SIMULATION:



SIMULATION:

Part - A

1. Give the necessity for going for simulation.

2. Define simulation. Mention any 2 areas of application of simulation.

3. Define Random Number and list the properties.

4. Mention the purpose of conducting goodness of fit tests.

5. What is referred as pmf.

6. What is the formula involved in additive congruential method?

7. Define and give the p.d.f of geometric, Weibull distribution

8. Define Gamma Distribution, p.d.f and its special characteristics.

9. Mention the difference b/w verification and validation.

10. Give the characteristics of queuing problems.

11. Give the expansion for GPSS, LAN.

12. Name any 2 continuous system languages.

13. Mention the components of a system.

14. Name any 2 entities and attributes for factory system.

15. List any 2 areas where random numbers are used.

16. Mention an example in day-to-day life which fits for Poisson Distribution.

17. Why validation is essential in simulation models?

18. Give the importance of reducing the variance.

19. Name the special characteristics to be determined in hospital system.

20. Define MODEL.

21. How pseudo random numbers are defined?

22. What is the need for evaluating the Experiments?

23. How broadly simulation languages are classified?

24. Where we apply the random samples generated from gamma distrn.

25. Mention any 4 simulation languages for expression based continuous system.

26. What is meant by Auto Correlated?

27. What is referred as combined simulation language?

28. What do you meant by configuration statements?

29. Define System.

30. List out the important statistical properties which must be satisfied by a sequence of random numbers R1,R2,…..

31. What do you mean by serially correlated?

32. Identify the purpose of continuous simulation language.

33. What do you mean by function generation statements?

34. Explain the role of empirical discrete distribution in random variate generation.

35. Explain the use of Histogram.

36. What is the relationship b/w the control statements of discrete simulation language with CSSL.

Part – B

1. What are the principles to be kept in mind while constructing a model?

2. With examples compare and contrast discrete and continuous system.

3. Describe the technique of generating random numbers using the mid product method.

4. Describe the technique of generating random numbers from exponential distribution.

5. How to generate random samples based on Erlang distribution?

6. Describe the methodology for having random samples based on Poisson distribution.

7. Explain the characteristics of geometric, Binomial distribution and how random samples can be generated on this?

8. What is simulation run? How to determine its length?

9. Explain the following validation techniques: a) Subsystem, b) Face, c) Internal Validity, d) Sensitivity analysis.

10. Describe a GPSS program for a manufacturing shop model.

11. What are the different levels in SIMSCRIPT?. Explain them.

12. State the merits & limitations of Simulation.

13. Mention the merits & demerits of Mid Square Method.

14. How Linear Congruential Technique can be used for generating random numbers?

15. Discuss on discrete uniform distribution.

16. Explain the steps involved in designing the simulation experiments.

17. Write short notes on SIMULA and its importance.

18. What important features are to be kept in mind while simulating a LAN system?

19. Discuss on classification of models.

20. How to generate normal variates?

21. Define Poisson distribution with an example.

22. What are the analysis to be made with Input and Output of simulation experiments?

23. What is meant by Event Scheduling in Simulation?

24. Draw the blocks of GENERATE and ADVANCE and explain them.

25. Mention the entries in the preamble (intro.) section of SIMSCRIPT program.

26. Define the utilization factor of the service facility in the queuing model.

27. Describe the step by step procedure for the inverse transform technique used in exponential distribution.

28. Discuss ‘Manual simulation using event scheduling’

29. Explain different categories of discrete system simulation languages.

30. Discuss on ‘Simulation of Inventory problem’

31. What are the factors to be considered for the selection of a discrete simulation language?

Part-C

1. With an example, explain the Monte Carlo Method.

2. What are the tests to be conducted for Random Number. Discuss them.

3. Explain the following Variance Reduction Technique: Authentic, Stratified Sampling, Importance in Sampling.

4. Simulate a) single server queuing model. ii)Two server queuing system.

5. Describe the following blocks in GPSS: a) ADVANCE, b) ENTER, c) QUEUE, d) DEPART, e) TERMINATE, f) SEIZE, g)RELEASE, h)LEAVE, i) GENERATE.

