4
4
Answers to Activities
in the Study Guide
Chapter 1 THE HUMAN BODY
A. COMPLETION
1. ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY
2. directions, planes, cavities, structural
3. superior, inferior
4. ventral
5. posterior
6. cephalad or cranial
7. proximal
8. distal
9. sagittal
10. transverse
11. coronal
12. viscera
13. cranial, spinal
14. mediastinum
15. parietal peritoneum
16. cells
17. protoplasm
18. pathology
19. epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
20. cardiac
21. dermis, epidermis
22. homeostasis
23. sweat
24. system
25. skeletal, smooth, cardiac
B. Matching
26. C
27. f
28. i
29. b
30. g
31. l
32. a
33. n
34. k
35. d
36. o
37. e
38. h
39. m
40. j
C. Key Terms
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
41. Second subdivision of ventral cavity
42. Heart and vessels pump and distribute blood to and from all cells of the body
43. Toward the head
44. Binds together and supports other tissue and organs
45. Divides front and back of body
46. Farthest from origin
47. Back or posterior
48. Produces hormones that chemically regulate body’s functions temperature and pressure
49. Lowermost or below/lower part of body
50. Protects, insulates, regulates water and termperature, senses temperature and pressure
51. Drains tissues, carries fats to blood, fights disease
52. Section between pleural cavities
53. Contains heart
54. Contains lungs
55. Colloidal liquid in cells
56. Nearest to origin
57. Perpetuation of species
58. Vertical line separating body into unequal left and right parts
59. Glands located in the integumentary system
60. Dorsal cavity containing spine and cord
61. First subdivision of ventral cavity/chest
62. Horizontal plane of body
63. Chemical regulation of blood, excretion of waste, helps maintain homeostasis
D. Labeling Exercise
64. ALSO REFER TO FIGURE 1-1 IN THE TEXT.
a. Transverse (horizontal) plane
b. Sagittal plane
c. Frontal (coronal) plane
65. Also refer to Figure 1-2A in the text.
a. Superior (cranial)
b. Inferior (caudal)
c. Medial
d. Lateral
e. Proximal
f. Distal
E. Coloring Exercise
66. REFER TO FIGURE 1-3 IN THE TEXT.
F. Critical Thinking
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
67. Protection/food selection
68. Study of anatomy
69. Nursing (arms to hold infant in front)
70. Both fallopian tubes removed
71. Reproductive is only needed for perpetuation of species
72. Cells/tissues/organs/systems
73. Feedback response causes body to react
74. More oxygen to muscle cells
75. Respiratory, integumentary, urinary, digestive
76. Keep skin moist and pliable
G. Crossword Puzzle
[pic]
Chapter 2 THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
A. COMPLETION
1. SUGARS
2. adenosine triphosphate
3. matter
4. 92
5. atoms
6. proton, neutron
7. John Dalton
8. carbon
9. isotopes
10. oxygen
11. bonds
12. compound
13. ionic
14. negatively, positively
15. covalent
16. hydrogen
17. donors
18. acceptors
19. 60, 80
20. water
21. carbon dioxide
22. ammonia
23. simple sugars
24. ribose, deoxyribose
25. glucose, fructose
26. triglycerides
27. triacylglycerols
28. glycerol, fatty acids
29. catalysts
30. thymine, cytosine, uracil
31. phosphate
32. diffusion
33. isotonic
34. pH
35. buffer
B. Matching
36. C
37. g
38. n
39. h
40. m
41. p
42. d
43. a
44. f
45. s
46. e
47. r
48. i
49. o
50. j
51. l
52. t
53. b
54. q
55. k
C. Key Terms
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
56. Transportation of materials against concentration gradient
57. Nitrogen plus two atoms of hydrogen
58. Molecule that comes from decomposition of proteins and conversion of amino acids
59. Random collision of diffusing molecules
60. Atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio
61. (-COOH)
62. Atoms of two or more elements combined
63. Atoms share electrons
64. Acid compound in nucleus, genetic material
65. Molecules that gain electrons only to lose them to some other molecule in a very short time
66. Orbitals of electrons around atom nucleus
67. Negatively charged particles orbiting nucleus of atom
68. Long chain of carbon atoms of different length
69. Similar to sugar but with a three-carbon chain
70. Very weak bond that helps hold water molecules together and bind parts of one molecule into three-dimensional shape
71. (-OH)
