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2010 PACE National Championship Tournament

Edited by Chris Ray, Andy Watkins, Rob Carson, Hannah Kirsch, and Bernadette Spencer

Round 3

Tossups

1. Herodotus relates this man's opinion that Tellus of Athens was the happiest man on earth, because he lived to see his grandchildren and died in battle. This man rose to prominence during a war with Megara, and during his time as archon, this figure liberated the hektermoroi through the seisactheia, the cancellation of their debts, and extended (*) citizenship to immigrants. This man also divided the citizenry into four property classes in order to expand political rights beyond the aristocracy, established the Council of 400, and repealed the harsh laws established by Draco. Hailed by Athenians as the founder of democracy, for 10 points, name this early sixth-century ruler and law-giver.

ANSWER: Solon

2. One order in this phylum, Pennatulacea, bioluminesces upon contact, and its members employ a balancing organ called a statocyst. Contact with some members of this phylum can lead to Irukandji syndrome, with symptoms including tachycardia and vomiting. The parasitic Myxozoams may belong to Protozoa or to this phylum, whose organisms secrete a (*) basement membrane that is separated from the epithelium by mesoglea. Members of this phylum possess venom-containing cells called nematocysts, used to catch prey or as a defense mechanism. For 10 points, name this phylum of invertebrates like hydras, coral, sea anemones, and jellyfish.

ANSWER: Cnidarians

3. This artist painted a topless woman with blackened eyes in Hands and a green-faced, inexplicably Freddy Krueger-esque figure in The Murderer. The presence of his works tanked an Adalsteen Normann exhibition, and he spent several months “researching” Berlin prostitutes for a pornographic series on the Madonna. This artist depicted a nude young girl sitting on the side of a bed in Puberty and a group of black-clad mourners surrounding another bed in (*) Death in the Sick Room; those works are part of his major series, which also includes an image of a man being hungrily embraced by a redhead, presumably the titular Vampire. For 10 points, identify this artist of The Frieze of Life, a Norwegian whose best-known work, set under a bleeding sky, is The Scream.

ANSWER: Edvard Munch

4. This novel features the parson Camden Farebrother, who gives up on Mary Garth in favor of his friend, the nephew of Stone Court landlord Peter Featherstone. This work's protagonist is compelled to finish “The Key to All Mythologies” and is married to James Chettam at its opening. One subplot in this novel is about the unhappy banker Nicholas (*) Bulstrode, whose daughter Rosamond Vincy sets her sights on the upstart doctor Tertius Lydgate. The central character finally decides to marry Will Ladislaw long after the death of Edward Casaubon in this “study of provincial life.” For 10 points, identify this novel about Dorothea Brooke, written by George Eliot.

ANSWER: Middlemarch: A Study of Provincial Life

5. This country’s Ituri Rainforest is home to the Mbuti people, who have recently been victimized by cannibals who believe they confer magical powers when eaten. This country’s city of Goma saw a cholera outbreak in 1994 among its huge refugee population. 160 people were massacred in 2002 in the center of one of this country's major gold mining regions, (*) Kisangani. An incursion into this country's Haut-Uele province, likely by a neighboring country's Lord Resistance Army, resulted in over 300 machete-induced deaths in the Makombo Massacre. Home to Lubumbashi in the state of Katanga, for 10 points, name this former personal colony of Leopold II of Belgium, a central African country with capital at Kinshasa.

ANSWER: Democratic Republic of the Congo [accept DRC or RDC; accept Congo-Kinshasa before the last word; prompt on just “Congo;” do not accept the “Republic of the Congo” or “Congo-Brazzaville”]

6. This mineral shares Nickel-Strunz group 4.DA with minerals like coesite and stishovite, which have identical chemical compositions. Herkimer diamonds are actually doubly-terminated crystals of this mineral, which crystallizes at lower temperatures than muscovite and is found at the (*) bottom of Bowen’s Reaction Series. The cryptocrystalline variety of this mineral is called chalcedony. This piezoelectric material is the second-most-common in the Earth’s crust after feldspar, and has Mohs hardness of seven. For 10 points, name this mineral made of silicon dioxide, one variety of which is amethyst.

