Biology Review



Name: __________________________

BIOLOGY EOC REVIEW PACKET

Scientific Theory & Scientific Theory vs. Law (SC.912.N.3.1/ SC.912.N.3.4)

1. Define the following:

a. Independent Variable: the variable that I change in the experiment

b. Dependent Variable: the variable that I am measuring (it depends on the independent variable)

c. Control Variable: variable that stay the same

d. Controlled experiment: an experiment in which only one variable is changed at a time

e. Hypothesis: an educated guess (If…, then…)

2. You have measured the rate at which a fish breaths at various temperatures by counting the rate at which its gills open. The data table is shown below. Create a line graph depicting the results.

|Breathing Rate (breaths/minute)|Temperature (°C) |

|19 |5 |

|25 |10 |

|30 |20 |

|34 |30 |

|38 |35 |

a. What is the independent variable? Explain why.

Temperature, it is the variable that is being changed

b. The dependent variable? Explain why.

Breathing rate, it is the variable that is being measured and it depends on the temperature

c. What happens to breathing rate with increase in temperature?

Breathing rate increases

d. What might be an example of a control in this experiment?

Same tank, same fish, same pH of water, same time of day

e. What do you think would happen if you raised the temperature even more? Why would it be a bad idea to do this?

The breathing rate would increase even more, but if the temperature gets too hot the fish could die.

3. A test was conducted to determine the highest possible soda geyser when placing Mentos into the soda. The following data was collected:

| |Soda A |Soda B |Soda C |Soda D |

|Type of Diet soda |Diet Coke |Diet Coke |Diet Coke |Diet Coke |

|Amount of soda in the |2 |2 |2 |2 |

|container (L) | | | | |

|Temperature of surroundings |24 |24 |24 |24 |

|(oC) | | | | |

|Temperature of beverage |23.9 |23.9 |23.9 |23.9 |

|(oC) | | | | |

|Amount of mentos given (g) |0 |3 |6 |9 |

|Day the mentos were dropped |7/8/2007 |7/8/2007 |7/8/2007 |7/8/2007 |

|Estimated height of the soda|0 |250 |300 |300 |

|geyser (cm). | | | | |

a. What is the problem in the above experiment?

How many Mentos will it take to make the highest Coke geyser.

b. What is the independent variable?

Amount of Mentos given

c. What is the dependant variable?

Estimated height of soda geyser

d. Identify at least 3 control variables in this experiment.

Type of soda, amount of soda in bottle, temperature of surrounding, temperature of soda, same day

e. Using the information above, would you need to drop 12 mentos into the diet soda? Explain why or why not.

No, the height for 6g of Menots is the same as 9g of Menots

The Practice of Science (SC.912.N.1.1)

4. List 8 characteristics of living things:

a. Made up of cells

b. reproduce

c. grows & develops

d. obtain & use energy

e. evolves

f. contains genetic material

g. maintain stable internal environment

h. responds to stimuli

5. What is homeostasis?

The ability of an organism to maintain its internal environment despite conditions in the external environment

Domains & Kingdoms (SC.912.L.15.6)

6. List the 7 levels of classification from largest to smallest.

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

7. What is binomial nomenclature?

Two word naming system – Genus species

8. Circle each of the following as prokaryotic or eukaryotic AND as autotrophic or heterotrophic AND as unicellular or multicellular.

1. Bacteria – pro / eu auto / hetero uni / multi

2. Protists – pro / eu auto / hetero uni / multi

3. Plants – pro / eu auto / hetero uni / multi

4. Animals – pro / eu auto / hetero uni / multi

9. Using dichotomous Key, Identify each organism below:

[pic][pic][pic]

10. Which would be the most primitive organism?

Ray-finned fish

11. Circle 2 organisms that would have the most similar DNA.

12. Are viruses living or nonliving? Explain.

Nonliving, they contain DNA, but cannot reproduce. They most use a host to reproduce.