72. Solution in which water molecules move into a cell and the cell swells, as in pure distilled water
73. Charged atom
74. Formed when atom gains electrons from another atom in outer shell
75. Small ions, i.e., calcium, sodium, chlorine
76. Two or more atoms combining to form smallest particle with all properties of compound
77. Particle in nucleus of atom with no charge
78. Basic structure of nucleic acid
79. Levels of electrons orbiting nucleus of atom
80. Protein determination by amino acid sequence
81. Fused double ring of nine atoms
82. Allows selected materials to move through
83. Material dissolved in a solution
84. Medium in which chemical reaction can take place
85. Carbon chain with one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms
D. Labeling
86. ALSO REFER TO FIGURE 2-5 IN THE TEXT.
a. nucleus
b. electron
c. hydrogen
d. oxygen
e. hydrogen
f. oxygen part
g. hydrogen part
h. H2O molecule
E. Coloring Exercise
THERE IS NO COLORING EXERCISE IN THIS CHAPTER.
F. Critical Thinking
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
87. The body is like an internal combustion engine functioning through chemical reactions.
88. Because they just share or move electrons from place to place.
89. O2 atom attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen atoms.
90. Cold inhibits diffusion.
91. a. Primary determined by amino acid sequence.
b. Secondary determined by hydrogen bonds between amino acids.
c. Tertiary is a secondary folding.
d. Quaternary is determined by spatial relationships between individual units.
92. Sugar, amino acids and other nutrients needed for cell metabolism moved into the cell by active transport, which needs ATP.
93. When electrons are gained, lost or shared between atoms.
94. Like charges (negative electrons) repel.
95. Oxygen atoms attract electrons more strongly than hydrogen; therefore, water molecules are polar.
96. Becomes toxic when it reacts with water.
97. Plants take in CO2 and produce O2.
G. Crossword Puzzle
[pic]
Chapter 3 CELL STRUCTURE
A. COMPLETION
1. EUKARYOTIC
2. prokaryotic
3. flagellum
4. microns
5. Leewenhoek
6. plasmalemma
7. nucleoplasm
8. polar
9. nonpolar
10. 46
11. nucleolus
12. cristae
13. mitochondria
14. amino acids
15. autolysis
16. endoplasmic reticulum
17. protein synthesis
18. Golgi bodies
19. ribosomes
20. messenger
21. transfer
22. centrosome
23. cilia, flagella
24. flagellum
25. cilia
26. chloroplasts
27. photosynthesis
28. grana
29. cellulose
30. xanthophyll, carotene
B. Matching
31. C
32. f
33. k
34. h
35. i
36. m
37. j
38. a
39. o
40. b
41. n
42. d
43. e
44. l
45. g
C. Key Terms
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
46. Process by which lysosomes act as suicide agents in old and weakened cells
47. Red/orange pigment structure in chromoplast
48. Plant cell plastid containing carotenoid pigments
49. Channel-like cavities in endoplasmic reticulum
50. Nucleic acid in nucleus concerned with genetic code
51. Flat saclike cisternae that function as points within cell where certain compounds are concentrated
52. Plant cell storage plastid
53. Copies and transmits codes from DNA molecules
54. Long, hollow cylinder made of tubulin
55. Equal attraction of bonding electrons
56. Spherical particle within the nucleoplasm, has no membrane
57. Cell membrane, semipermeable, made of phospholipids and proteins
58. Unequal sharing of electrons results in slight charge in atoms
59. No membrane-bound organelles
60. RNA read code from DNA, takes to ribosomes where amino acids are put together to form proteins
61. Nucleic acid that copies, translates and carries DNA codes
62. RNA copies protein code from DNA molecule
63. Reading code and bringing amino acids in sequence
64. Area in cytoplasm with own membrane sometimes used for storage
65. Yellow pigment plastid in chromoplast
D. Labeling
66. ALSO REFER TO FIGURE 3-1 IN THE TEXT.
a. ribosomes
b. lysosomes
c. nucleus
d. mitochondrion
e. plasma membrane
f. Golgi apparatus
67. Also refer to Figure 3-7 in the text.
a. human chromosomes
b. supercoil in chromosomes
c. chromatin
d. coiling within supercoil
e. chromatin fiber
E. Coloring Exercise
68. REFER TO FIGURE 3-2 IN THE TEXT.
F. Critical Thinking
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
69. Animals produce nitrogen waste and carbon dioxide waste that plants use to grow. Plant waste is oxygen that animals need to survive. Animals consume plants for nutrition.
70. Process of grinding lenses.
71. It is necessary for chemical reaction taking place in all cells. It is also a universal solvent and used in temperature control.
