Name



Name Date __________

3.1 What Is Ecology?

1. What is ecology? Study of the interrelationship between organisms and their environment

2. What is the biosphere? Does it include abiotic, biotic or both? Biosphere consists of al the parts of the planet in which all life exists –all organisms and the physical environment of the Earth

[pic]

4. Label each level of organization on the diagram above.

5. Explain the relationship between ecosystems and biomes. Ecosystems = all the biotic and abiotic components and a biome consists of a group of ecosystems that share similar climates and similar organisms

6. Define the terms abiotic and biotic (within the Venn diagram below). Then use the terms in the box to fill in the Venn diagram. List parts of the environment that consist of biotic factors, abiotic factors, and some components that are a mixture of both.

Both

Biotic Abiotic

Factors Factors

7. Why are many ecological phenomena difficult to study?

They occur over long periods of time and over large areas of land/water

8. Why do ecologists make models?

To gain insight into complex phenomena

3.2 Energy, Producers, and Consumers

1. What do autotrophs do during photosynthesis?

Use light energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into food (carbohydrates –glucose) and release oxygen

2. Can some organisms survive without energy from the sun? Explain your answer.

Yes, some chemosynthetic organisms can make food from chemical compounds – ex. some bacteria that live very deep in the ocean can use hydrogen sulfide to make food

3. Can organisms create their own energy? Explain your answer. No – autotrophs can get energy from the sun (photoautotrophs) OR from chemicals (chemoautotrophs)

4. Complete the table about types of heterotrophs.

|Types of Heterotrophs |

|Type |Definition |Examples |

|Type of Consumer |Definition |Example |

|Herbivore |Eats plants |Cow |

|Carnivore |Eats other animals |Snake |

|Omnivore |Eats both plants and animals |Human |

|Scavenger |Eats carcasses of other animals – but does not typically kill |Vulture |

| |them themselves | |

|Detritivore |Feed on dead matter |Earthworms |

|Decomposer |Break down organic matter |Bacteria/Fungi |

5. What is a consumer?

Organisms that eats other organisms for food/energy aka heterotrophs

6. How would you categorize a consumer that usually catches and eats prey, but also eats dead animal carcasses? carnivore

Food Chains and Food Webs

1. Complete the table about feeding relationships.

|Feeding Relationships |

|Relationship |Description |

|Food Chain |Organisms transfer E by eating and being eaten (steps) |

|Food Web |Network of complex interactions form by feeling relationships in an ecosystem |

Use the food chain to answer Questions 2–4.

2. Draw arrows between the organisms to show how energy moves through this food chain. Write producer, herbivore, or carnivore under each organism.

Explain how energy flows through this food chain. Phytoplankton (primary producer) ( zooplankton (primay consumer) ( small fish ( squid ( shark

What would happen to this food chain if a disturbance caused a serious decline in the shark population? Increase in number of squid therefore a decrease in the number of fish, eventually, there will not be enough fish to feed squid and they will decrease as well.

Trophic Levels and Ecological Pyramids

Write True or False on the line provided.

F 6. Primary consumers always make up the first trophic level in a food web. PRODUCERS

T 7. Ecological pyramids show the relative amount of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a given food web.

F 8. On average, about 50 percent of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level. 10% REST IS LOST AS LOW GRADE HEAT

F 9. The more levels that exist between a producer and a given consumer, the larger the percentage of the original energy from producers is available to that consumer

Use the diagram to answer Questions 10–17.

Match the organism with its trophic level. A trophic level may be used more than once.

Organism

A 10. algae

B 11. grasshopper

A 12. marsh grass

D 13. marsh hawk

C 14. plankton-eating fish

B 15. ribbed mussel

C 16. shrew

B 17. zooplankton

18. Complete the energy pyramid by writing the source of the energy for the food web and how much energy is available to first-, second-, and third-level consumers.

For Questions 19–21, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.

