Chapter 1



Chapter 14: Psychological DisordersPsychological Disordera “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be:maladaptive and disfunctional—interfere, harmfuldisturbing and/or distresfulMedical Modelconcept that diseases have physical causes---can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, curedassumes that these “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospitalBio-Psycho-Social Perspectiveassumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disordersClassifying Psychological DisordersDSM-IVAmerican Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders -5 (Fifth Edition) , and the DSM-IV-TR (Fourth Editiona widely used system for classifying psychological disorders Updated in 2000 and referred to as the “text revision,” Anxiety Disorders distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxietyAnxiety - diffuse, vague feelings of fear and apprehensioneveryone experiences itbecomes a problem when it is irrational, uncontrollable, and disruptiveGeneralized Anxiety Disorderperson is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousalMore or less constant worry about many issuesPhysical symptoms: headaches; stomachaches; muscle tension; irritabilityPanic Disorder an anxiety disorder in which the anxiety may at times suddenly escalate into a terrifying panic attack, a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.Panic attacks - helpless terror, high physiological arousalVery frightening - sufferers live in fear of having themAgoraphobia often develops as a resultPhobiapersistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situationIntense, irrational fear that may focus on:category of objects event or situationsocial setting It is not phobic to simply be anxious about somethingSpecific phobias - fear of specific objectObsessive-Compulsive Disorderan anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).Obsessions - irrational, disturbing thoughts that intrude into consciousnessCompulsions - repetitive actions performed to alleviate obsessionsPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)The learning perspective views anxiety disorders as a product of fear conditioning, stimulus generalization, reinforcement, and observational learning.Undestanding and Explaining Anxiety Disorders:The biological perspective emphasizes evolutionary, genetic, and physiological influences.Mood Disorderscharacterized by emotional extremesMajor Depressive Disorder a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, deep unhappiness, lethargy, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities. prolonged, very severe depression; lasts without remission for at least 2 weeksSymptoms of Depression Dysthymialess severe, but long-lasting depressionlasts for at least 2 yearsCan have both at the same timeWomen diagnosed far more often than menManic Episodea mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic stateBipolar Disorder-- formerly called manic-depressive disorder: cycling between depression and mania (extreme euphoria)a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania, (euphoric, hyperactive, wildly optimistic states).Manic Episode marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic stateSeasonal Affective Disorder: Cyclic severe depression and elevated moodSeasonal regularityUnique cluster of symptomsintense hungergain weight in wintersleep more than usualdepressed more in evening than morningUnderstanding Mood Disorder:The biological perspective emphasizes the importance of genetic and biochemical influences. Mood disorders run in families--search for genes that put people at risk Certain neurotransmitters, including norepinephrine and serotonin, seem to be scarce in depression. The brains of depressed people have been found to be less active. The depressed brainThe social-cognitive perspective sees depression as a vicious cycle in which (1) negative, stressful events are interpreted through (2) a ruminating, pessimistic explanatory style, creating (3) a hopeless, depressed state that (4) interferes with the way a person thinks and acts. This causes: (1) more negative experiences. Cognitive Bases for DepressionA.T. Beck: depressed people hold pessimistic views ofThemselves; the world; the futureDepressed people distort their experiences in negative waysexaggerate bad experiences; minimize good experiencesSituational Bases for DepressionPositive correlation between stressful life events and onset of depressionIs life stress causal of depression?Suicide and Self Injury (Close up box)Schizophrenialiteral translation “split mind”--- ‘split’ refers to loss of touch with realitya group of severe disorders characterized by:disorganized and delusional thinkingdisturbed perceptionsinappropriate emotions and actionsSymptoms of SchizophreniaPositive symptoms: hallucinations; delusionsNegative symptoms: absence of normal cognition or affect (e.g., flat affect, poverty of speech)Disorganized thinkingDisorganized speech overinclusion - jumping from idea to idea without the benefit of logical associationDisorganized symptoms disorganized speech (e.g., word salad)Disorganized behavior and affectDelusions--false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disordersDelusions of persecution‘they’re out to get me’; paranoia; Delusions of grandeurDelusions of being controlledthe CIA is controlling my brain with a radio signalDisturbed perceptionsHallucinationssensory experiences without sensory stimulationInappropriate emotions and actionsFlat affectSubtypes of SchizophreniaParanoid typedelusions of persecutionbelieves others are spying and plotting delusions of grandeurbelieves others are jealous, inferior, subservientCatatonic type - unresponsive to surroundings, purposeless movement, parrot-like speechDisorganized typedelusions and hallucinations with little meaningdisorganized speech, behavior, and flat affectUndifferentiatedResidualOnset and Development1 in 100 peopleEqually split between genders, males have earlier onset18 to 25 for men26 to 45 for womenUnderstanding SchizophreniaBrain abnormalitiesBrain structure and functionBrain chemistryneurotransmitter excesses or deficitsThe Dopamine Theory: Drugs that reduce dopamine reduce symptomsBrain chemistryneurotransmitter excesses or deficitsThe Dopamine Theory: Drugs that reduce dopamine reduce symptomsPrenatal environment and riskdifficult birth (e.g., oxygen deprivation)prenatal viral infectionGenetic Influencesrisk increases with genetic similarityCultural Differences in SchizophreniaPrevalence of symptoms is similar no matter what the cultureLess industrialized countries have better rates of recovery than industrialized countriesfamilies tend to be less critical of the schizophrenic patientsless use of antipsychotic medications, which may impair full recoverythink of Schizophrenia as transient, rather than chronic and lasting disorderOther DisordersDissociative Disordersconscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelingsDissociative Identity Disorderrare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalitiesformerly called multiple personality disorderEating DisordersAnorxia nervosaBulimia nervosaBinge eating disorderPersonality Disordersdisorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioningAntisocial Personality Disorderdisorder in which the person (usually man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family membersmay be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artistRates of Psychological Disorders ................
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