ANSWER: quartz [prompt on silicon dioxide or SiO2 before mentioned]

7. This thinker suggested using chicanery and indolence to “make your opponent angry,” one of 38 argumentative stratagems collected in The Art of Controversy. In one work, this man discussed the fiendi, cognoscendi, essendi, and agendi forms of the titular concept as formulated by Leibniz, while another of his works contains an appendix that claims that Kant failed to distinguish between different types of knowledge. That work also asserts that (*) art, and music in particular, can provide spiritual peace in its third section, “Aesthetics.” This author of On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason argued that spiritual salvation can be achieved through asceticism, or a denial of the will to live. For 10 points, name this pessimistic German philosopher who wrote The World as Will and Representation.

ANSWER: Arthur Schopenhauer

8. One diplomat surrendered during this war was Johann Patkul, who was executed for his role in starting it after one participant signed the Treaty of Altranstadt. In one battle during this war, troops under Charles Eugene de Croy were trapped after the collapse of a bridge. This conflict saw one side meet with disaster on the Pruth River and a notable defection by hetman (*) Ivan Mazeppa. This war's decisive battle was stalled until the arrival of Lewenhaupt’s troops, and it was ended by the Treaty of Nystad. Seeing clashes at Narva and Poltava, for 10 points, name this war fought between Charles XII of Sweden and Peter the Great of Russia.

ANSWER: Great Northern War [or Second Northern War]

9. This composer's second symphony contains a pentatonic theme in the finale that was reused for his ballet Mlada. A scherzo in A flat major is often added at the end of performances of one of his works that includes a nocturne and three mazurka movements, the Petite Suite. A tone poem by this man opens with a high E on the violin and uses pizzicato to portray the central action, while a set of instrumental works by this man were drawn from an opera completed by (*) Glazunov and organized into his Polovetsian Dances. This man's most famous work depicts a caravan crossing the titular locale, and he composed the bulk of Prince Igor. For 10 points, identify this member of the Mighty Five responsible for In the Steppes of Central Asia.

ANSWER: Alexander Borodin

10. In one of his works, a businessman waiting for the next train converses in a bar with a misanthropic man with a disfiguring mark by his mouth. This creator of the philosophizing Vitangelo described a debtor who wins huge amounts of money in Monte Carlo and invents a new identity in his only major novel, a departure from works like One, No One, and One Hundred Thousand. This author of The (*) Late Mattia Pascal wrote of Nolli’s attempts to uphold the delusions of his uncle, an actor who falls off his horse and believes he is a Holy Roman Emperor. Madame Pace’s shop serves as the scene of the attempted seduction of The Stepdaughter in the most famous play by this author of Enrico IV. For 10 points, identify this Italian playwright of Six Characters in Search of an Author.

ANSWER: Luigi Pirandello

11. This equation does not account for Hofmeister effects, an objection voiced by Boström. Tafel equation constants appear in a transformation of this equation called the Butler-Volmer equation. In situations in which multiple ion species are present or in which ions are not in equilibrium on either side of a membrane, this equation is generalized as the (*) Goldman equation. This equation states that RT over nF time the natural log of the reaction quotient, subtracted from a reference value, gives the voltage of a cell. For 10 points, name this fundamental equation of electrochemistry.

ANSWER: Nernst equation

12. Daniel of Galicia's machinations against this state ended when its ruler forced him to rip down his city's walls, and the remnants of this state were defeated in the Great Standing on the Ugra. Forces under this empire's most famous ruler annihilated Bela IV's Magyar troops at the Battle of Mohi, while it was formally united by an Islamic convert named Berke from constituent (*) “White” and “Blue” divisions. It fought at Terek against the Ilkhanate, saw its general Mamai trounced at Kullikovo by Dimitry Donskoy, and experienced a resurgence until Tamerlane defeated its ruler Tokhtamysh. Ruled from Sarai by its founder Batu Khan, for 10 points, name this Mongol empire whose name may derive from the metallic gleam of its grand pavilions.