18. A pyramid of BIOMASS illustrates the relative amount of living organic matter available at each trophic level in an ecosystem.

19. A pyramid of NUMBERS shows the relative numbers of individual organisms at the trophic levels in an ecosystem.

20. A pyramid of ENERGY _ shows the relative amounts of energy available at the trophic levels of a food chain or food web

3.4 Cycles of Matter

Recycling in the Biosphere

For Questions 1–3, write True if the statement is true. If the statement is false, change the underlined word or words to make the statement true.

F CARBON 1. The four elements that make up over 95 percent of the body in most organisms are oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and hydrogen.

TRUE 2. Matter moves through an ecosystem in cycles.

F LIGHTNING 3. Chemical and physical processes include the formation of clouds and precipitation, “burning” food, and the flow of running water.

7. What role do plants play in the water cycle?

PLANTS ABSORB GROUND WATER THROUGH THEIR ROOTS AND RE-RELEASE IT OT THE ATMOSPHERE DURING TRANSPIRATION

Nutrient Cycles

9. Complete the chart about the carbon cycle.

|Processes That Cause Carbon to Move into the Atmosphere |Processes That Cause Carbon to Move out of the Atmosphere |

|Process |Description |Process |Description |

|Respiration |Release of carbon dioxide by an |Respiration |Release of carbon dioxide by an |

| |organism after eating | |organism after eating |

|Volcanic activity |the release of CO2 and other gases |Dissolving |Carbon dioxide dissolves in water |

| |into the atmosphere through vents in | | |

| |Earth's crust | | |

For Questions 10–12, write the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left.

B 10. The carbon in coal, oil, and natural gas came from

A. the combustion of fossil fuels.

B. the remains of dead organisms.

C. carbon-fixing bacteria in swamp soil.

D. carbon dioxide dissolved in ocean water.

A 11. How does most of the carbon in an organism’s body return to the environment after the organism dies?

A. Decomposers break the body down into simpler compounds.

B. Heat from the sun causes the carbon in the body to evaporate.

C. Geological processes cause the body to turn into a fossil fuel.

D. Rainwater dissolves the carbon in the body and carries it to the ocean.

A 12. Human processes mainly contribute to the

A. release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

B. decrease of the total amount of carbon found on Earth.

C. depletion of carbon dioxide reserves in the atmosphere.

D. increase in the amount of carbon contained in rock materials.

Write True if the statement is true. If the statement is false, change the underlined word or words to make the statement true.

T 13. Nitrogen, in the form of ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite, is found in soil.

F AMMONIA 14. Nitrogen fixation is the process in which certain bacteria convert nitrogen gas into nitrates.

T 15. Denitrification is the process by which some soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas.

F PROTEINS 16. All organisms require nitrogen to make amino acids, which in turn are used to build carbohydrates.

T 17. Phosphate is released as rocks and sediments wear down.

T 18. Plants absorb phosphate from the soil or from water.

F Nitrogen 19. Phosphorus is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere.

CO2 20. Organic phosphate is taken up by producers during photosynthesis and released by cellular respiration.

T 21. Phosphorus forms part of the important life-sustaining molecules such as DNA and RNA.

SOIL 22. Plants absorb phosphorus from the atmosphere or water

23. List and describe the biological steps in the nitrogen cycle.

BACTERIA CONVERT ATMOSPHERIC N ( AMMONIA (NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA OR NITROGEN FIXATION), OTHER BACTERIA CONVERT AMMONIA ( NITRATES AND NITRITIES WHICH CAN BE USED BY PRODUCERS (PLANTS) CONSUMERS THEN EAT PLANTS OR OTHER ORGANISMS THAT EAT PLANTS. DECOMPOSERS BREAK DOWN DEAD ORGANISMS AND RELEASE N BACK TO SOIL

24. What is atmospheric nitrogen fixation, and how does it affect organisms?

LIGHTNING CONVERTS ATMOSPHERIC N ( USEABLE FORM

25. How do humans add nitrogen to the biosphere? FERTIILZERS

26. Which parts of the phosphorus cycle are geological processes?

GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES TURN MARINE SEDIMENT INTO ROCK AND WASHES PHOSPHATE FROM ROCK INTO SOIL

Match the term with its definition.

