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What can you remember about each of these to fill in these boxes?TopicCore theoryCore studySex and genderMemoryAttachmentObediencePhobiasNow read the following notes to help you fill in more!10 mark questions for Unit 1 examIn this pack you will find some ‘model’ answers for each of the possible ten mark questions in this exam. The answers are in bullet points for ease of reading for you. Do NOT write in bullet points in the exam. This can lose you marks.Always plan your answers in a table like this:DescribeEvaluateThis will only take a few minutes, but it will ensure that you don’t forget any key points when you are writing the answers, which could lose you vital marks.Check your spelling and your grammar. You are awarded points for good quality of verbal communication. This means it has to make sense!The mark scheme for all 10 mark questions is below: MarksHow?8-10 marksThere is description of most key features of the study. This is done with clarity and accuracy. Evaluation points offer breadth and/or depth, and should be coherent and relevant. Quality of written communication is at least good, and uses psychological terms. The spelling punctuation and grammar is largely accurate. Meaning is communicated clearly. 4-7 marks:There is some description of features of the study, or a number of key features are identified. This is done with some level of accuracy. Evaluation should be present to score above 5 marks. Evaluation points may be brief but should be relevant. Quality of written communication is at least satisfactory, using some psychological terms. There are few errors in spelling, punctuation and grammar. Meaning is communicated. 1-3 marksThere is a brief reference to features of the study. Technical language may not be used when describing the study. Evaluation may be present but is likely to be simplistic. Quality of written communication can be basic, using few if any psychological terms. There can be some errors in spelling, punctuation and grammar. The ten mark questions is always the last question on the paper, so check it first, draw a plan and then go back to answer the rest of the paper.DO NOT leave it out. If you do this question well it can raise your grade two levels. If you want to do it first then do it first. At least then you know you won’t run out of time at the end. I’d rather you missed some 1 mark questions than the big 10 marks.Sex and GenderDescribe and evaluate the biological theory of gender development (10 marks)Describe:says that our gender develops through the physiological development of the bodystarts with chromosomes (XX female and XY male)The chromosomes prompt the development of male and female gonads (testes and ovaries)The gonads release hormones that enable us to develop masculine and feminine characteristics (testosterone causes males to be aggressive and have good spatial skills, oestrogen causes females to be sensitive and have good communication skills)Human behaviour is instinctive in order to survive and reproduce, for example males are aggressive to compete for resources and mates.Evaluate: The biological theory ignores the idea that gender roles can be learnt from a person’s parents or their environment. A female child growing up in an all-male environment (due to mother’s death) may develop masculine traits or skills. This is not explained by the biological theory.It also does not explain the huge differences in behaviour within a gender. For example not all females behave the same or have identical skills. If we are all biologically identical then our behaviour should be identical as well. Gender roles have changed over time and are different in cultures around the world, despite the fact that we are all biologically identical. Describe and evaluate one study into gender development (10 marks)Describe:Diamond and Sigmundson conducted a case study on David, who was born a boy (Bruce) but suffered accidental castration during a routine circumcision operation. Psychologist Money believed gender roles could be taught and he advised Bruce’s parents to raise him as a girl (Brenda). Testes removed at 17months old. Throughout childhood Brenda grew well and played with toys. At puberty started to notice difference. Had to take hormone tablets and became unhappy with herself as a girl. Parents told her the truth and she decided to live as a boy from then on (David)Money reported the case as a success, was unaware that Brenda had gone back to being a male (David)Got married but killed himself following his brother’s apparent suicide EvaluateDiamond and Sigmondson’s case study used a small sample of only one case which cannot be generalised outside of this case due to individual differencesCase studies are based on naturally occurring events so it is hard to control any extraneous variables that may be affecting the results. This can lead to unreliable results.When conducting a case study, researchers can become very involved and lose sight of the bigger picture. They can start to see what they want to see, like Money who believed the case had been a success despite the fact Brenda was feeling uncomfortable as a girl when she reached puberty.MemoryDescribe and evaluate the multi-store model of memoryDescribe:The multi store model builds on the information processing approach and explains how memory moves through our mind into long term memory.There are three stores, sensory store, short term memory and long term memory.The sensory store is where information enters the senses from the environment and if paid attention to and encoded can transfer into short term memory.Short term memory has a capacity of 7±2 chunks and duration of 18-30 seconds. Information must be rehearsed