ANSWER: The Golden Horde [or the Kipchak Khanate; or Ulus of Jochi; prompt on “Blue Horde” and “Mongols” before mentioned]

13. This figure was ejected from a feast after killing Fimafeng, though after conversing with Eldir he returned to engage in a series of flytings. While traveling with Odin and Hoenir, this figure’s staff became stuck to the giant Thiazi, from whom this deity later rescued Idunn. His son Narfi was disemboweled and had his entrails used to (*) bind this figure to a rock, where poison eternally drips on him and occasionally triggers earthquakes when not caught by his wife Sigyn. In the form of a mare, he mated with Svadilfari to mother Sleipnir, while his children with Angrboda include Fenrir. Punished for a scheme that led to Hodur killing Baldur, for 10 points, name this Norse trickster god.

ANSWER: Loki Laufeyarson

14. The last section of this novel discusses how its protagonist's friend fled after accidentally shooting his drunken uncle. The protagonist of this novel kills an officer who had turned him into an informant during captivity, an action justified with the words of the late revolutionary Gonzalo Bernal. The title figure has an early friendship with the mulatto Lunero, who runs away with him to (*) Veracruz. Father Paez convinces Catalina that she relinquished her soul by marrying that title character, who has affairs with Lilia and Laura. This novel's titular event occurs after its protagonist's business trip to Hermosillo. For 10 points, name this novel about an expiring Mexican tycoon, written by Carlos Fuentes.

ANSWER: The Death of Artemio Cruz [or La Muerte de Artemio Cruz]

15. This artist created an oak sculpture entitled King of Kings for a “Temple of Meditation” that was never built. His The Prayer was designed for a funerary monument, and he crafted a stylized depiction of a mythical creature in his Maiastra. Stone stools surround a barren circle in a war memorial created by this artist, The Table of Silence, grouped along with his (*) Kiss Gate in an installation at Targu Jiu. Other works include a scandalously phallic depiction of a woman called Princess X and a rhombus-module tower, The Endless Column. He is best known for a series of sixteen works that use one smooth curve to depict the flight of the titular avian. For 10 points, name this Romanian sculptor of Bird in Space.

ANSWER: Constantin Brancusi

16. Lene Hau has created substances of this type wherein the speed of light is zero, while a variety dominated by repulsive forces in one dimension is named for Tonks and Girardeau. Their Hamiltonians contain a term proportional to particle density, resulting in the nonlinear (*) Gross-Pitaevskii equation. The first example of one of these substances was produced using laser cooling on rubidium by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman. For 10 points, identify this state of matter in which particles collapse into the lowest quantum state on a macroscopic scale, named for an Indian and a German physicist.

ANSWER: Bose-Einstein condensate

17. One conflict in the wake of this war arose when John Bates negotiated a bizarrely slavery-tolerant treaty, leading to the bloody Moro uprisings. One cause of this conflict was concern over camps set up by “Butcher” Weyler, while another was examined by William Sampson and Hyman Rickover, who corrected the Vreeland Report. “Fighting Joe” Wheeler was unable to storm the garrison at (*) Las Guasimas in one of this conflict's battles, while another saw hot air balloon reconnaissance over Hell's Pocket and Kettle Hill. The order “you may fire when ready, Gridley” was delivered during this conflict by George Dewey. The battles of San Juan Hill and Manila Bay occurred during, for 10 points, what 1898 war fought mainly in the Philippines and Cuba?

ANSWER: The Spanish-American War

18. This man posited that enterprise was in conflict with useful effort and that output was wasted by inefficient institutions in one work, while another of his essays connects private property with patriarchal ownership-marriage. The nature of sabotage marks the title group as the vehicle for socialism according to one thesis of this author of The Instinct of Workmanship and “The (*) Barbarian Status of Women.” This author of “The Engineers and the Price System” linked the barbaric origins of gambling and sports with businessmen and the clergy, examples of the titular worker-opposing group of his best known work; that work examines pecuniary emulation and dubs the purchase of goods for use as status symbols “conspicuous consumption.” For 10 points, name this author of The Theory of the Leisure Class.

ANSWER: Thorstein Bunde Veblen

19. One event at this location declared that those castrated by barbarians could remain in the clergy, but self-castrated men could not. Another event here was convoked by Emperor Constantine VI and his regent, Irene, to defeat a controversy begun by Leo the Isaurian. The most famous of these events rejected the Quartodecimans’ dating of Easter. While the second meeting in this place outlawed (*) iconoclasm, the first defeated a heresy that placed the Son subservient to the Father in a document that was later amended to contain a passage reading "and the son,” the “filioque” clause. For 10 points, name this Turkish city home to two ecumenical councils, the first of which rejected Arianism and proclaimed a namesake creed.