6. Explain with example random numbers can be generated by Acception - Rejection Technique.

7. How non-uniform random numbers can be generated using Acceptance- Rejection Test and Inverse Transform Technique?

8. Explain the following tests in Random number declaration: i) Frequency test, ii) Independence Test.

9. Simulate a Hospital system.

10. Discuss in detail on ‘Simulation of LAN’, Event Simulation, SIMSCRIPT.

11. Describe the approaches which are widely followed in validation process.

12. Describe the Kolmogrov-Smirnov Test in detail.

13. Explain the steps in simulation study with flow chart.

14. Write short notes on SIMCRAT.

UML:

Part – A

1. Write down the 2 basic principles of modeling.

2. Define model.

3. State the importance of modeling.

4. What are the 3 kinds of relationship in object oriented modeling?

5. What is realization?

6. Define: Interface and Type.

7. What is interaction?

8. Define: Event and Signal

9. List out the four parts of state.

10. What is meant by timing mark and timing expression?

11. Define components

12. What is collaboration?

13. What are the different types of diagrams available?

14. Mention the stereotypes defined by the UML to classes.

15. List the elements in the object diagram.

16. Define a link with an example.

17. What is the need for an activity diagram?

18. Give the necessity of a time event.

19. Draw the graphical representation of an active class.

20. How to model an Application Programming Interfaces?

21. Give an example for a development diagram.

22. Define a class.

23. How to model a flow of control?

24. Give the necessity for the collaboration diagrams?

25. Give the diagrammatic representation for modeling a call event.

26. What for transitions are created in state machines?

27. List the standard stereotypes that are defined by UML to components.

28. How collaborations are named?

Part – B

1. Explain any 3 kinds of Structural things in the UML? (APR – 2002)

2. Explain modeling the vocabulary of a system modeling technique in classes.

3. Enumerate all kinds of classifiers provided by UML.

4. Explain : modeling the seams in a system of modeling technique

5. Explain the modeling technique(modeling behaviour of a element) of use cases in basic behavioural modeling.

6. Explain the modeling a workflow of activity diagram.

7. Explain the modeling exception of event and signals.

8. Discuss about modeling the life of an object of state machines.

9. Explain the various kinds of components.

10. Discuss about modeling a physical database of component diagram.

11. Where can the UML be used? (NOV 2002)

12. Explain the concept of Importing and Exporting of Packages.

13. Discuss the concept of Forward and Reverse Engineering in the use case diagrams.

14. Explain the role of Action States and Activity States.

15. What are the parts contained in a state of the state machines?

16. How communication is taken care in the processes and threads?

17. Give the structural aspects of a collaboration.

18. With a diagram, explain the Trace Relationships concept.

19. Discuss the Interaction diagram at a High level of Abstraction and at a Low level of Abstraction (Apr-2003)

20. Explain the concept of advanced relationships.

21. What is a Link in interactions? Explain with a diagram.

Part – C

1. Give an overview of the UML (APR 2002)

2. Explain the terms and concepts of relationships in Basic Structural modeling.

3. Explain any two relationship of advanced structural modeling.

4. Explain the interactions of basic behavioural modeling.

5. Explain the process and threads of advanced behavioural modeling.

6. Explain the deployment of architectural modeling.

7. Describe the modeling of Single Inheritance (NOV 2002)

8. Discuss on the stereotypes that apply to dependency relationships among classes and objects in class diagrams.

9. Discuss on the modeling of Static and Dynamic types with diagrams.

10. Explain : i) Sequence Diagram, ii) Collaboration Diagram

11. Model a design pattern and discuss its behavioural aspect.

OD:

Part-A:

1. Define OB.

2. What are the basic assumptions of OB?

3. What do u mean by reengineering?

4. Define attitude.

5. What do u mean by job satisfaction?

6. What is +ve reinforcement?

7. What are the five types of leaders as suggested by blake and monton?

8. What do u mean by informal group?

9. What is meant by meta communication?

10. What is job enrichment? Give example.

11. What do u mean by Mgt. By Objectives?

12. What do u mean by anthropology?

13. What is meant by individual difference?

14. Who is an introvert?

15. What do you mean by operant conditioning?

16. What are the various types of defence mechanisms?

17. What do u mean by group dynamics?

18. What are the internal causes for change?

19. What do u mean by sensitivity training?

20. What is Personality?

21. Define Motivation?

22. Who is Democratic Leader?

23. What is Managerial Grid?

24. What is Apathetic Group?

25. What is Formal Communication?

26. What is Organizational Climate?

27. Explain the concept of Mutual Interest?

28. What is Trait Factor Theory?

29. What is Conservative Group?

30. What is Organizational goal?

31. What is ‘grapevine’?

32. List the four managerial activities of managers.

33. Define self esteem.

34. List any 2 content theories of work motivation.

35. Define formal channels of communication.

36. What is a virtual organization?

Part – B:

1. Explain the application of organizational behaviour concepts in business & mgt. (Apr – 2002)

2. Discuss how OB is an inter disciplinary subject?

3. Explain trait theory of personality.

4. What are the important sources of acquiring attitude?

5. Explain the theory X of motivation.

6. What do u mean by job satisfaction? Discuss the various factors related to job satisfaction.

7. Explain transactional analysis.

8. What are the external and internal causes of conflict?

9. What are the factors contributing work environment?

10. Explain the significance and scope of OB? (Nov – 2002)

11. Explain the system approach to the study of OB?

12. Explain the factors influencing perception?

13. Explain the usefulness of Johari Window in analyzing the causes of interpersonal conflict.

14. Explain the principles of learning.

15. Outline the Maslow’s need Hierarchy theory of motivation.

16. Explain the reasons for inter group conflict.

17. What are the different types of Informal Group and the characteristics of informal group?

18. Explain the benefits of resistance.

19. Define Organizational culture. How it culture learnt by employees?

20. Explain the nature of perception ( Apr – 2003)

21. State and explain the problems of job enrichment.

22. Explain hierarchical nature of needs.

23. Advantages of Written Communication.

24. What is Morale? Explain its importance.

25. Write short notes on “Functional Organization Structure.

26. What is Organizational Change and different types of it?

27. What are the various levels of conflict in organization?

28. Explain Likert’s Management System. (Nov-2003)

29. What do u mean by Group? Why work groups are formed?

30. Explain the nature of Line Organization Structure.

31. What are the advantages of Job Satisfaction Study?

32. Why do people resist change?

33. What are all the human relation factors of OB? (Apr-2004)

34. Explain the factors affecting orgnl. Climate?

35. What are the family and social factors that determines personality? (Nov-2004)

36. List out the factors to be considered in designing the organization structure.

37. Explain about managing work force diversity? (Apr-2005)

38. Explain the various abilities?

39. Explain Consistency in detail.

40. Explain transition in leadership theories.

41. Explain the different types of learning.

42. Explain the factors affecting inter group relations.

43. Explain the role of changing technology as change agents.

Part – C:

1. Explain the various approaches to the study of OB. (Apr-2002)

2. Explain the perceptual process.

3. Explain the Herzberg 2 factor theory of motivation.

4. Critically examine the fielder’s contingency theory of leadership.

5. Explain the process of organizational change.

6. Define conflict. What are functional and dysfunctional consequences?

7. Discuss how OB is an inter-disciplinary subject ( Nov-2002)

8. Explain the major factors that determine individual behaviour.

9. Explain Blake and Monton’s managerial grid.

10. What are the barriers that check effective communication? How can these barriers be overcome?

11. Define Organization development. Explain the important OD techniques and different phases in it.

12. What do u understand by attitudes? How are attitudes formed?

13. What are the major factors affecting perceptual selectivity? (Apr-2003)

14. Explain various elements of Learning Process.

15. Explain the salient features of Theory X and Y.

16. Discuss various Leadership Styles.

17. Discuss the role of behavioural science for mgt. (Nov-2003)

18. Explain determinants of Personality, personality traits?

19. How can a conflict be resolved in an orgn.?

20. Discuss the various factors that contribute to high morale among workers of an orgn.

21. What administrative measures are conductive to the promotion of morale in business?

22. Explain any 2 expectancy theories. (Apr-2005)

23. Explain the various stages of conflict process.

24. Explain the various types of resistance to change.

Optimization Techniques:

1. Write any 2 characteristics of the Standard L.P.P

2. Explain Degeneracy in simplex method.

3. Explain service channels in queuing models.

4. Explain arrival distribution in queuing models.

5. Explain the term “inventory”.

6. Define Production cost and holding cost.

7. Define an activity and a node.

8. Define a n/w, event, activity and the critical path.

9. Write the (types) situations when the replacement needs to be done – 5.

10. Explain individual and group replacement policies.

11. Define Solution , basic and Feasible Solution.

12. What for artificial variables?

13. When a queuing system is called transient state?

14. What is non poisson queues?

15. Define Holding Cost and Salvage Cost.

16. Define Reliability.

17. Write down the rules for N/W construction – 5.

18. Define Transportation problem.

19. Define queuing system.

20. State the parameters (limits), characteristics of the queuing system.

21. Define Deterministic inventory model.

22. What is a replacement problem and types of replacement problem.

23. Diff b/w feasible soln. and basic feasible soln.

24. Diff b/w Trans.P and Assign.P.

25. Give some applications of queuing theory.

26. What are the advantages of having inventories?

27. What are the economic parameters of inventory?

28. Define Redundancy with example.

29. Define interference float, total float and independent float.

30. Write short note on staffing problem.

31. Define slack, artificial, surplus variables in LPP.

32. Write abt. a) traffic intensity, (b) queue length.

33. With respect to the queue system a)queue discipline, b)jockeying.

34. Discuss EO problem with one price break.

35. Explain the term a)set up cost, b) re-order point.

36. What is meant by graphing in network analysis?

37. Diff b/w PERT and CPM - 5

38. Discuss the elements of queuing system – 5.

39. Explain the term Objective function.

40. Explain Lead Time, Safety stock, Buffer Stock.

41. Write down any 2 specific areas in which an assnt. pbm. can be formulated.

42. What do you mean by earliest start time?

43. Explain the terms: optimistic time, pessimistic time, most likely time – 5.

DBS

1. What is meant by (physical) data independence? Write down the low level of data independence?

2. Explain DDL, DML. Diff. Types of DML.

3. What is meant by embedded DML?

4. What is meant by null value and the use of it in SQL? Give example.

5. What is meant by optical storage?

6. Give the B+ Tree index structure and example for B+ tree, B tree.

7. Explain stable storage.

8. What is the need for testing for serializability?

9. What is meant by data replication?

10. Define Transparency and its types, the points of view to the issues of transp.?

11. What is DBMS and primary goal of DBMS?. Diff. b/w FMS & DBMS.

12. What is SQL. Enumerate its parts. Any 4 domain types in SQL.

13. Define 2NF.

14. Write down any 2 disadv. for the byte string representation.

15. What are two techniques for implementing files of variable length records?

16. Define transaction. Properties of it..

17. What is the record level logging?

18. What is authorization?.List out the several forms of authorization on path of the database.

19. Define System, data.

20. What are the symbols used in ER diagrams?

21. What is Normalization?

22. What is meant by indexing? Diff. b/w primary index and secondary index.

23. Mention the necessity for transaction model.

24. Define distributed databases and its need.

25. Explain Multiple Granularity.

26. What is the need for commit protocols?

27. What are the different models available for database? Mention three.

28. What are the validation techniques available?

29. What is meant by Encryption?

30. Why security is essential in databases?

31. What are the advantages of database system?

32. Explain the term entity set. Give example.

33. Write the string operation in SQL?

34. What are the notions on which the Domain-key normal form is based on?

35. Construct a B+ tree for the following set of key values: (2,3,5,7,11,19,23,29,31) with n=4.

36. List various types of failures occur in a system.

37. What is concurrency control?

38. Explain the use of Name Server.

39. Define the term digital signature.

40. Write down the basic structure of QUEL and what is QBE?

41. Explain the purpose of checkpoint mechanism.

42. Write the features of statistical databases. – 5 M

43. How are the database users classified?

44. Explain the distinctions between the terms primary key, candidate key and super key.

45. What are the three clauses used in SQL?

46. Mention any 3 aggregate operations used in SQL.

47. How does the remapping of bad sectors by disk controllers affect data retrieval rates?

48. Explain the 2 basic kinds of indices.

49. What is atomicity?

50. What are the facts which make a distributed database system configuration?

51. What is called file and file system?

52. What is meant by clustering indices?

53. What is called serial schedules?

54. What is meant by logical independence?

55. What are the 2 diff. Types of languages provided by a database system?

56. What is the purpose of like statement in SQL?

57. Explain why the allocation of records to blocks affects database system performance significantly.

58. List the different performance measures of disks.

59. What are the different states of transaction?

60. Mention 2 diff. types of locks.

61. What are the tradeoffs for building distributed database system?, Structure of distr.db.

5 M:

1. Distinguish b/w fixed and variable length records.

2. Explain how queries are processed using a B+ tree.

3. Explain the n/w model with example.

4. Explain the functional dependency in normalization.

5. Write short notes on “Data Dictionary Storage”. Purpose of constructing data dictionary.

6. Why indexing is essential in file organization.

7. Discuss on B-tree equivalent on B- tree.

8. Explain briefly the clustering of file organization.

9. Describe the query transformation in distributed query processing.

10. Describe the diff. b/w the terms relation and relational schema. Give examples.

11. Discuss about timestamp used for determining serializability order for schedules.

12. Explain how disk block access is optimized.

10 M:

1. Explain the BCNF, adv. & disadv.

2. Explain the functional components of database system.

3. Discuss with example - ER diagram. Explain the mapping cardinalities in designing ER model.

4. How do u normalize using multivalued dependencies. Illustrate?

5. Explain the test for view serializability, Conflict serializability.

6. Explain how Encryption and Decryption are used for database security?

CN:

1. What is Topology?

2. Define Multiplexing and its types.

3. Define Congestion.

4. What is routing?

5. Define Frame.

6. What is FDDI?

7. What are the common interior gateway protocols?

8. What is remote logon?

9. What is computer n/w and its components.

10. Explain the need, characteristics of routing algorithm.

11. State the various reasons for congestion in a subnet.

12. Diff. b/w WAN and MAN.

13. What is the function of X.25 standard?

14. What do u mean by bridges and routers.

15. List some use of FDDI interface.

16. Write about Telnet.

17. Explain the role of transport layer.

18. What are peer entities?

19. What is an interface?

20. What is load shedding?

21. What is Noise Delay?

22. What is Discard Strategy?

23. State the format of the datagram header.

24. What is a Hamming Distance?

25. Define Propagation Delay? (next to message switching)

26. What is an Internal Datagram service?

27. What is an Ethernet Chord?

28. What are Sockets?

29. Name 2 adaptive routing algorithms.

30. What is Deadlock?

31. Why do we need switching in computer networks?

32. Name the IEEE standards used in Token Bus and Token ring networks.

33. What is Virus, internet?

34. List any 2 principles applied to layers.

35. Expand – FTP, TFTP.

36. Write the 3 types of delay in switching.

37. What is random routing?

38. Mention 2 n/w implementation characteristics.

5 M:

1. Explain IP address space , n/w addressing.

2. Components. Merits and demerits of Wireless LAN.

3. Explain the connection oriented and connectionless services.

4. Explain control signaling. In WAN.

5. LAN Threats and LAN Security, N/W security.

6. Write down the procedures that establish and terminates a TCP connection.

7. Explain flooding algorithm.

8. Explain the principles of space division multiplexing.

9. Explain TCP reliable delivery.

10. Mention the 3 phases of communication via circuit switching.

11. List out any five signaling functions.

12. Discuss about frame format bridges.

13. Internet Control Message Protocol, Mail Exchange – Discuss.

14. Distinguish analog transmission from digital transmission.

15. Compare Circuit Switching -- Packet Switching.

16. Compare adaptive routing – non adaptive routing.

17. List any 5 functions of a n/w operating system.

18. Show the format of IEEE 802.3 frame and mention the purpose of each field in the frame.

19. What is the use of IP address?. Discuss the various classes of IP addresses.

20. Discuss any 5 point to point n/w.

21. What are the different transmission media available in physical layer? Discuss them.

22. What are the architectural components of a public telecommunication network?

23. Explain the concept of Fiber Distributed Data Interface.

24. List the functions supported by IP.

25.

10 M

1. Discuss on DTE – DCE interface.

2. Discuss the error control mechanisms in Data Link Layer.

3. Discuss the TCP/IP layers and protocols.

4. Discuss shortest path , adaptive routing algorithm

5. Discuss the services provided by the Data Link Layer. Explain the operations of sliding window protocols at data link layer.

6. Describe the principles, need of internetworking. Mention the adv.& disadv. of centralized routing.

7. Explain in detail the services, primitives and protocols of Transport Layer.

8. Explain Broadcast and Multicast routing.

9. Discuss about tunneling and fragmentation in internetworking.

10. Adaptive routing, Flow based routing, Distance Vector Routing, Inter Network Routing, Hierarchical routing, Connectionless Internetwork – Discuss.

11. Leaky Bucket Algorithm and Token Bucket Algorithm – Explain.

12. Explain about Space Division and Time Division Switching.

13. Explain any 2 congestion control mechanism.

14. Explain how the ring is maintained in token ring network.

S/W Engg.:

1. What is S/W Engg. Write any 2 goals of it.

2. BROOKS LAW – Explain.

3. What is software reliability, the term “Portability”?

4. Draw Rayleigh curve and mention its significance.

5. What is Pertinent?

6. Diff. b/w architectural design and detailed design.

7. Mention the aim of structured coding.

8. Define Verification and Validation according to Boehm.

9. Bring out the role of configuration management.

10. Explain the term level of technology.

11. What are the formats of a system definition?

12. What is the outline of a s/w verification plan?

13. What is MBO, COCOMO, Concurrency, PSL/PSA, RLS/REVS?

14. Explain Algorithmic cost model.

15. What are the properties of a modular system?

16. What is a structure chart?

17. Define the glossary of quality attributes.

18. Format of an acceptance test plan.

19. What are the characteristics of s/w modules?

20. Diff. b/w Coupling and Cohesion.

21. Mention the primary goals of s/w implementation.

22. Diff. b/w Verification and Validation.

23. Define “Software Maintenance” and 4 tools for s/w maintenance.

24. Adv. of democratic programming team structure.

25. What is the use of Regular Expression?

26. What are the benefits of stepwise refinement?

27. Define “Data Abstraction”.

28. Give the use of system testing.

29. Explain the use of test plan.

30. Define Design metrics.

31. Adv. of Decision tables.

32. Factors of good coding style.

33. What is meant by branch coverage in system testing?

34.

