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For each bullet point you must be able to demonstrate APPLY it using concepts and theories to any given scenarios and research method designs. Distinction will be made for each bullet point whether you need to describe or evaluate the content. Evaluation requires 3-4 fully developed strengths and weaknesses (PEELs). When we ask you to “Describe” a study you will be required to recall and understand without notes the research aim, sample, method, procedure, results and conclusions. “Outline” of studies requires you to recall and understand without notes the procedure and results of a study. Where a research name is in bold, this is a named research which you must know very well. You need to recognise it by name as you could be asked a specific question within the exam. When we ask you to “Describe” a theory, you need to be able to explain the main key terms within the theory, in relation to the topic area. (For example, The Multi Store Model of Memory include the following: Sensory register, STM & LTM. Coding, capacity and duration of each of these features)Approaches: Describe how psychology developed from a philosophy to a science Describe and evaluate Wundt’s progress and Introspection Describe how each of the 6 approaches contributed towards psychology being a science Describe and evaluate The Behaviourist Approach - Outline Operant and Classical ConditioningDescribe and evaluate Pavlov’s Dogs to support Classical ConditioningDescribe and evaluate Skinners Rats to support Operant ConditioningDescribe the Schedules of Reinforcement in operant conditioningOutline similarities and differences between SLT and BehaviourismDescribe and evaluate The Social Learning Theory Describe and evaluate Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment (1961) to support SLT Describe and evaluate The Cognitive Approach including; Role of Schema Internal mental processes Use of computer and theoretical models to make inferences Describe emergence of Cognitive Neuroscience with an example Describe and evaluate The Biological Approach including; Twin and adoption studies Evolutionary explanation Outline Genotype and PhenotypeDescribe and evaluate The Psychodynamic Approach including: Tripartite Structure Ego defence mechanisms (Repression, Denial and Displacement) Describe The case study of Little Hans (Freud) to support Psychodynamic approach Describe and evaluate Humanistic Psychology Describe Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsDescribe how the humanistic approach uses counselling Use key terms to effectively compare all the approachesBiopsychology: Describe the divisions of the nervous system Describe the structure and function of relay, sensory and motor neurons Describe The process of synaptic transmission including summation Describe The function of the endocrine system including the knowledge of at least two glands and hormones in relation to behaviour Describe and evaluate the Fight or flight response, specifically adrenaline’s influence Describe and evaluate Localisation of the brain: Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, Broca and Wernicke lobes/areas. Describe The case study of Phineas Gage Outline Broca’s Case studies to support localisation Outline Wernicke’s Case studies to support localisation Outline Lashley (1950) Describe Hemispheric lateralisation Describe and evaluate Split Brain research (Sperry and Gazzaniga 1967) Describe and evaluate Plasticity and Functional Recovery Outline Draganski (2006) to support PlasticityOutline Maguire (2000) to support PlasticityDescribe and evaluate the process, purpose and picture of FMRIs, EEGs, ERPs & Post-mortems Describe and evaluate Biological Rhythms Describe and evaluate Circadian Rhythms Describe and evaluate Infradian Rhythms Outline McClintock (1998) to support the influence of EZ’s on Infradian Rhythms Outline Dement and Kleitman (1957) to support the process of Ultradian Rhythms Describe and evaluate Ultradian Rhythms Describe and evaluate the influence of Exogenous Zeitgebers on Biological Rhythms Describe and evaluate the unfluence of Endogenous Pacemakers on Biological RhythmsOutline Siffe (1962) to support/ Critique Circadian Rhythms, EZ’s and EP’s Outline Aschoff and Wever (1976) to support/ Critique Circadian Rhythms, EZ’s and EP’sOutline Folkard et al (1985) to support/ Critique Circadian Rhythms, EZ’s and EP’sResearch Methods Self-reports Describe and Evaluate Structured interview Describe and Evaluate Unstructured interview Describe and Evaluate Semi-structured interview Describe and Evaluate Questionnaires Types of closed questions: Rating scales, Likert scale & fixed choice questions including ranking questions & checklist questions Describe and understand: avoiding bad questions: leading questions, jargon and double-barrelled questions Evaluate the reliability and validity of self-reportsExperiments & Experimental Designs Describe and Evaluate Lab experiments Describe and Evaluate Field experiments Describe and Evaluate Quasi experiments Describe and Evaluate Natural experimentsEvaluate the reliability and validity of experimentsDescribe what an Independent variable is Describe what a Dependent variable is Describe Cause and effect Describe Extraneous variables including: participant, situational and design variables (order effects, fatigue