Term

D 1. nutrient

B 2. chemosynthesis

C 3. consumer

A 4. ecosystem

H 5. photosynthesis

F 6. ecology

E 7. primary producer

G 8. Biosphere

For Questions 9–12, complete the analogies.

9. omnivore : human :: carnivore : LION (VARY)

10. detritivore : earthworm :: herbivore : ZEBRA/COW (VARY)

11. autotroph : heterotroph :: phytoplankton : ZOOPLANKTON

12. biotic factor : elephant :: abiotic factor : RAINFALL

13. What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?

FOOD CHAIN SERIES OF STEPS (WHAT EATS WHAT), FOOB WEB CONSISTS OF COMPLEX INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MANY ORGANISMS IN AN ECOSYSTEM

Complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.

14. There are several hundred squirrels living in an oak forest. The squirrels make up a(n) POPULATION.

15. Fungi and some kinds of bacteria are DECOMPOSERS that obtain nutrients by chemically breaking down organic matter.

16. Ecologists measure BIOMASS in grams of organic matter per unit area.

17. In a process known as DENITRIFICATION, some types of soil bacteria obtain energy by converting nitrates into nitrogen gas.

4.1 Climate

A 1. What effect do carbon dioxide and methane have on Earth’s temperature?

A. They trap heat in the atmosphere.

B. They release heat from the atmosphere.

C. They block heat from entering the ocean.

D. They block heat from reaching Earth’s surface.

D 2. How would the temperature on Earth change without the greenhouse effect?

A. The temperature at the equator would be warmer.

B. The temperature would stay the same.

C. It would be 30°C warmer.

D. It would be 30°C cooler

4.2 Niches and Community Interactions

3 What is a niche?

A niche is the range of physical and biological conditions in which a species lives and the way the species obtains what it needs to survive and reproduce (its “occupation”).

4. Three different warbler species live in the same tree. One species feeds at the top of the tree, the second species feeds in the middle part of the tree, and the third species feeds at the bottom of the tree. Do all three species occupy the same niche? Explain.

Since each warbler is utilizing resources in a different part of the tree, they do not occupy the same niche.

Competition

For Questions 4–8, write True if the statement is true. If the statement is false, change the underlined word or words to make the statement true.

T 5. Competition occurs when organisms attempt to use the same resources.

INTRASPECIFIC 6. Competition between members of the same species is known as interspecific competition.

SPECIES 7. The competitive exclusion principle states that no two organisms can occupy exactly the same niche in exactly the same habitat at exactly the same time.

T 8. If two species of bacteria are grown in the same culture, one species will always outcompete the other.

T 9. Members of the same species tend to divide resources instead of competing over them.

Predation, Herbivory, and Keystone Species

Write the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left.

C 10. A lion eating a zebra is an example of

A. herbivory. C. predation.

B. habitat destruction. D. a keystone species.

A 11. A cow eating grass is an example of

A. herbivory. C. habitat destruction.

B. predation. D. a keystone species.

D 12. A keystone species is one that

A. eats a mixture of plants and animals.

B. is introduced into a community after a major disturbance.

C. causes the amount of diversity in a community to decrease.

D. helps to stabilize the populations of other species in the community.

Symbioses

13. Complete the table about main classes of symbiotic relationships.

|Main Classes of Symbiotic Relationships |

|Class |Description of Relationships |

|Mutualism (A) |+/+ |

|Commensalism (B) |+/0 |

|Parasitism (C) |+/- |

Match the example with the type of relationship. A relationship type may be used more than once.