ANSWER: Council of Nicaea [accept First Council of Nicaea until “VI”]

20. The title object of on of this author's poems proclaims “In me she has drowned a young girl, and in me an old woman / Rises toward her day after day, like a terrible fish” after claiming “I am silver and exact.” Another of this author's poems reflects “I have done it again. / One year in every ten I manage it” before rising “out of the ash” and warning “I eat men like air.” She included “Tulips” and (*) “Lady Lazarus” in a collection that also features a poem whose speaker tells the title figure “there’s a stake in your fat black heart” before likening him to a Nazi and declaring “you bastard, I’m through.” For 10 points, name this poet of Ariel and “Daddy” who reflected on on her mental illness in The Bell Jar.

ANSWER: Sylvia Plath [accept Victoria Lucas]

TB1. In the 1850’s, this state was home to the “Silver-Grey” movement, a faction of conservative Whigs who supported Millard Fillmore. Influential senators from this state have included Thomas Platt, and it was dominated in the early nineteenth century by the Bucktails. Many of this state's politicians effectively answered to Thurlow Weed. This site of the (*) Anti-Rent War saw its Democratic Party had split into the Hunker and Barnburner factions. Governors of this state who unsuccessfully ran for President have included Horatio Seymour and Thomas E. Dewey, while the 1872 election was lost in dramatic fashion by its politician Horace Greeley, who published a namesake Tribune. For 10 points, name this home of Boss Tweed's Tammany Hall, a large northern state whose capital is Albany.

ANSWER: New York

TB2. Inability to synthesize this compound in the body may be due to loss of activity of the L-gulonolactone oxidase enzyme, and it can be produced industrially using the nickel-catalyzed Reichstein process. Like glucose, it is transported using the Glut1 membrane protein, and this compound is a cofactor for iron absorption. In humans, this compound is necessary for the synthesis of carnitine and collagen, and so a deficiency of this compound leads to spots on the skin, slow-healing wounds, and bleeding gums and is called scurvy. For 10 points each, name this antioxidant vitamin found in large quantities in citrus fruit.

ANSWER: L-ascorbic acid [or vitamin C]

TB3. One play originally written in this language sees a girl rescued from a pimp thanks to a treasure chest attached to the titular rope. Another play written in this language sees the father of Clinia feel guilty for sending his daughter away and is titled The Self-Tormentor. One author writing in this language created the slave Palaestrio as well as the miserly (*) Euclio, who attempts to bury the titular treasure of another work. That play in this language, in which The Eunuch was written by Terence, is titled The Pot of Gold. For 10 points, name this classical language in which Plautus wrote his comedies, whose authors often borrowed stories from the Greeks.

ANSWER: Classical Latin

Bonuses

1. The logistics of this action were overseen by Bayard Rustin, who drew from his experiences with James Peck overseeing the Journey of Reconciliation. For 10 points each:

[10] Identify this action, also centrally planned by A. J. Muste and A. Philip Randolph, that was highlighted by addresses by the Big Six and Josephine Baker.

ANSWER: The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

[10] The March on Washington is best remembered for this famous address by Martin Luther King. Originally titled as the “Normalcy Speech,” it is better known by a repeated four-word phrase, and ends with the exhortation “free at last.”

ANSWER: “I Have a Dream” [prompt on any answers involving “Normalcy”]

[10] Rustin's Journey of Reconciliation was a response to the Supreme Court's ban on segregation in interstate travel in a case brought by Irene Morgan against this state, whose miscegenation laws were challenged in the Loving case.

ANSWER: Commonwealth of Virginia

2. Identify these artists who made notable love and marriage-related paintings, for 10 points each:

[10] This artist of The Suckling Madonna and Madonna of Chancellor Rolin is responsible for the iconic Arnolfini Marriage.

ANSWER: Jan van Eyck

[10] This Austrian leader of the Vienna secession movement showed a woman in a dress of golden rectangles embracing her lover on a cliff in The Kiss.