5 M:

1. Mention 5 methods for solving management problems.

2. Steps in defining a problem.

3. Discuss how product complexity affects cost of a s/w.

4. Explain the desirable properties of s/w requirement specification.

5. Explain 5 types of Cohesion with example.

6. Mention few guidelines for organizing the activities of s/w design.

7. Discuss the goal of structured coding and explain data encapsulation.

8. Mention 5 coding style issues and give examples from a prog. Lang.

9. Write Short notes on Structured System Analysis.

10. Explain the 4 types of tests that the source code must satisfy.

11. Explain the source code metrics to measure the complexity of source code.

12. Explain the term cost model.

13. Explain the Matrix format of project structure.

14. Write short notes on Information hiding.

15. Explain coupling and types of coupling.

16. Explain Internal Documentation.

17. Explain Recurrence Relations.

18. Explain Modularity.

19. What are the factors to consider in project planning and setting project goals?

20. What are the major factors that influence the cost of a s/w product?

21. Write a short note on Real Time and Distribution System Design.

22. Steps involved in Debugging – Explain.

23. Discuss on automated tools for software maintenance.

24. Discuss Formal Verification.

25. Explain Halstead’s effort equation source code metrics.

26. Discuss Quality Assurance.

27. Explain in detail about modules and modularization criteria in s/w design.

28. Write briefly abt. recursion.

29. What role does coding style play in software engg. in improving efficiency-Explain.

10 M:

1. Delphi cost estimation and staff level estimation.

2. Purpose of: Event table, RSL, Data Flow diagram.

3. Discuss about structured design technique.

4. Explain Project Structure.

5. Describe estimating s/w maintenance in detail.

6. Describe Concurrency mechanisms of modern programming languages.

7. Explain the term defining the problem.

8. Explain system testing of verification and validation techniques in detail.

9. Explain scoping rules of modern programming language features.

10. Jackson Structured Programming, Integrated Top down development.

11. Describe any 4 fundamental design concepts.

12. Discuss on Static Analysis Capabilities.

13. Explain the activities that enhance the s/w maintainability.

14. What is a process model and any 2 process models – Explain.

15. Define SRS. Characteristics of it and it’s structure

16. Explain System testing, needs and various levels in it.

CG:

1. What is a pixel?

2. Explain Deflection System.

3. What is segment?

4. Types of 2D transformations.

5. What are the pointing and positioning devices? List them.

6. Types of Tablets.

7. 2 applications of Raster Scan Graphics.

8. What is a sampling?

9. Explain Inverse Transformation.

10. Diff. b/w Raster Scan and Random Scan display devices.

11. Write short note on Refresh process.

12. Write the inequalities to be satisfied by a point P(x, y) to get a pass in visibility test.

13. Explain GUI.

14. Obtain the transformation matrix for scaling about a point P= (m, n).

15. Define Parallel Projection.

16. Discuss the merits of Y-X algorithm.

17. Obtain the matrix for perspective transformation.

18. What is aliasing?

19. What is the use of frame buffer?

20. What are the things require a good line drawing algorithm?

21. What is comparator?

22. What is polling?

23. Describe in brief the priority decisions.

24. Write an algorithm for filling areas.

25. Formula for 3D transformations and the idea behind it in short.

26. What is Resolution?

27. Write abt. “Electron Gun”.

28. List out the windowing functions.

29. What is an event queue?

30. Write any 2 principle classes of line drawing displays.

31. Explain abt. feedback images.

32. Describe the texture.

33. Define Display Devices and state any 2.

34. What is clipping, posting, interrupts.

35. Explain Solid area scan.

36. Define Priority.

37. Define Coherence.

38. Describe functional domains.

39. What do u mean by Tube Terminals.

40. Explain Solution in brief.

41. Explain Scan in brief.

42. How to avoid corruption of the display file?

43. Define the MODEL.

44. Mention the limitations of Depth Buffer Algorithm.

45. How to represent a raster image.

46. Give the necessity of eliminating the Hidden Surface.

5 M:

1. How to display the solid objects?

2. How to clip the graphical entities?

3. Explain Display Processors.

4. Applications of Computer Graphics.

5. Explain how are curves clipped on the display?

6. Inking and Painting?

7. Explain the functions for handling events.

8. Explain the polling method of handling interactive input devices.

9. Properties of Scan conversion algorithm

10. Describe in brief midpoint sub division algorithm.

11. Explain display file structure.

12. Write short notes on half toning?

13. Explain Refresh Line Drawing Display.

14. Ground rules for graphics s/w design.

15. Rubber-Band Techniques.

16. Explain filling areas in raster graphics with an algorithm.

17. Discuss abt. Random-Scan storage tube display.

18. Explain default error conditions.

19. Explain transformation simple refresh line drawing display with examples.

20. Describe painting model.

10 M:

1. Explain Light Pen interrupts.

2. Discuss in detail the displaying characters.

3. Explain 2D transformations and Viewing transformations, Modeling Transformation.

4. Diff. styles of command languages.

5. Explain the segment naming schemes and explain default error conditions.

6. Explain in detail any 2 input functions.

7. Describe the application of raster graphics.

8. Explain the frame buffer display.

9. Explain in detail any 3 High performance displays.

10. Describe pointing and selection devices in detail.

11. Describe in detail systems using Geometric Representations.

12. Explain 3D transformations.

13. Explain Coordinate systems, Circle Generators.

14. Write short notes on Area, Storage.

15. Elaborate note on event handling.

16. Explain Line Clipping algorithm with specifying mid point subdivision.

17. Explain Dragging, fixing and the Event Queue.

DIGITAL COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

2 Mark questions:

Unit - 1

1. Write short notes on gray code and mention two features of it.

Gray Code is an unweighted code. It is a special case of unit – distance code. This means that each binary digit of a gray code has no specific weight. Each gray number differs from the preceding number by a single bit. These codes are also called as cyclic Codes or reflected code. For ex:

Decimal Binary Gray

11 1011 1110

12 1100 1010

The Gray code numbers differs by only one bit. Gray codes are useful for I/O devices, A/D converters and other peripheral devices.