for it to transfer into long term memory.Long term memory has unlimited capacity and duration and information can be lost through decay if not accessed regularly enough. Information to be recalled moves from LTM to STM.Evaluation:Over emphasises the role of rehearsal from STM to LTM. Not all information in our long term memory has been rehearsed.The multi store model is also too rigid. It says that memory has to move between each of the stages in the right order for memories to be stored in the long term memory. The MSM ignored individual differences, it says that everyone is exactly the same and can’t be differentThe MSM is over simplified. It is impossible for all memories to fit in either STM or LTM. Describe and evaluate one study into memory Describe: Terry (2005) aimed to study the duration and capacity of short term memory store.He showed students 15 adverts that were 30 seconds long. The students had to recall them immediately after. Following this they watched another 15 adverts, then did a distraction task for 3 minutes and then recalled them. He found that when the adverts were recalled immediately students remembered the adverts from the beginning of the list (primary effect – due to maintenance rehearsal) and the end (recency effect – still in STM) but forgot the ones in the middle (due to displacement). The students who did the distraction task still showed the primary effect however forgot the middle and ends one.Duration of STM seen to be limited by the distraction taskDisplacement shown by primary and recency effectEvaluate:It was a lab experiment that lacks ecological validityThe experiment used a repeated measures design which means the participants did both conditions. They could have experienced demand characteristics meaning they can guess the aim of the study and behave how they think the researcher wants them to behave.Recalling adverts is a mundane and unrealistic task. Does this reflect real life memory?AttachmentDescribe and evaluate Bowlby’s theory of attachmentDescribe:Bowlby believed that babies attach for survival. He believed there was one main attachment that was the first to form. He called this monotropy. This was always with the primary caregiver who Bowlby believed was the mother.Bowlby also believed that attachment had to occur in the first 3 years of life otherwise attachments could never be formed. He called this the critical period, and said that attachments were strongest if formed in the first yearBowlby also believed that a loss of attachment could cause severe problems. Loss could occur through death of a parent or a parent going away for work. He called this deprivation and said that deprivation could cause children to become insecure and needy.Finally Bowlby believed that ‘privation’ or a lack of attachment was the most severe of all. If a child lack’s attachment in their life they cannot grow up as happy and satisfied individuals with healthy relationships. An example of privation is the case of GenieEvaluate:Bowlby placed too much emphasis on monotropy, when children are capable of forming multiple attachments in the first three years of life, both to mothers and fathers and other family members or siblings.Bowlby believed the effects of deprivation were reversible, however the case of the Czech twins who experienced extreme deprivation throughout their childhood grew up to have happy healthy relationships in life. Bowlby placed too much emphasis on the mother as the primary caregiver, this is not the case in all societies. Describe and evaluate Hazan and Shaver’s study into attachment types Describe:Hazan and Shaver conducted a questionnaire titled the ‘Love Quiz’ in a local newspaper in North America. The quiz had nearly 100 questions which asked about past childhood experiences to determine attachment types and current relationships to determine attitude to love. They found that of the 620 replies 56% of respondents classified themselves as securely attached, 25% as avoidant and 19% as resistant.Hazan and Shaver found that love experiences and attitudes towards love were related to attachment type. Those who were securely attached had happier relationships, were more likely to get married, had longer relationships and were less likely to get divorced.However those who were insecurely attached (either resistant or avoidant) were less happy in their relationships, prone to jealousy and obsessiveness and were more likely to get divorced.Evaluate:Certain types of people read local ‘gossip’ style magazines which can lead to a biased sample that cannot be generalised from. The study was only carried out in a small town in North America meaning the results cannot be generalisedThe title ‘love quiz’ was deceptive, which is unethical as people were not fully informed about what they were doing. The questionnaire used closed questions which limit the answers that can be given resulting in a lack of detail.ObedienceDescribe and evaluate the theory of situational factors of obedienceDescribe:The theory of situational factors says that there are a number of situational variables that effect whether people obey or not. The first is setting. Where someone is can have a great effect on how they behave. For example in a place of worship, there are strict rules on how you should behave and people will always follow these to show respectThe second is culture. The TSF says that there are two cultures, collectivist and individualist. Individualist cultures have people who are focused on the wants and needs of themselves and are less likely to obey other people. Collectivist cultures have people who are more concerned with the wants and needs of others in their group and are more likely to obey.The third variable is power to punish, which