ANSWER: Gustav Klimt

[10] This other Austrian painter depicted a man and a woman sleeping as a tempest rages in The Bride of the Wind, meant to symbolize his torrid love affair Alma Mahler.

ANSWER: Oskar Kokoschka

3. This work begins with the anguished thought “perhaps I could have saved him, with only a word.” For 10 points each:

[10] Identify this novel that sees police officer Pieter van Vlaanderen arrested under the Immorality Act for his affair with Stephanie.

ANSWER: Too Late the Phalarope

[10] This novel follows the black preacher Stephen Kumalo, who is distraught to learn that his son Absalom has participated in the murder of the white Arthur Jarvis.

ANSWER: Cry, the Beloved Country

[10] This South African author wrote both Too Late the Phalarope and Cry, the Beloved Country.

ANSWER: Alan Paton

4. This operation is uniquely defined up to a constant, which is why ODEs have families of solutions, one of which satisfies the initial conditions. For 10 points each:

[10] Name this analytic operator with definite varieties named for Stiljes, Lesbegue and Riemann.

ANSWER: integral [or integration; accept word forms]

[10] According to this theorem, the order of integration can be changed when the bounds of integration are constant; in general, it permits multiple integrals to be evaluated as iterated integrals.

ANSWER: Fubini's theorem

[10] This theorem connects the indefinite integral and the antiderivative. In multiple dimensions, it can be generalized to Stokes's theorem and Gauss's Theorem.

ANSWER: fundamental theorem of calculus [accept first or second fundamental theorem of calculus]

5. One of the two men to claim the title of Emperor of this country was married to Carlota, while another ruled as Augustin I. For 10 points each:

[10] Identify this country ruled by Maximilian I until his 1867 execution.

ANSWER: Mexico

[10] Maximilian was made Emperor of Mexico after conservatives helped overthrow this liberal president, who would take power again following Maximilian's demise. His long retreat ended at El Paso del Norte, a city now named after him.

ANSWER: Benito Pablo Juarez

[10] Juarez has earlier been appointed Chief Justice of the Mexican Supreme Court by this president, whose faced the Reform War in reaction to the 1857 changes to the constitution.

ANSWER: Ignacio Comonfort

6. It begins with the question “Who, if I cried out, would hear me among the angelic orders?” For 10 points each:

[10] Name this work of poetry in ten parts, written at approximately the same time as its author’s Sonnets to Orpheus.

ANSWER: the Duino Elegies [or Duineser Elegien]

[10] The Duino Elegies and Sonnets to Orpheus are works of this poet, whose Dinggedicht, or object-poems, include “The Panther.”

ANSWER: Rainer Maria Rilke

[10] This other Rilke poem describes the eyes of the titular statue as “ripening fruit” and declares “You must change your life,” presumably by staring at sculptures of naked dudes.

ANSWER: “Archaic Torso of Apollo” [or “Archaïscher Torso Apollos”]

7. Identify the following Trojan women, for 10 points each:

[10] Apollo cursed this prophetess and daughter of King Priam for spurning his advances by having no one believe her prophecies. Agamemnon would take her as a prize after the war’s end.

ANSWER: Cassandra [or Alexandra]

[10] Neoptolemus took this woman as his prize at the end of the war, long after her husband had killed Patroclus. She had earlier given birth to Astyanax, whom Neoptolemnus expediently jettisoned from the walls of the city.

ANSWER: Andromache

[10] This other daughter of Priam and Hecuba discovered the weakness of Achilles’ heel and was later sacrificed to ensure that the Greeks reached home safely.

ANSWER: Polyxena

8. Answer some questions about bonding, for 10 points each.

[10] This strongest class of covalent bonds possesses rotational symmetry along a line connecting the two nuclei.

ANSWER: sigma bond

[10] This theory predicts the geometry of molecules by considering the coulombic interactions among the sigma bonds and lone pairs of a central atom.

ANSWER: VSEPR [accept Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion; accept pronunciations like “vesper”]

[10] VSEPR theory predicts this geometry for a molecule whose central atom features three bonds and no lone pairs. Examples of it include boron trihydride and formaldehyde.

ANSWER: trigonal planar [prompt on partial answer]

9. A failed organ symphony by this man was combined with a Robert Bridges poem into his Choral Fantasia. For 10 points each:

[10] Identify this composer of Brook Green Suite who created two suites for military band and drew from his extensive reading of Sanskrit texts in his most famous work.