Features:

a) In general, the n least significant bits for 2n through 2n+1 – 1 are the mirror images of those for 0 through 2 n -1. This observation gives us a method for counting in gray code.

b) The gray coded number corresponding to the decimal number 2 n -1, for any n, differs from gray coded 0 (0000) in one bit position only. For ex:, for n=2,3 and 4, we see that

2 2 -1 = 310 = 0 0 1 0 in gray

2 3 -1 = 710 = 0 1 0 0 in gray and

2 4 -1 = 1510 = 1 0 0 0 in gray

Each differs from 0000 in one bit position only. This property places the gray code for the largest n-bit binary number at unit distance from 0.

2. Write short notes on BCD code and mention two applications of it.

Binary-Coded-Decimal is a numeric code in which each digit of a decimal number is represented by a separate group of bits. The BCD code expresses each decimal digit by its four bit binary equivalent. The BCD code is identical to the binary number from 0 through 9. for decimal 10 the BCD code is 0001 0000. Hence it is also called as 8421 code. The BCD code does not use the binary numbers for 10 to 15 (1010 to 1111). The unused combinations are called as Redundant groups or Forbidden numbers.

Applications

a) BCD numbers are useful wherever decimal information is transferred into or out of a digital system.

b) The circuits inside the pocket calculators can process BCD numbers.

3. What do you mean by self-complementing code? Give example.

Excess-3 code is a modified form of a BCD number. The Excess-3 code can be derived from the natural BCD code by adding 3 to each coded number. For ex: decimal 12 can be represented in BCD as 0001 0010. Now adding 3 to each digit we get Excess-3 code as 0100 0101 (12 in decimal). We know that in BCD subtraction we have to compute 9’s (or 10’s) complement of a number before subtraction. In Excess-3 code we get 9’s complement of a number by just complementing each bit. Due to this excess-3 code is called self-complementing code.

4. What are weighted code and non-weighted codes? Explain with examples.

In weighted codes, each digit position of the number represents a specific weight. For ex:, in decimal code, if number is 567 then weight of 5 is 100, weight of 6 is 10 and weight of 7 is 1. In weighted binary codes each digit has a weight 8,4,2, or 1. The codes 8421, 2421, and 5211 are all weighted codes.

Non-weighted codes are not assigned with any weight to each digit position, i.e; each digit position within the number is not assigned fixed value. Excess-3 and Gray codes are the non-weighted codes.

5. Write Short notes on ASCII code (Alphanumeric Codes).

The codes which contains of both numbers and alphabetic characters are called alphanumeric codes. Most of these codes, however, also represent symbols and various instructions necessary for conveying intelligible information. The most commonly used alphanumeric codes are: ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange code), Hollerith, EBCDIC(Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange – “eb-si-dik”) code. Since ASCII code is a 7 bit code it has 27 = 128 possible code groups which is more than enough to represent all of the standard keyboard characters. The ASCII code is used for transfer of alphanumeric information between a computer and I/O devices such as video monitors or printers. For ex: the letter A is coded as 100 0001. The general format is X6 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1 X0 .

6. Write Short notes on Error Detecting Codes.

When the digital information in the binary form is transmitted from one circuit or system to another circuit or system an error may occur. This means a signal corresponding to 0 may change to 1 or vice-versa due to noise, voltage fluctuations. To maintain the data integrity between transmitter and receiver, extra bit or more than one bit are added in the data. These extra bits allow the detection and some times correction of error in the data. The data along with the extra bit/bits forms the code. Codes which allow only error detection are called error detecting codes and both detection and correction are called error detection and correcting codes.

7. Write Short notes on Parity Bit and two methods of Parity bit.

A Parity Bit is an extra bit that is attached to a code group that is being transferred from one location to another. The parity bit is made 0 or 1, depending on the number of 1’s that are contained in the code group. The two different methods used are:

i)Even Parity Method:

In this method, the value of the parity bit is chosen so that the total number of 1s in the code group including the parity bit is an even number. Ex: Suppose the code group is 100 0011. The code group has three 1s. Hence, we add a parity bit of 1 to make the total number of 1s an even number. The new code group including the parity bit thus becomes

1100 0011

Added Parity Bit.

If the code group contains an even number of 1s the parity bit is given a value of 0.

ii)Odd Parity Method.