13. Compare and Contrast Viruses and bacteria in regard to their structure.

Bacteria: Living, prokaryotes, unicellular

Viruses: Non-living, DNA enclosed in a capsid, much smaller than a bacteria

Macromolecules (SC.912.L.18.1)

14. Fill in the Chart Below:

|Organic Molecule: |Contains which of the |Building Blocks: |Function |Examples |

| |following: | | | |

| |C, H, O, N, P | | | |

|Carbohydrates |C, H, O |monosaccharide |Main source of energy for living things |Glucose |

| | | |Structural support for plants |Fructose |

| | | | |Starch |

|Lipids |C, H |Fatty acid & glycerol |Store energy for living things |Fats |

| | | |Compose bi-layer in all cell membranes |Oils |

| | | |Leaves translucent spots on paper |Waxes |

| | | |Steroids = chemical messengers | |

|Proteins |C, H, O, N |Amino Acids |Regulate cell processes. |Enzymes |

| | | |Form bones & muscle. |Antibodies |

| | | |Transport substances in & out of cells. | |

| | | |Fight off disease. (Immune System) | |

|Nucleic Acids |C, H, O, N, P |Nucleotides |Stores genetic material |DNA |

| | | | |RNA |

Enzymes (SC.912.L.18.11)

15. What is the function of an enzyme?

Acts as a biological catalyst, speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

16. How do temperature and pH affect enzymes?

Most enzymes work best at body temperature, higher temps and pH will cause the enzyme to no longer work properly (denatures the protein).

Properties of Water (SC.912.L.18.12)

17. Why is water important to living things?

Universal solvent (dissolves many things), necessary in photosynthesis, regulates body temp

18. Explain what “Water is Polar” means?

The Water molecule shares electrons unevenly and therefore contains a partial + and partial – charge which allows it to dissolve most thing.

19. Define Surface Tension:

Attraction between water molecules which allows insects and other objects to float a top the water. “Water likes to touch itself”

20. Acids have a pH BELOW 7

21. Bases have a pH ABOVE 7

22. Neutral solutions have a pH of 7

Cell Theory (SC.912.L.14.1)

23. Explain the components of the cell theory. All living things are composed of 1 or more cells, Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in all life, Cells come from other Cells

Cell Structure/Function (SC.912.L.14.2)

24. Define the following:

a. Lipid bilayer – double layer of lipids that make up a cell membrane

b. Protein Channels – help move bigger molecules through the cell membrane

c. Carbohydrates – Necessary for cellular respiration.

25. List the function of the following organelles:

|Organelle |Function |

|Nucleus |Controls the functions of the cell |

|Ribosomes |Make proteins |

|Cell membrane |Regulate what enters and leaves the cell |

|Cell wall |Provides protection and support for plant cells |

|Mitochondria |Creates energy for the cell by breaking down sugar |

|Vacuoles |Stores water, sugar, and other molecules for the cell |

|Lysosome |Cleans up waste in the cell |

|Golgi apparatus |Sorts and packages molecules for transport around the cell |

|Chloroplast |Creates energy for plant cells by converting sunlight into usable energy |

|Endoplasmic reticulum |“Highway” for transport in the cell |

26. Define semi-permeable membrane:

Membrane that allows some things to pass while others cannot

27. In osmosis, water moves from an area of HIGH to an area of LOW concentration.

28. In diffusion, molecules move from an area of HIGH to an area of LOW concentration.

29. Explain what has happened in the diagram to the left.

a. Why did the large dark molecules NOT move to the left?

Too large to pass through the membrane

b. If the dark molecule is starch, where is the starch concentration greatest (left or right)?

Right

c. If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first?

Left

d. If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? Why?

To the left, moves from high to low concentration

30. Draw arrows to show which way water will move in each of the following situations:

a. Salt inside the cell = 65% and outside the cell 40%.

b. Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%.

31. Complete the table.

| |Passive Transport |Active Transport |

|Requires energy? |NO |YES |

|Low to high or High to low? |High to Low |Low to high |

|Examples |Diffusion & osmosis |Exocytosis & endocytosis |

Comparing Cells (SC.912.L.14.3)

32. Label as many parts of the cells as you can.

[pic] [pic]

33. Which is a plant cell – left or right? Left

34. List the hierarchy of cell organization from largest to smallest below:

Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System

35. Compare and contrast eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic: have a nucleus, more complex, organelles

Prokaryotic: no nucleus, simple, no membrane-bound organelles

36. Compare and contrast plant cells and animal cells.

Plant: Cell wall, one large vacuole, chloroplast, cell plate

Animal: Many small vacuoles, lysosomes, centrioles

Both: Nucleus, ER, golgi apparatus, cell membrane, mitochondria,

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (SC.912.L.18.7/ SC.912.L.18.8/ SC.912.L.18.9)