ANSWER: Gustav Theodore Holst

[10] Holst is best known for this piece, whose last movement is subtitled “the Mystic.” Other sections are subtitled “the Magician,” “the Bringer of Jollity,” and “the Bringer of War.”

ANSWER: The Planets

[10] This Holst composition, named for the girls’ school at which he served as director of music, opens with a jig that alternates between 6/8 and 9/8 time and ends with an adaptation of a Dargason.

ANSWER: the St. Paul’s Suite

10. This author wrote of a fisherman who returns after a ten-year voyage to find his wife Annie remarried in “Enoch Arden.” For 10 points each:

[10] Name this poet of “The Kraken” and “The Eagle.”

ANSWER: Alfred, Lord Tennyson

[10] Tennyson is probably best known for this poem, which describes six hundred soldiers riding “into the valley of Death,” of whom the speaker asks “when can their glory fade?”

ANSWER: “The Charge of the Light Brigade”

[10] This other Tennyson work was written as a requiem for the title character and contains the line, “’Tis better to have loved and lost / Than never to have loved at all.”

ANSWER: “In Memoriam A.H.H.”

11. These resolutions grew out of a meeting in the namesake city, and they were prompted by the murder of August Kotzebue by Karl Sand. For 10 points each:

[10] Name these ordinances that disbanded Burschenschaften and were heavily focused on monitoring political activities at universities in Germany.

ANSWER: Karlsbad Decrees

[10] This Austrian statesman was the driving force behind the Karlsbad Decrees, and he was a key figure in keeping up the Concert of Europe in post-Napoleonic Europe.

ANSWER: Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar von Metternich

[10] This other set of ordinances, crafted 54 years later by a namesake member of the Old Liberal party as a chief part of Bismarck's Kulturkampf, extended state control to the training of clergy. They are alternatively named for their month of passage.

ANSWER: The May Laws [or the Falk Laws]

12. The “minor”ones of these include that of Gedaliah, the Tenth of Tevet, and the Seventeenth of Tammuz. For 10 points each:

[10] Name these events on the Jewish calendar known as ta’anit, the “full” ones of which are Tisha B’Av and one on the tenth of Tishrei. They are marked by a certain action, often in memory of deaths or other hardships.

ANSWER: fast days [accept any equivalent that conveys people are not eating]

[10] This major fast day in Judaism is sometimes known as the “Day of Atonement.” It comes ten days after Rosh Hashanah and ends the High Holy Days, and Jewish tradition holds that each person’s fate is sealed on this day.

ANSWER: Yom Kippur

[10] This prayer in Aramaic is traditionally recited three times on the night beginning Yom Kippur. It releases Jews from vows they may make in the upcoming year.

ANSWER: Kol Nidre

13. It can be derived from Fermat's principle, and was originally published as Descartes' law of sines. For 10 points each:

[10] Name this law relating the angles of incidence and refraction of light as it changes media.

ANSWER: Snell's law of refraction [or, more amusingly, Snellius's Law!]

[10] Snell's Law relates those angles to this value, which is the ratio of the speed of light in a medium to the speed of light in a vaccum.

ANSWER: index of refraction [or refractive index; do not prompt on permittivity]

[10] Snell's Law, along with the Fresnel equations, can be used to show that this angle, the angle at which reflected light will be completely polarized, is equal to the arctangent of the ratio of the indices of refraction.

ANSWER: Brewster's Angle

14. Figures discussed in this work include Agamemnon, Psyche, Tobias, and Sarah, and it contains an analogy about a mother weaning her child. For 10 points each:

[10] Identify this philosophic work that whose “Exordium” presents four alternatives to the central scenario, contrasting the Knight of Faith with the Knight of Infinite Resignation.

ANSWER: Fear and Trembling [or Frygt og Bæven]

[10] This proto-existentialist Danish author of Fear and Trembling wrote about the aesthetic, ethical, and religious versions of the titular Stages on Life's Way, which built on his earlier Either/Or.

NSWER: Søren Aabye Kierkegaard

[10] In the introduction of this work, Kierkegaard asserts that religious scholars ought to write like physicians treating the ill. It declares that despair is the worst sin for Christians.

