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BIOLOGY REVISION SHEET FINAL EXAM TERM-II Session: 2017-18Name: Grade: 11Key ConceptEcological succession is a process of change in the species that make up a community.Vocabularysuccessionpioneer speciesprimary successionsecondary successionMain Idea: Succession occurs following a disturbance in an ecosystem.1.What is ecological succession?2.What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?3.Use your knowledge of the word pioneer to write a definition for the term pioneer species.4.Why are pioneer species so important for primary succession?5. Explain why succession is a never-ending process.Section.14.2: Community Interactions.1.What types of resources might organisms compete for?2.What are the three types of symbiosis? Explain. 3.What is the difference between parasitism and predation?Section.14.3: Population Density and Distribution1.What is population density?2.Calculate the population density for a group of 30 birds that live in an area of 3 km?.3.What are the three types of population dispersion patterns and what are the characteristics of each population?Section.14.4: 1.What four factors influence the size of a population?2.What is carrying capacity? What type of population growth does it affect?3.What is the difference between a density-dependent limiting factor and a density-independent limiting factor? Give examples.In a phrase, tell what each scientist did to help develop evolutionary theory.ScientistContribution to Evolutionary Theory1. Linnaeus2. Buffon3. E. Darwin4. Lamarck5.What two conditions must be true for a group of animals to be considered the same species?6.Lamarck’s ideas of evolution are known as the inheritance of acquired characteristics. What was incorrect about his theory of how organisms evolve?7.In the 1700s, many people believed that species were fixed and did not change. How did plant hybridization—a type of crossing that could be observed in experiments—help change this view?Main idea: Theories of geologic change set the stage for Darwin’s theory.8.Write a description of each theory in the space provided.Geologic TheoryDescriptioncatastrophismgradualismuniformitarianismVocabulary Check9.What word refers to traces of an organism that existed in the past?10.What is the process of biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors?11.Events such as volcanoes, floods, and earthquakes are the basis of what geologic theory?12. What geologic theory can be summarized by the phrase “the present is the key to the past”?Who’s WhoLinnaeusLamarckBuffonE. Darwin__________________ 13.Charles Darwin’s poetic grandfather__________________ 14.Thought that a giraffe’s long neck evolved from reaching high in trees__________________ 15.Grouped living organisms into categories based on what they looked like__________________ 16.Wrote Historie Naturelle (Natural History) in 1749Key ConceptDarwin’s voyage provided insights into evolution.VocabularyvariationadaptationMain Idea: Darwin observed differences among island species.1.What is variation among members of different species called?2.What is variation among members of the same species called?3.What island chain in South America was the source of many of Darwin’s insights?4.Darwin saw populations of various species that seemed well-suited to their environment. What did this suggest?Main Idea: Darwin observed fossil and geologic evidence supporting an ancient Earth.5.Darwin observed fossils of huge animals such as Glyptodon, a giant armadillo. Why were these fossils of interest to him?6.Many people in the 1700s thought that Earth was only about 6000 years old. How did the fossil organisms Darwin saw lead him to think Earth must be much older than that?7.Darwin also observed fossil shells of marine organisms high up in the Andes mountains, and saw an earthquake move land that was underwater above sea level. How did he apply these insights to the evolution of organisms?8.Look at Figure 2.2 in your textbook. What differences between the two Galápagos tortoises can you identify from the two pictures?Vocabulary Checkvariationadaptation__________________ 9.the difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the group to which it belongs__________________ 10.a feature that allows an organism to better survive in its environment__________________ 11.A tortoise population lives in an area with high grass. These tortoises have longer necks than tortoises that live in other areas. The long necks are an example of this.__________________ 12.One bird in a population has a slightly thicker beak than its relatives. This thicker beak is an example of what in the population.Be CreativeIn the space below, draw a sketch of a bird that may eat the food choice that is given in the left column.Food choiceSketchEats large, hard-shelled nutsEats fruit and insectsKey ConceptDarwin proposed natural selection as a mechanism for evolution.Vocabularyartificial selectionnatural selectionfitnessheritabilitypopulationMain Idea: Several key insights led to Darwin’s idea for natural selection.1.Why did artificial selection interest Darwin?2.Why must selected traits be heritable?3.In natural selection, what must be true of traits that are passed down through generations?4.What important idea from Thomas Malthus inspired Darwin?Main Idea: Natural selection explains how evolution can occur.variationoverproductionadaptationdescent with modification__________________ 5.producing many offspring, some of which may not survive__________________ 6.individual differences that may be heritable__________________ 7.a structure well-suited for the environment__________________ 8.a heritable trait becoming common in a populationUse an organism of your choice to sketch the four principles of natural selection.9. overproduction10. variation11. adaptation12. descent with modificationMain Idea: Natural selection works on existing variation.13.Peter and Rosemary Grant observed natural selection acting on traits within a population of finches on the Galápagos Islands. A drought reduced the number of small, soft seeds but left plenty of large, tough-shelled seeds intact. The next year there was a(n) ________ (increase, decrease) in the number of large-beaked hatchlings.14.After several years, the supply of large seeds went down after an unusually wet period. The increase in small, soft seeds brought a(n) ________ (increase, decrease) in the number of large-beaked hatchlings the following year.Vocabulary Check15.Humans are the selective agent in which type of process, artificial selection or natural selection?16.The environment is the selective agent in which type of process, artificial selection or natural selection?17.What is the measure of the ability to survive and produce more offspring relative to other members of the population called?18.What is the ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next called?19.What are all the individuals of a species that live in an area called? ................
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