72. DNA is the master plan for life functions but cannot leave the nucleus. RNA is responsible for carrying the instruction to structures outside the nucleus.
73. The sperm and egg contain 23 because they join to form one cell with 46.
74. Muscle cells need a great deal of energy, which is produced on the surface of the cristae.
75. When certain functions are necessary, such as transportation of fats or synthesis of sex hormones.
76. Necessary for structural strength.
G. Crossword Puzzle
[pic]
Chapter 4 CELLULAR Metabolism and REPRODUCTION: MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
A. COMPLETION
1. CHEMICAL REACTIONS
2. metabolism
3. anabolism
4. catabolism
5. cellular respiration
6. photosynthesis
7. fermentation
8. phosphorylation
9. phosphoglyceraldehyde
10. pyruvic acid
11. acetic acid
12. oxaloacetic, citric, alpha-ketoglutaric, succinic, malic
13. carbon dioxide, ethyl alcohol, ATP
14. pyruvic acid, acetaldehyde
15. lactic acid
16. fat
17. amino acids
18. gonads
19. phosphate groups, five carbon sugars, purines, pyrimidines
20. adenine, guanine
21. thymine, cytosine
22. A, C, T, G
23. interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
24. synthesis phase
25. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
26. cloned
27. spindle fibers
28. metaphase
29. anaphase
30. cleavage furrow
31. telophase
32. sperm, egg
33. two
34. four, 23
35. DNA
B. Matching
36. E
37. i
38. q
39. j
40. n
41. k
42. c
43. l
44. f
45. a
46. d
47. r
48. b
49. g
50. s
51. h
52. t
53. p
54. o
55. m
C. Key Terms
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
56. Cellular respiration with the use of oxygen
57. Compound formed from citric acid during Krebs citric acid cycle
58. Cellular metabolism without the use of oxygen
59. Chemical changes taking place within cells to break down materials releasing energy as ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
60. X-shaped structures seen during prophase
61. DNA strands duplicated within each chromosome
62. Unwound strands of chromosomes in nucleus
63. Pinching action separating daughter cells during final phase of mitosis
64. Segments of DNA exchanged between chromatids of homologous chromosomes
65. Series of reduction/oxidation reactions
66. Anaerobic decomposition of glucose in yeast
67. Electron carrier of electron transport system where two ATP are made
68. Formation of sex cells (sperm and egg)
69. First step in the biochemical respiration process
70. Sex cells containing 23 chromosomes
71. Disk of protein found during prophase
72. Produced as a result of anaerobic cell respiration in muscle cell
73. Movement of cancerous cells from original site
74. Error in copying DNA code
75. Product of fructose diphosphate cleavage, transitional step in glycolysis
76. Addition of a phosphate to glucose
77. Three smaller cells produced during the second meiotic division
78. Electron carrier
79. Error in copying DNA code
80. Visible pair of chromosomes seen during prophase I
D. Labeling Exercise
81. ALSO REFER TO FIGURE 4-6 IN THE TEXT.
a. glucose
b. glycolysis
c. pyruvate
d. acetyl CoA
e. citric acid cycle
f. CO2
g. ATP
h. mitochondrion
82. Also refer to Figure 4-11 in the text.
a. interphase
b. early prophase
c. middle prophase
d. late prophase
e. metaphase
f. early anaphase
g. late anaphase
h. telophase
i. interphase
E. Coloring Exercise
83. REFER TO FIGURE 4-8 IN THE TEXT.
84. Refer to Figure 4-7 in the text.
F. Critical Thinking
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
85. To bring oxygen to muscle cells for aerobic respiration to remove lactic acid.
86. To have genetic traits from both parents and thus enlarge the gene pool.
87. Briefly: catabolism breaks down glucose to release energy, whereas anabolism uses energy to build new materials (cellular).
88. Photosynthesis in plants uses light energy and the waste products of animals like CO2 plus water and chlorophyll to make glucose. Animals use the glucose plus the waste products of plants (oxygen) to make energy in the form of ATP.
89. The total energy capture from the citric acid cycle, glycolysis, and electron transport is 60% of that available.
90. All foods are decomposed by the digestion process to a certain point and all enter a stage dependent on their chemical structure.