In this method, the total number of 1s in the code group including the parity bit is an odd number.

Unit-2

1. What is a Logic Gate and write their names.

Logic gates are the basic elements that make up a digital system. The electric gate is a circuit that is able to operate on a number of binary inputs in order to perform a particular logical function. The gate is a digital circuit with one or more input voltages but only one output voltage. The types of gates available or the NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, Exclusive OR gate. A truth table is a table that shows all the input-output possibilities of a logic circuit.

2. Why are NAND and NOR gates known as universal gates or universal logic operator?

The NAND and NOR gates are known as universal gates, since any logic function can be implemented using NAND or NOR gates.

3.What is a Karnaugh map?

A K-Map is a visual display of the fundamental products (minterms) needed for the sum of products solution. It is a diagram made of several squares each square representing one minterm. The squares corresponding to minterms that produce a ‘1’ for the function are marked by a ‘1’ and others are marked by a ‘0’ or left empty. By recognizing various patterns and combining squares marked by ‘1’s in the map it is possible to derive alternative expressions for the function which will lead to the simplest logic circuit.

4.Define Octet in K- map with a suitable example.

A group of 8 horizontally or vertically adjacent 1 s forms an Octet. Octet can be viewed as two quads. An Octet eliminates three variables and their complements.

Ex: SOP equation is Y=D.

[pic][pic] [pic]D CD C[pic]

[pic][pic] 0 1 1 0

[pic]B 0 1 1 0

AB 0 1 1 0

A[pic] 0 1 1 0

Vertical Octet.

5.What is positive and negative logic?

A positive logic system is a system in which a 1 represents the more positive of the two voltage levels. In a negative logic system the 1 stands for the more negative voltage. For ex: Suppose a digital system has voltage levels of +5 and 0V. If we say, a 1 stands for +5V and a 0 for 0V, the system becomes a positive logic system and if we let vice versa, then the system becomes negative logic system.

6.What is SOP and POS?

A product term is any group of literals that are ANDed together. Ex: ABC,XY and so on. A Sum term is any group of literals that are ORed together such as A+B+C, X+Y and so on. A Sum of Product is a group of product terms ORed together. Examples:

1. ABC+A[pic][pic], 2. XY + YZ + XY[pic]

Each product terms consists of one or more literals appearing in either complemented or uncomplemented form. Each of these Sum of Product expressions consists of two or more product terms (AND) that are ORed together.

A Product of Sums is any group of sum terms ANDed together. Examples:

1. (A+B) (B+[pic]) , 2. (A+[pic]+C) (B+C+[pic])

Each of these Product of Sums expressions consists of two or more sum terms (OR) are ANDed together. Each sum term consists of one or more literals appearing in either complemented or uncomplemented form.

7. Explain Minterm and Maxterm.

Each individual term in canonical SOP form is called minterm and each individual term in canonical POS form is called maxterm. The concept of minterms and maxterms allows us to introduce a very convenient shorthand notation to express logical functions.

(include the table for minterm maxterm for three variables)

8. Mention two applications of XOR gate.

9. Encode decimals 0 through 15 in the form of nibbles.

10.Encode decimals 0 through 7 in the form of 3-bit words.

11. Define a multi-input XOR gate.

UNIT-5

1.What is called as “Flash” converter?

Simultaneous converter is known as flash converter, because it is so fast, when the number of bits increases, the number of comparators increases very rapidly and the conversion rate is very fast.

2.Give 2 advantages & disadvantages of simultaneous conversion:

Advantages: (i) Simple to use, (ii)Fast conversion rate.

Disadvantages:(i)When no. of bit increases, no. of comparator increase,

(ii)Problems become unmanageable.

3. Define: quantization Error.

The smallest digital step (or) quantum is due to the LSB and can be made smaller only by increasing the number of bits in the counter. This error is called as the quantization error and is commonly + 1 bit.

4. What is Differential Linearity?

It is the measure of the variation in Voltage- Step size that causes the converter to change from one state to the next. It is usually expressed as a percent of the average step- size.

5. Define dc switching point:

The dc switching point is the difference between the input voltage levels that cause the output to change state.

6. Mention two important features of Dual- slope ADC:

(i) Dual slope method is very popular and widely used in digital voltmeters and digital parel meters. (ii) It provides good accuracy, good linearity and very good noise- rejection characteristics.

7. Define Section Counter.

To reducing the total conversion time of a simple counter converter is to divide the counter in to sections. Such a configuration is called a section counter.

8.Why we required multiplexing in SAR and mention 2 applications of SAR.

It consists of the Motorola MC14549, an 8-bit SAR that can be used with the Motorola MC1408 DAC. It completed n-bit conversion in just n-clock periods.

Application of SAR

(i) It is used in digital voltmeter

(ii)Which it is convenient to divide the counters by count of 10.

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