effects & practice effects) Describe what a Confounding variable is Describe and Evaluate Experimental design: Independent measures design Describe and Evaluate Experimental design: Repeated measures designDescribe Counterbalancing Describe Single-blind & double-blind tests Describe and Evaluate Experimental design: Matched pairs design Describe what a Control group isDescribe what a Confederate is Observations Describe and Evaluate Covert observations Describe and Evaluate Overt observations Describe and Evaluate Controlled observations Describe and Evaluate Naturalistic observations Describe and Evaluate Participant observations Describe and Evaluate Non-participant observations Describe Observer effects Describe Observer bias Describe Inter-observer reliability Describe and Evaluate Event sampling Describe and Evaluate Time sampling including: Predominant sampling & One-zero sampling Describe and Evaluate Behavioural categoriesDescribe and Evaluate Pilot studies and aims of pilot studies Evaluate the reliability and validity of observations Correlations Understand and identify a Positive correlation Understand and identify a Negative correlation Understand and identify no correlation Understand Co-variables Understand the difference between a correlation and an experiment Understand how to interpret Scatter graphs Know how to analyse and interpret correlation coefficients Evaluate the reliability and validity of correlationsAlternative research methods:Describe and Evaluate Case studies Describe and Evaluate Longitudinal researchDescribe and Evaluate Snapshot studies Describe and Evaluate Content analysis Understand attrition rates Scientific processes Understand and compose a Research question Understand and compose a Research aim Understand and compose Alternate hypothesis: Directional hypothesis Understand and compose Alternate hypothesis: Non-directional hypothesis Understand and compose Null hypothesis Understand how to fully operationalise a hypothesisUnderstand what a sample isUnderstand what a target population isDefine the term representative Describe & Evaluate Sampling techniques: Opportunity sampling Describe & Evaluate Sampling techniques: Random sampling Describe & Evaluate Sampling techniques: Stratified sampling Describe & Evaluate Sampling techniques: Self-selected/Volunteer sampling Define the term Demand characteristics Describe Sampling bias including: cultural bias, gender bias (gynocentric & androcentricDescribe Investigator/researcher effects Describe Social desirability Describe and Evaluate Ethical guidelines in psychology: privacy, assent, debrief, deception, informed consent, withdrawal, avoiding harm, confidentiality – PADDI WACImplications of psychological research for the economy – we also bring this in through GRAVEL SQUANDERSReport psychological investigations Understand the purpose of an Abstract Understand the purpose of a Introduction Understand the purpose of a Method section Understand the purpose of a Results section Understand the purpose of a Discussion section Understand how to write a Harvard APA reference Understand the purpose of an Appendices Understand how to cite a Harvard reference Describe and Evaluate the role of a peer review, anonymity, publication bias (file draw problem, institutional bias & gender bias Features of science Describe Falsification Describe Replicability Describe Objectivity Describe Theory construction Describe Hypothesis testing Describe Paradigms and Paradigm shifts Reliability Describe Inter-rater reliability Describe Standardised procedure Describe Pilot study Describe Standardised instructions Describe Test-retest reliability Validity Describe Internal & external validity Describe Face validity Describe Concurrent validity Describe Population validity Describe Temporal/Historical validity Describe Ecological validity Describe Mundane realism Data handling & analysis Describe and Evaluate Quantitative data Describe and Evaluate Qualitative data Describe and Evaluate Primary data Describe and Evaluate Secondary data Describe and Evaluate Meta-analysisDescriptive statistics:Calculate and Evaluate Measure of central tendency: mean Calculate and Evaluate Measure of central tendency: mode Calculate and Evaluate Measure of central tendency : median Understand and Evaluate Measure of dispersion: variance Understand and Evaluate Measure of dispersion: standard deviation Calculate and Evaluate Measure of dispersion: range Calculate a percentage Understand how to interpret and draw graphs including:Line graph Bar graphs Histogram Scatter graphs Normal distribution curve Skewed distribution curve: Positive and Negative Analysis of qualitative data including: content analysis, coding and thematic analysis Inferential statistics Understand probabilities Understand and interpret the significance equation i.e. p≤0.05 Understand how to use statistical tables and critical values when interpreting significanceUnderstand Type I & Type 2 errors Understand how to calculate the Sign test Understand the factors effecting the choice of a statistical test including level of measurement & experimental design Know when to use the following tests: Spearman’s rho, Pearson’s r, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, related t-test, unrelated t-test and Chi-squared test ................
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