________.” This may be used to stop other groups.

» ____________________won, the case, but choose to hold their rally in ____________________. Thousands came out against them, but a heavy police presence prevented any violence.

• Doe v. Renfrow (1980)

• Doe v. Renfrow (1980)

– During a drug search by ____________________, Diane Doe’s ____________________became suspect. It was searched and nothing found.

– When the dog continues barking at her, she was taken to the nurse’s office and a ____________________was conducted.

– The Court ruled that…

» the dog search was ____________________as the school was acting in ____________________

» the strip search ____________________Doe’s rights against and unreasonable search, a warrant was needed.

• NEW JERSEY v. TLO (1985)

• NEW JERSEY v. TLO (1985)

– A teacher discovered two girls ____________________in a lavatory. The teacher took the students to the office to meet with the assistant principal. 

– The assistant principal questioned T.L.O.'s companion who ____________________to smoking. T.L.O denied smoking. 

– The assistant principal asked demanded to see her purse.  He found a pack of cigarettes. He then noticed rolling papers in the purse and proceeded to dig through the purse.  The search turned up a marijuana pipe, plastic bags, substantial amount of money, an index card with students who owed T.L.O. money and two letters that implicated T.L.O. in marijuana dealing.

– T.L.O. claimed that the search was ____________________since there was no ____________________.

– The Court ruled the search was ____________________since in was …

» conducted by a ____________________official, not a police officer.

» that schools need only “____________________,” not “probable cause.”

• HAZELWOOD V. KUHLMEIR (1988)

• HAZELWOOD V. KUHLMEIR (1988)

– The ____________________class wanted to publish a story on ____________________. The principal vetoed the story.

– The Court ruled that schools can serve as the ____________________on student publications and school activities as long as their actions are reasonable.

Objectives

10. Define judicial review and explain relevance and connection of constitutional principles in the following cases (In other words, explain how and why did the Court rule as it did?): Giddeon v. Wainwright, Miranda v. Arizona, Tinker v. Des Moines, the National Socialist Party v. Skokie, Doe v. Renfrow, New Jersey v. TLO, and Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeir.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

11. Explain how loco parentis and reasonable suspicion relate to the rights of students.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Guided Reading Activity

p. 140-145, 151-157

1. Describe the role of courts in settling disputes over citizen’s rights.

2. Summarize the Supreme Court’s decision in the Tinker case.

3. Review both sides of the Skokie case, and describe the Court’s decision.

4. Describe the continuing challenge of citizens in protecting our own rights.

5. Define suffrage:

6. Explain how the laws concerning slavery have changed since the signing of the Constitution.

7. Describe the amendments that insured the right to vote for African Americans.

8. Summarize women’s struggle for the right to vote.

9. Explain why the voting age was lowered to 18.

10. Describe how the amendment process gives Americans a voice in their government.

Rights of the Citizens

• Section 6

• SCOTT v. SANFORD (1857)

• CHANGING THE LAW OF THE LAND

– SCOTT v. SANFORD (1857)

• Dred Scott was a slave owned by an Army doctor. He was taken into the ____________________ Territory.

• The ________________________________________banned slavery in the northern part of the Louisiana Territory, Scott claimed that made him free.

• THE COURT’S RULINING

» Slaves were ____________________and therefore could not sue in court.

» The Missouri Compromise was ____________________since it violated the property rights of slave owners.

• CIVIL RIGHTS AMENDMENTS

– THE CIVIL RIGHTS AMENDMENTS

• THE 13th AMENDMENT (1865) ________________________________________.

• THE 14th AMENDMENT (1868) granted ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.”

• THE 15th AMENDMENT (1870) Granted _________________________________________________________.

• EXPANSON OF RIGHTS

– THE EXPANSON OF RIGHTS

• THE 19th AMENDMENT: ____________________is granted.

• THE 24th AMENDMENT: Banned ____________________and the ____________________.

• THE 26th AMENDMENT: ____________________is granted.

• SEGREGATION & EQUALITY: Equal Protection

• PLESSY v. FERGUSON (1896)

» Homer Plessy claimed New Orleans’ segregated transportation violated his ____________________.

» The Court held that it did not as long as the segregation was “________________________________________.”

• BROWN v. BROAD OF EDUCATION OF TOPEKA (1954)

• BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION OF TOPEKA (1954)

» Linda Brown was denied admission to the white school.