91. They led to new fields of research in recombinant DNA, the human genome project, and genetic engineering.
92. Codes for polypeptide chains or protein and it carries hereditary information.
93. When we identify genes we can learn to repair those causing diseases.
94. No, because the cell is growing, metabolizing and maintaining itself.
95. Answers will vary.
G. Crossword Puzzle
[pic]
Chapter 5 TISSUES
A. COMPLETION
1. FORENSIC SCIENTIST
2. tissues
3. epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
4. protects, absorbs, secretes, excretes
5. columnar
6. blood vessels, kidneys, lungs
7. stratified
8. ciliated
9. endocrine, exocrine
10. endothelium
11. serous
12. connective
13. matrix
14. loose, dense, specialized
15. areolar
16. fibroblast, histiocytes, mast
17. adipose
18. tendons
19. ligaments
20. fascia
21. chondrocytes
22. hyaline
23. elastic
24. dentin
25. blood
26. goblet
27. hematopoietic
28. reticuloendothelial
29. smooth, skeletal, cardiac
30. axon, cell body, dendrite
B. Matching
31. D
32. g
33. i
34. n
35. j
36. m
37. s
38. a
39. p
40. f
41. b
42. q
43. e
44. t
45. r
46. c
47. k
48. h
49. o
50. l
C. Key Terms
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
51. Connective tissue made of fat cells
52. Portion of neuron receiving stimuli
53. Epithelial cells adhering together to protect underlying tissue
54. Cartilage cell
55. Fibers embedded in matrix of connective tissue
56. Several component lobules with branching ducts
57. A type of tissue that supports or binds
58. Part of neuron that passes along impulses
59. Stretchable fibers found in matrix of connective tissue
60. Endothelium lining heart
61. Glands that have ducts
62. Substance released by mast cells in response to allergies
63. Special areas within cardiac muscle connecting cardiac muscle cells
64. A type of phagocyte found in nervous tissue
65. Membranes that line body cavities
66. Smooth muscle action that pushes material through tubular structures
67. Ingest other cells or foreign material
68. Arrangement of epithelial cells consisting of layers extending from basement membrane
69. Special connective tissue cells that do phagocytosis
70. Tissue lining cavities of body with no external opening
71. One cell layer
72. Tissue that is several layers thick
73. Tissue lining movable joint capsules secreting lubricating fluid
74. Several layers of closely packed easily stretched cells
75. Referring to membranes covering internal organs
D. Labeling Exercise
76. ALSO REFER TO FIGURE 5-8 IN THE TEXT.
a. cells (chondrocytes)
b. matrix
c. lacuna (space enclosing cells)
77. Also refer to Figure 5-11 in the text.
a. bone cell
b. cytoplasm
c. nucleus
d. bone lacuna
78. Also refer to Figure 5-17 in the text.
a. dendrites
b. nucleus
c. axon
d. cell body
E. Coloring Exercise
79. REFER TO FIGURE 5-12 IN THE TEXT.
F. Critical Thinking
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
80. It forms a continuous protective sheet for underlying tissues and anchors cells above it.
81. Three types of cell shapes enable it to form various types of tissue depending on its function.
82. It allows expansion of certain organs like the bladder or stomach, while allowing those organs to be of fairly small size when empty.
83. It not only protects by capturing foreign objects and secreting mucus, it also absorbs nutrients in the digestive system and helps with digestion by secreting enzymes and bile salts.