means if there is an individual with the power to punish or threaten you then you are more likely to obey them. The final variable is consensus, which means when there is a large group of people, the sheer number of them causes people to ‘follow like sheep’ and behave as the group does.Evaluate:A lot of research into the TSF lacks ecological validity. For example Milgram’s research into electric shocks was done in a laboratory which is an artificial environment and cannot be generalised onto real life circumstances.The TSF ignores individual differences and the thinking behind our behaviour. It states that if all four of the variables in place then we will obey, which is not always the case. People are different and the TSF ignores this.A lot of research into TSF has ethical problems. It often involves deceiving participants and can cause them a lot of distress and embarrassment. This is true of Milgram’s experiment also, where people got very distressed at the thought of killing people.Describe and evaluate one study into obedienceDescribe:Bickman did a field experiment into whether uniform affects the level of obedience. He conducted his research in Brooklyn, New York. Using opportunity sampling, he had confederates dressed up as different people (a guard, a milkman and a civilian) ask members of the public to complete different tasks. These were to pick up litter, to stand somewhere specific and to lend money to someone who was over his time at a parking meter. Bickman found that 89% of people asked by the man in the guard’s uniform obeyed him and did what he said. 57% of people asked by the Milkman obeyed his command and only 33% of the people asked by the civilian obeyed. Bickman concluded that uniform has an effect on the level of obedience, as most people obeyed the guard, and more people obeyed the person in the milkman’s uniform than in everyday civilian clothes.Evaluate:There was no informed consent gained from the participants making the study unethical.It was a field experiment, which although high in ecological validity, lacks control over extraneous variables such as light, heat and time of day.The pedestrians were selected via opportunity sampling, which means Bickman had no prior knowledge about these people, they could have been in a hurry and just obeyed to keep quiet and get on with their day.All the people dressed in the uniforms were male, could gender have been the reason they obeyed rather than the uniform?The study was only carried out in Brooklyn which means you cannot generalise the findings outside of this area.Atypical behaviour – phobiasDescribe and evaluate the behaviourist theory of phobia developmentDescribe: The behaviourist theory uses ideas of classical conditioning and says that we learn our phobias by association. This is based on the psychologist Pavlov’s work with dogs and their salivary glands.In phobias, the behaviourist theory says that an unconditioned stimulus (US - such as being stung) will cause an instinctive unconditioned response (such as fear).We then associate the US with a neutral stimulus (such as a bee or a wasp) which will still produce the unconditioned response of fear.After a number of pairings of the US and NS (or only one if it is traumatic enough) then the NS becomes a conditioned stimulus and produces a conditioned response. This means we now fear all bees and wasps rather than just the fear of being stung.Evaluate:Classical conditioning and the behaviourist theory ignores our own thinking. If two people get attacked in the park, this theory would say that both should then develop a fear of that park. However one person may be better at dealing with things than the other and will not develop the fear.Classical conditioning cannot explain how we develop phobias of things we either have indirect experience of (through TV and movies) or no experience of at all. It states you must have experience of the thing in real life in order to develop a phobia.Classical conditioning over simplifies the process of developing phobias, sometimes this process is more complex and phobias can develop over many years through a variety of experiences. This is not explained by this theory.Describe and evaluate one study into phobias/atypical behaviourDescribe: Watson and Raynor did a study into how phobias can be conditioned back in the 1920s.They took a healthy 9 month old baby named ‘Little Albert’ and tested his fear reaction to a number of neutral stimuli such as animals, cotton and burning newspaper. Albert showed no fear of theseFollowing this, each time a white rat was present and Albert reached for the rat a steel bar was banged loudly behind him which made Albert upset and fearfulAfter seven pairings Albert became fearful whenever the white rat was near him.Five days later his fear was tested again and still persisted. Albert also showed fear towards other white fluffy objects such as a rabbit, a furry coat, a Santa mask and white hair.A month his fear was still there but had reduced a little. It was at this point that Albert’s mother withdrew him from the experiment.Evaluate:The study was extremely unethical. Albert was put under great distress which breaks the ‘protection of participants’ ethical guideline. Also as a child his consent was given by his mother.Watson and Raynor only studied one small child which is too small a sample to generalise to all babies. In order to generalise they would have needed to try and condition fear into more children, which would have been more unethical.Watson and Raynor also conducted the experiment in a laboratory which is an artificial environment which means that the results cannot be generalised to real life. ................
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