» ________________________________________argued that this violated her ____________________right of “equal protection.”

» The Court ruled that “________________________________________.”

• EQUALITY & AFFIRMATIVE ACTION

• PHILLIPS V. MARTIN MARIETTA CORP. (1971)

» Ida Phillips applied and was denied a job because she had two children.

» She argued that the company had ____________________, one for men and one for women.

» The Court ruled in her favor saying the two standards ____________________against women.

• UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA V. BAKKE (1978)

• UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA V. BAKKE (1978)

» Allan Bakke applied for ____________________into med school.

» On two occasions he was denied admission due to the school’s ____________________policy. On each occasion, minority students with lows GPA’s and test scores were admitted.

» The Court ruled that….

» it was ____________________for an admissions program to discriminate against whites only because of their race.

» However, ____________________could be one of several factors considered for admission.

Objectives

12. Summarize the facts and ruling of Scott v. Sanford.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

13. Explain how the 13th, 14th, 15th, 19th, 24th, and 26th Amendments have expanded the civil rights of American citizens. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

14. Summarize the facts and rulings of Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Topeka Board of Education. Focus on how the government’s view of basic rights has changed as a result of these cases. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

15. Summarize the facts and Rulings of Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp. and University of California v. Bakke. Focus on how the government’s view of basic rights has changed as a result of these cases. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• U.S. Constitution:

The Preamble

• Preamble to the U.S. Constitution

• The Preamble to the United States Constitution is a brief ____________________of the fundamental purposes and guiding principles that the ____________________is meant to serve. In general terms it states, and courts have referred to it as reliable evidence of, the Founding Fathers’ intentions regarding the Constitution's meaning and what they hoped it would achieve

• “We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”

• U.S. Constitution:

The Articles

• Article 1

• ____________________________________________________________

• Article 2

• ____________________________________________________________

• Article 3

• ____________________________________________________________

• Article 4

• ____________________________________________________________

• Article 5

• ____________________________________________________________

• Article 6

• ____________________________________________________________

• Article 7

• ____________________________________________________________

• U.S. Constitution:

The Amendments

• 1st Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________

• ____________________________________________________________

• ____________________________________________________________

• ____________________________________________________________

• ____________________________________________________________

• 2nd Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________

• 3rd Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________

• 4th Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• 5th Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________

• ____________________________________________________________

• ____________________________________________________________

• ____________________________________________________________

• 6th Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________

• ____________________________________________________________

• ____________________________________________________________

• ____________________________________________________________

• ____________________________________________________________

• 7th Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________

• 8th Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________

• ____________________________________________________________

• 9th Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________

•

• 10th Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________

• 11th Amendment

• __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• 12th Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________

• 13th Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________.

• 14th Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________

• 15th Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________

• 16th Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________

• 17th Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________

• 18th Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________

• 19th Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________

• 20th Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________

• ____________________________________________________________

• 21st Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________

• 22nd Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________

• 23rd Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________

• 24th Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________

• 25th Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________

• ____________________________________________________________

• 26th Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________

• 27th Amendment

• ____________________________________________________________

• John Locke

• His political philosophy influenced the American Revolution the most. To exemplify this, recall Thomas Jefferson's famous phrase from the Declaration of Independence: "Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness". This phrase actually appeared in the writings of Locke in his Two Treatises on Government where he says "no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions." Jefferson changed the last condition from "possessions" (or "estate") because he feared people would claim they have the right to the property of others, so he claimed people have the right to pursue that which makes them happy. Locke also believed in the following political and philosophical principles: (1) government is required to protect people's natural rights, (2) government should have limited power, (3) the type of government should be accepted by all citizens, (4) absolute monarchy is immoral, (5) government has an obligation to those it governs, and (6) people have the right to overthrow government if the it fails its obligations or takes away natural rights (revolution).

• Montesquieu

• The Spirit of the Laws described checks and balances on government by dividing the functions of power between three separate branches of government to protects liberty. One can see his ideas about separation of governmental powers reflected in the United States Constitution with the separate branches of government: the legislative, judiciary, and the executive.

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau

• In The Social Contract, written in 1762, Rousseau states that (1) man is born free, (2) controls by a freely formed government are good, (3) consent to a form of governments means that the individual gives up self-interest in favor of the common good, and (4) when government is by the consent of the governed the people retain their rights. Jefferson makes implicit reference to Rousseau when in the Declaration of Independence, he states that the King of England no longer has the consent of the colonists which he rules and therefore his power over them is nullified.

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