Example

C 14. a tick living on the body of a deer

A 15. a bee eating a flower’s nectar and picking up the flower’s pollen

B 16. a barnacle living on a whale’s skin

C 17. a tapeworm living in a person’s intestines

A 18. an aphid providing food to an ant in exchange for protection

4.3 Succession

What is ecological succession?

Ecological succession refers to a series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time.

What is primary succession?

Succession that occurs where no soil exists

3. When a disturbance changes a community without removing the soil, what type of succession follows?

Secondary succession

Describe the process of succession in an ecosystem.

Older inhabitants die out and new ones move in (pioneer species ( climax community)

Why does secondary succession typically proceed faster than primary succession?

Secondary succession proceeds faster than primary succession because in secondary succession there is already soil in place, thus a larger range of plant species can colonize the area.

6. Use the Venn diagram to compare the two types of ecological succession.

Climax Communities

For Questions 8–10, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.

8. After a natural disaster occurs in a healthy ecosystem, secondary succession will cause the ecosystem to return to its original climax community.

9. The clearing of a rain forest is the example of a(n) human caused disaster drastic enough to prevent the original climax community from reforming.

10. During primary succession, chance plays a large role in determining which pioneer species arrives in an area first.

11. What are the two kinds of disturbances that change ecosystems? Give an example of each.

The two kinds of disturbances that change ecosystems are natural and human disturbances. An example of a natural disturbance is a volcanic eruption. An example of a human disturbance is a farmer clearing a field

4.4 Biomes

For Questions 1–4, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.

1. The side of a mountain range that faces the wind often receives more rainfall than the downwind side of the same range.

2. A(n) biome is a group of terrestrial communities that covers a large area and is characterized by certain soil and climate conditions and particular types of plants and animals.

3. Organisms within each biome can be characterized by adaptations that enable them to live and reproduce successfully in the environment.

4. In a tropical rain forest, the layer formed by the leafy tops of tall trees is called the canopy and the layer of shorter trees and vines is called the understory.

Complete the table about some of Earth’s major biomes.

|Some Major Biomes |

|Biome |Climate and Soil |Plants and Animals |

|Tropical deciduous forest |warm year-round with wet and dry seasons;|plants: tall, deciduous trees; succulents |

| |rich soil |animals: undergo estivation or migration |

|Tropical rain forest |Hot and wet nutrient poor soil |P – broadleaf evergreens and vines |

| | |A – camoflague, use adaptations for canopy |

|Tundra |cold, dark winters and short, soggy |plants: ground-hugging plants |

| |summers; permafrost |animals: birds and mammals that can tolerate the harsh |

| | |conditions |

|Temperate grassland |Warm to hot summers, cold winters with |P – grasses and herbs |

| |fertile soil |A – grazing animals |

|Desert |low precipitation with variable |plants: short growth cycles, cacti |

| |temperatures |animals: adaptations to quickly lose body heat and regulate|

| | |body temperature |

|Boreal forest |Long, cold winters, mild summers moderate|P – conifers |

| |precipitation and acidic/poor soil |A – small extremities, insulation |

13. Which producers can be found in the polar ice regions?

Algae, moss, lichen

14. Which animals can be found in the northern polar region?

Polar bears, marine mammals, insects, mites

4.5 Aquatic Ecosystems

1. What are the four main factors that affect aquatic ecosystems?

Depth, temperature, flows, dissolved nutrients

2. What does the depth of the water determine?

Amount of light that can penetrate

3. What distinguishes the photic zone from the aphotic zone in an aquatic ecosystem?

Sunlight = photic zone

Freshwater Ecosystems

For Questions 4–10, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.

4. The three main categories of freshwater ecosystems are rivers and streams, lakes and ponds, and freshwater wetlands

5. Flowing-water ecosystems originate from underground water sources in mountains or hills.

6. Circulating water in lakes and ponds distributes heat, oxygen and nutrients throughout the system.

7. Plankton is a general term that includes both phytoplankton and zooplankton.

8. An ecosystem in which water either covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil is called a(n) wetland.

9. Freshwater wetlands purify water by filtering pollutants.

10. The three types of freshwater wetlands are bogs, marshes, and swamps.

Estuaries

Write the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left.