37. What is the purpose of photosynthesis? To produce glucose

38. What is the formula for photosynthesis?

CO2 + H2O + Energy → C6H12O6 + O2

Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight → glucose + oxygen

39. What are the reactants and products?

Reactants: carbon dioxide, water

Products: glucose, oxygen

40. What is the purpose of cellular respiration? To make Energy

41. Write the formula for cellular respiration:

C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Energy

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + energy + water

42. What is the difference between aerobic & anaerobic respiration?

Both are forms of respiration that create energy. Aerobic uses oxygen and creates more ATP than anaerobic which does not use oxygen and creates less ATP

43. What are the reactants and what are the products of cellular respiration?

Reactants: glucose, oxygen, water

Products: energy, carbon dioxide, water

44. Cellular Respiration occurs in (Plants / Animals / Both)?

45. Explain how Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis are related.

The formulas are reversed and yet interconnected. The plants provide the oxygen needed for cellular respiration and the animals provide the carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis. Please note that plants undergo both cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

46. Photosynthesis occurs in (Plants / Animals / Both)?

47. What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

Light intensity, Color of light, amount of water, temperature, amount of carbon dioxide

The Cell Cycle & Mitosis (SC.912.L.16.14/ SC.912.L.16.16/ SC.912.L.16.17/ SC.912.L.16.8)

48. During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur? S phase during Interphase

49. What is a cell doing during the GI and G2 periods?

G1: cell growth; G2: cell prepares to divide

50. What happens during cytokinesis?

The cytoplasm divides

51. Number the following stages of mitosis (cell division) in order (1-5) and label the phase

[pic]

Anaphase 4 Prophase 2 Interphase 1 Telophase 5 Metaphase 3

52. Complete the following table comparing mitosis and meiosis.

| |Mitosis |Meiosis |

|Type of Reproduction (asexual or sexual) |Asexual |Sexual |

|Chromosome number of parent cell |2N |2N |

|(1N=haploid or 2N=diploid) | | |

|Chromosome number of daughter cells |2N |N |

|(1N=haploid or 2N=diploid) | | |

|Number of Cell Divisions |1 |2 |

|Number of Daughter Cells |2 |4 |

|When does DNA replication take place? |Interphase |Interphase |

Transcription/ Translation (SC.912.L.16.5)

53. To the right is a strand of DNA. Give the complementary nucleotide sequence needed to make this a double helix.

T – C – G – G – T – C

54. What are the black pentagons? What are the PO4’s?

Deoxyribose sugar; phosphate groups

55. What kind of bonds hold the two strands of DNA together?

Hydrogen bonds

56. Describe the process of transcription and where it happens.

Make RNA from DNA; in the nucleus

57. If the strand of DNA to the left undergoes transcription, what will the sequence of the mRNA be?

U – C – G – G – U – C

58. What is a codon?

Group of 3 bases that codes for an amino acid

59. Describe the process of translation and where it happens.

Make protein from RNA; in the cytoplasm at the ribosome

60. What kind of bond holds the amino acids together in the protein that is formed?

Peptide bond

61. What is the purpose of protein synthesis…what does DNA ultimately code for?

DNA’s coding and directing the process of making proteins

62. Complete the following table comparing DNA and RNA

| |DNA |RNA |

|Sugars |Deoxyribose |Ribose |

|Bases |A, T, C, G |A, U, C, G |

|Number of Strands |2 strands |1 stand |

|Where in the Cell |Nucleus |Nucleus/Cytoplasm |

|Function |Stores genetic info |Transports genetic info |

DNA Replication & Mutations (SC.912.L.16.3/ SC.912.L.16.4)

63. Describe the process of DNA replication.

DNA is copied; DNA unzips, one strand serves as the template and creates 2 new DNA molecules

64. What is the end result of DNA replication?

Two new molecules – made up of one original strand and one new strand

65. What is a mutation?

Change in genetic sequence

66. Define point mutation.

Substitutes one nucleotide for another

67. Discuss the 2 types of Frameshift mutations (Insertions and Deletions).

Insertions- mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA.

Deletions- mutations in which a section of DNA is lost or deleted.

Mendel’s Laws/Genetics (SC.912.L.16.1)

68. Explain Mendel’s Law of Segregation & Law of Independent Assortment

Law of Segregation- during the production of gametes, the factors (gene/allele) separate so that the offspring acquires one factor from each parent

Law of Independent Assortment- Factors for different characteristics are distributed to gametes independently (seed color and flower color are unrelated).