ANSWER: The Sickness unto Death [or Sygdommen til Døden]

15. Answer these questions about histories of Rome, for 10 points each:

[10] Machiavelli wrote a set of discourses on this man, whose Ab Urbe Condita is the seminal work of ancient Roman historigraphy.

ANSWER: Livy or Titus Livius

[10] This Englishman penned perhaps the most famous such work, his History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. He blamed a loss of civic virtue for Rome's fall, and was discouraged from further scholarship by his chronically-swollen testes.

ANSWER: Edward Gibbon

[10] This title is shared by a major historical epic poem by Ennius and by the common name for a collection by Tacitus covering the succession of Octavian through Nero.

ANSWER: The Annals [or Annales]

16. Like all years, 2009 was a very dangerous year to be a police officer. For 10 points each:

[10] This California city, the seat of Alameda County and home of Jerry Brown, was the site of a January 2009 shooting of a Bay Area Rapid Transit police officer as well as a March 2009 assault that killed four police officers.

ANSWER: Oakland

[10] Three police officers were killed in April 2009 in the Stanton Heights neighborhood of this Eastern U.S. city on the Allegheny River, challenging the administration of young mayor Luke Ravenstahl.

ANSWER: Pittsburgh

[10] In November 2009, Maurice Clemmons burst into a coffee shop and murdered four police officers in Lakewood, a suburb of this Pierce County city, the third most populous city in the state of Washington.

ANSWER: Tacoma

17. The tumor suppressor and transcription factor p53 initiates this process when DNA is damaged beyond repair. For 10 points each:

[10] Name this process of programmed cell death.

ANSWER: apoptosis

[10] In order for apoptosis to occur, this heme protein is released from the inner membrane of the mitochondria. It is particularly small and soluble, and triggers calcium release by interacting with the IP3 receptor.

ANSWER: Cytochrome C

[10] These cysteine proteases are also key to the apoptotic process. They cleave each other in a namesake cascade.

ANSWER: caspases

18. John, the narrator of this novel, travels to the fictional island country of San Lorenzo, whose dictator Papa Monzano opposes the rise of Bokononism. For 10 points each:

[10] Identify this 1963 novel in which John interviews the children and relatives of Felix Hoenikker, which ends shortly after all the water on Earth turns into ice-nine.

ANSWER: Cat’s Cradle

[10] Cat’s Cradle is a novel by this American author of Jailbird and Timequake, who wrote about Billy Pilgrim becoming “unstuck in time” in his novel Slaughterhouse-Five.

ANSWER: Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.

[10] Eliot Rosewater and Billy Pilgrim are both big fans of this recurring Vonnegut character, a prolific science fiction author who becomes the object of Dwayne Hoover’s obsession in Breakfast of Champions.

ANSWER: Kilgore Trout [accept either underlined portion]

19. This work’s opening section, “Dawn”, is followed by a depiction of an Alpine storm and section in which a flute and an English horn play a “call to the dairy cows”. For 10 points each:

[10] Identify this 1829 composition that ends with a fast-paced galop, found at the beginning of a longer work whose title character delivers the the imperative aria “Sois immobile”.

ANSWER: The William Tell Overture

[10] In this opera by the composer of William Tell, Count Almaviva disguises himself as a poor student and bribes the music teacher Basilio in order to woo Rosina. Its title character sings the aria Largo al factotum.

ANSWER: The Barber of Seville [Il Barbiere di Siviglia]

[10] This bel canto composer of La Cenerentola created The Barber of Seville and William Tell.

ANSWER: Gioachino Antonio Rossini

20. The “negative” type of these entities include the exhaust from automobiles and the sleep-depriving barking of neighborhood dogs. For 10 points each:

[10] Name this “spillover” of an economic transaction, the uncompensated impact of an economic actor’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.

ANSWER: externalities

[10] When two parties cannot negotiate a contract to eliminate externalities, the government can internalize them by use of these types of taxes, which try to align incentives with social efficiency.

ANSWER: Pigovian taxes [accept Pigou]

[10] Coase’s theorem argues that two parties can always bargain over allocation of resources when these types of costs do not exist. These costs arise during the bargaining process and include search and information costs.

ANSWER: transaction costs

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