B 11. Estuaries form where

A. a lake evaporates.

B. a river meets the sea.

C. a river becomes dammed.

D. a wetland becomes filled in.

C 12. The salinity of estuary water is

A. equal to the salinity of river water.

B. less than the salinity of river water.

C. less than the salinity of ocean water.

D. greater than the salinity of ocean water.

C 13. Shallow estuaries allow

A. freshwater wetlands to merge with the estuary.

B. large marine mammals to hibernate in the estuary.

C. sunlight to reach the benthos to power photosynthesis.

D. salt to sink to the bottom of the estuary.

B 14. Temperate estuaries characterized by salt-tolerant grasses above the low-tide line and seagrasses below water are called

A. bogs. C. mangrove swamps.

B. salt marshes. D. freshwater wetlands

Marine Ecosystems

15. Complete the diagram by adding labels for each marine zone. Then shade in the aphotic zone.

Intertidal zone Coastal ocean

16. Complete the table about the type of organisms living in each ocean zone.

|Marine Life by Ocean Zone |

|Zone |Life Forms |

|COASTAL |kelp forests, coral reefs |

|INTERTIDAL |barnacles, seaweed, starfish |

|OPEN OCEAN |large marine mammals such as whales, chemosynthetic bacteria |

Chapter Vocabulary Review

Match the term with its definition

Term

F 1. Weather

C 2. greenhouse effect

B 3. niche

E 4. predation

A 5. climate

H 6. herbivory

G 7. humus

D 8. permafrost

Complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.

9. The three main types of symbiotic relationships in nature are MUTUALISM, PARASITISM, AND COMMENSALISM

10. The gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance is called .ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION

11. The first species to live in an area of primary succession are called PIONEER SPECIES.

12. The area where an organism lives is its HABITAT.

13. The ability of organisms to survive and reproduce under a range of environmental circumstances is called TOLERANCE

14. The TAIGA (BOREAL FOREST) contains dense evergreen forests of coniferous trees.

15. The well-lit upper layer of ocean water is known as the PHOTIC ZONE.

16. The tiny, free-floating, weakly swimming algae and animals that occur in both freshwater and saltwater environments are called PLANKTON

17. Organisms that live on the ocean floor are referred to as BENTHOS

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biosphere

Individual/species

biome

ecosystem

population

community

air heat precipitation

animals mushrooms soil

bacteria plants sunlight

NONLIVING

Sunlight

Heat

Precipitation

Air

LIVING

Animals

Plants

Mushrooms

Bacteria

Soil

Tertiary consumer

(carnivore)

Quaternary consumer

(carnivore)

Secondary consumer

(carnivore)

Primary consumer

(herbivore)

Primary producer

Trophic Level

A. primary producer

B. first-level consumer

C. second-level consumer

D. third-level consumer

.1%

1%

10%

A. all the organisms in one area and their physical environment

B. a process in which producers use chemical energy to make carbohydrates

C. an organism that feeds on other organisms

D. a chemical substance that an organism needs to survive

E. an organism that uses chemical or light energy to produce its own food supply

F. the study of the biosphere

G. the portion of Earth and its atmosphere that contains organisms

H. a process in which producers use light energy to make carbohydrates

Become more complex and ecologically mature

Starts out with soil in place

New surface, no preexisting soil

Primary succession

Secondary succession

Both

Aphotic zone = everything under the 200m mark.

Benthic zone

Open ocean

Definition

A. the average yearly condition of temperature and precipitation in a region

B. the full range of conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions

C. natural situation in which atmospheric gases trap heat inside Earth’s atmosphere

D. permanently frozen subsoil

E. interaction in which an organism captures and feeds on another organism

F. day-to-day condition of Earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and place

G. a material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter

H. interaction in which an organism feeds on a primary producer

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