Patterns of Inheritance (SC.912.L.16.2)

69. Define:

a. dominant – written as a capital letter, this trait will show

b. recessive – written as a lower case letter; only will show if two recessive alleles are present

c. homozygous – SAME alleles; TT or tt

d. heterozygous – DIFFERENT alleles; Tt

e. genotype – letter combination that show the genes; TT, Tt, tt

f. phenotype – physical description; tall or short

g. incomplete dominance- When 2 or more alleles influence the phenotype (red+ white flower = pink flower)

h. co-dominance- When 2 alleles influence a genotype in which both traits pop up (like spots on a brown coat).

70. Sample Monohybrid Cross Question:

a. In a genetics laboratory, two heterozygous tall plants are crossed. If tall is dominant over short, what are the expected phenotypic results?

|TT |Tt |

|Tt |tt |

Tt x Tt

75% Tall

25% short

71. Sample incomplete dominance question: When Red and white flowers are crossed, pink flowers are produced. What is expected when two pink flowers cross?

Key: RR = red WW = white RW = pink

RW x RW

|RR |RW |

|RW |WW |

25% red

50% pink

25% white

72. Sample Blood Type (Multiple Allele/ co-dominant) Question

|IA IA |IA IA |

|IA IB |IA IB |

Mr. Jones: IAIA

Mrs. Jones: IAIB

50% chance of a child with Type A blood

73. Complete the dihybrid crosses and answer the corresponding questions with the following information:

• Dominant allele for tall plants = D

• Recessive allele for dwarf plants = d

• Dominant allele for purple flowers = W

• Recessive allele for white flowers = w

Cross a parent 1 (DdWW) with parent 2 (ddww).

[pic]

a. What is the probability of producing tall plants with purple flowers? 50%

b. What are the possible genotypes for producing dwarf plants with purple flowers? ddWW or ddWw

74. Why are males more likely to express a sex liked trait?

Most sex-linked traits are on the X chromosome, males only need one affected gene to get the trait

75. Sample Sex-linked trait Question: Color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. A mother with normal color vision and a color blind father have a color blind daughter. Explain how this can occur. Mom would have to be a carrier and Dad would automatically pass that trait to his daughter.

76. Answer the following based on the pedigree and information below. In a pedigree, a circle indicates females and a square indicates males and where colored= affected (bb) and open= unaffected (Bb or BB)

I 1 2

II 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

III 1 2 3 4 5

a. What is the genotype of individual I-1?

bb

b. What is the genotype of II-4?

Bb

c. If someone with the genotype similar to II-7 had children with someone with the same genotype as III-3, what are the chances that their childen will be affected?

bb x bb

100% chance of being affected

77. Evidence for Evolution/ Natural Selection/ Origin of Life (SC.912.L.15.1/ SC.912.L.16.13/ SC.912.L.16.8)

78. Define natural selection.

“Survival of the Fittest” - MOST fit will survive and reproduce and the least fit die or have few offspring

79. Define the terms Direct & Indirect Evidence for evolution. Provide examples.

Indirect Evidence- evidence for evolution based on the history of the earth. Ex fossils

Direct Evidence- evidence for evolution that one can visually observe over time. Ex. Peppered moths/ bacteria and antibiotics.

80. Contrast the terms analogous & homologous structures?

Homologous- same structure, different function (whale fin/ human hand) evidence for evolution

Analogous- different structure, same function (fly wing & bat wing) not evidence for evolution

81. What is the difference between the words adapt and acclimate?

Adapt- mutation that makes one better fit for survival (change in DNA)

Acclimate- to get “used to” an environment (no change in DNA)

82. Define the terms: cladistics, phylogeny, hominid, reproductive isolation and speciation.

Cladistics- classification of organisms based on shared derived characteristics.

Phylogeny- the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Hominid- defines early humans that can walk upright.

Reproductive Isolation- the inability of formerly interbreeding organisms to produce offspring. Can lead to new species.

Speciation- formation of a new species.

Plants (SC.912.L.14.7)

83. Explain the differences between vascular and non-vascular plants. Provide examples

Vascular plants have roots stems and leaves, non-vascular plants do not. Vascular ex: Orange Tree. Non-vascular ex: Moss

84. What are the 3 major organs of a vascular plant and describe their functions.

Roots- collect water and minerals & anchor the plant

Stems- transport water up the plant and food down the plant

Leaves- organs of photosynthesis

85. Define the term pollination & briefly define cross & self-pollination.

Pollination- Transfer of pollen from the anther to a stigma of a flower of the same species.

Cross pollination- Transfer of pollen from the anther to a stigma between 2 different plants of the same species.

Self-pollination- Transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma within the same plant.

86. What is the function of the cell plate and stomata in the plant cell?

Cell plate- aids the plant cell during cytokinesis of mitosis.

Stomata- work with guard cells to control water loss and allow for gas exchange in the leaf

87. Define xylem and phloem and explain their functions.

Xylem- tube within the stem that carries water up the plant

Phloem- tube within the stem that carries food down the plant

Ecology

88. Explain the difference between biotic and abiotic factors.

Biotic – living factors (food, predators, competitors)

Abiotic – non living factors (sunlight, temperature, water, pH)

89. Define these types of relationships (symbiosis).

a. mutualism – both benefit (bee and a flower)

b. commensalism – one benefits, the other is unaffected (whale & barnacle)

c. parasitism – one benefits, the other is harmed (tick and a dog)

d. predator/prey – predator hunts prey

e. competition – two organisms fighting for similar resources

90. What is carrying capacity?

The maximum amount of individuals in a population that the surrounding environment can sustain

91. How does photosynthesis relate to energy getting into ecosystems?

Plants use photosynthesis to make their own food, other organisms then rely on plants for their food, and other animals then rely on those herbivores for food.

92. What role do decomposers play in the environment?

They break down matter so it can be recycled back into the environment

93. What is a trophic level?

A pyramid of levels of energy based on a food chain…starting with autotrophs at the base and the apex predator at the top.

94. Using the Food Web to the Right, answer the following questions

a. What is the ultimate source of energy for this food web? Sun

b. What are the producers in this food web?

Oak tree – blossoms, nuts, leaves

c. What are the primary consumers (herbivores) in this food web?

Bees, deer, mice, rabbit, insects

d. What are the secondary consumers in this food web?

Wolf, Bear, toad, birds, red fox, skunk

e. What are the Apex level consumers in this food web? Bear

95. Create a trophic level pyramid from the food chain: leaves → insects → birds → red fox → bear

96. Where is the most energy in this pyramid? Where is the least energy?

At the bottom – leaves

At the top – bear

97. What happens to energy as it moves through the food chain/Web?

It is used for growth/reproduction, and life by the previous organism.

Human Anatomy & Physiology

98. Answer the following questions based on the brain diagrams

a. Which number points to the cerebrum? 3

b. Which number points to the cerebellum? 2

c. The frontal lobe of the cerebrum is located at number 3

d. The temporal lobe of the cerebrum is located at number 4

99. Follow a drop of blood through the heart starting with the Vena Cava (1)

a. 4 Pulmonary Artery

b. 8 Left Ventricle

c. 3 Right Ventricle

d. 1 Vena Cava

e. 9 Aorta

f. 7 Left Atrium

g. 5 Lungs

h. 2 Right Atrium

i. 6 Pulmonary Vein

100. Answer the following questions with true or false. If false, note the correct answer.

a. T A person with blood type AB is a universal receiver.

b. T After egg and sperm meet, the “baby” is referred to as a zygote.

c. F (1st Trimester) During the third trimester the fetus’ heart begins to beat.

d. F (away from the heart) Arteries pump blood to the heart.

e. T A vaccine is administered prior to infection.

f. F (Antibiotics treat bacterial infections) Antibiotics can be used to treat viral infections.

g. T The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord.

101. Name the hormones and gametes produced by the testes and ovaries.

Testes: Sperm/Testosterone

Ovaries: Oocyte (Ovum)/Estrogen & Progesterone

102. How long does a trimester in pregnancy last? 3 months

103. Define the term pathogen, antigen, and antibody.

Pathogen- disease causing organism

Antigen- protein that identifies a cell to the immune system as friend or foe

Antibody- immune system protein that immobilizes an invader

104. When would one be given a vaccine? When would one be given antibiotic?

Vaccine- before one becomes ill

Antibiotic- after one becomes ill

-----------------------

Organism B: Coleoptera

Organism A: Arachnida

A

C

B

Dichotomous Key:

1. a. The animal has eight legs …Arachnida

b. The animal has six legs … go to 2

2. a. The animal has spots … Coleoptera

b. The animal has stripes … Lepisiota

Organism C: Lepisiota

Chloroplast

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondria

Lysosome

Cytoskeleton

Cell membrane

Rough ER

Golgi apparatus

Cell membrane

Nucleolus

Golgi apparatus

Smooth ER

Nucleus

Mitochondria

Nucleus

Rough ER

Cell wall

Vacuole

BEAR

RED FOX

BIRDS

INSECTS

LEAVES

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