84. Will vary according to example.
85. It is an anticoagulant and would help dissolve blood clots that might block a blood vessel.
86. They should not be because adipose tissue acts as an insulator.
87. By devouring foreign material such as bacteria they protect against disease.
88. They shorten and thicken using actin and myosin.
89. It is responsible for hearing the lecture, seeing the written material and building a memory of the material.
90. Cells divide more rapidly in the young than in older adults, thus facilitating healing in the young.
G. Crossword Puzzle
[pic]
Chapter 6 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
A. COMPLETION
1. SWEAT
2. epithelial
3. dermis
4. connective
5. stratified, squamous, keratinized
6. palms, soles
7. die
8. keratin
9. five
10. stratum corneum
11. corn
12. stratum granulosum
13. polyhedron
14. stratum germinativum
15. melanocytes
16. melanin
17. albinism
18. corium
19. allergist
20. hair
21. cyanosis
22. arrector pili
23. hair bulb
24. nail bed
25. cuticle
26. sebum, sebaceous glands
27. sweat glands
28. bacterial
29. temperature, pressure
30. lipid
31. psoriasis
32. cold sores
33. shingles
34. nerves
35. vitiligo
B. Matching
36. E
37. h
38. l
39. j
40. a
41. i
42. m
43. b
44. d
45. g
46. o
47. c
48. n
49. k
50. f
C. Key Terms
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
51. Most common type of skin cancer/rarely spreads
52. Thickened portion of skin caused by continued friction
53. Principal portion of hair with elongated cells forming fibers
54. Interlocking cellular links holding cells of epidermis together
55. The epidermal tube holding the root of the hair
56. Movement of cells from the basement membrane to the epidermis and their change of shape and chemical composition as well as the loss of water
57. White crescent-shaped portion of the nail
58. Central portion of hair with cells containing air sacs
59. Area of dermis adjacent to the epidermis
60. Categorization of first- and second-degree burns; they do not destroy stratum germinativum and basal layer
61. Area of the dermis between the subcutaneous and papillary portion of skin
62. Involves both dermis and epidermis but mildly
63. Produces a nodular tumor in epidermis and if left untreated will metastasize
64. Distinctive layers of the epidermis
65. Basal layer of stratum germinativum
D. Labeling Exercise
66. ALSO REFER TO FIGURE 6-1 IN THE TEXT.
a. epidermis
b. dermis
c. subcutaneous layer
d. blood vessel
e. adipose cells
67. Also refer to Figure 6-3A in the text.
a. hair shaft
b. arrector pili muscle
c. sebaceous gland
d. hair follicle
e. hair root
f. papilla of hair
g. dermal blood vessel
E. Coloring Exercise
68. REFER TO FIGURE 6-4 IN THE TEXT.
F. Critical Thinking
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
69. The tough leathery layer keeps bacteria and other disease causing agents out.
70. Because cells produced move upward, die, and eventually slough off, it is necessary they be replaced. This layer does that through mitosis. It also contains the pigment-producing cells that are important for skin color and sunlight protection.
71. The deep layers of the skin are destroyed and cannot regenerate.
72. It contains blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, muscles, sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands, all part of the active body.
73. Hair follicles are located within the dermis and destruction of this would destroy the hair follicle even if the dermis repaired itself.
74. The nail is not the growth area. The area of growth is the nail bed.
75. Adolescents secrete more sebum during puberty.
76. Exocrine because it opens to the exterior.
77. Sweat contains substances like sugar and salt that are important to the body’s homeostasis. Excess sweating will cause a loss of these substances, and sports drinks replace them along with needed fluid.
78. The skin eruptions become passageways for other pathogens.
79. Not really because it is caused by a fungus, not a worm.
80. Skin changes associated with aging include thinning hair, brittle nails, sensitivity to cold, skin infections and dry skin.
G. Crossword Puzzle
[pic]
Chapter 7 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
A. COMPLETION
1. SUPPORT, PROTECTION, MOVEMENT, HEMATOPOIESIS, MINERAL STORAGE
2. cartilage
3. periosteum, endosteum
4. osteocytes, osteoclasts
5. intermembranous, endochondral
6. calcitonin, parathormone
7. compact, cancellous
8. haversian canal
9. red bone marrow
10. diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphysis
11. sesamoid
12. process
13. fossae
14. axial, appendicular
15. occipital
16. single sphenoid bone
17. mandible bone
18. neural foramen
19. lumbar
20. phalanges
B. Matching
21. C
22. f
23. h
24. a
25. i
26. q
27. b
28. m
29. e
30. d
31. n
32. g
33. r
34. l
35. j
36. k
37. p
38. s
39. t
40. o
C. Key Terms
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
41. Cavity of hip receiving head of femur
42. Bony prominence on the scapula
43. Heel bone
44. One of the distal bones of the wrist
45. Neck bones of spine
46. Knuckle-like prominence
47. Attachment for muscles that move arm
48. “Soft spot” in skull
49. Natural opening in bone for passage of vessels, nerves and ligaments
50. Portion of sternum (blade of sword)
51. One of the distal bones of the wrist
52. System of canals allowing for effective metabolism of bone cells
53. Manufacture of blood cells
54. Proximal wrist bone
55. Bone of middle ear (hammer)
56. Portion of sternum
57. Canal
58. Largest foramen in hip
59. Bone formation
60. Softening of bone
61. Haversian canal
62. Finger or toe bone
63. A proximal bone of the wrist
64. Line where the two parietal bones join superiorly
65. Ear bone referred to as the stirrup
66. Ankle bone
67. Fibrous connective tissue; extension of the capsule of a lymph node
68. A proximal bone of the wrist
69. Forms the floor and interior wall of the external meatus
70. Lower posterior portion of nasal septum
71. Distal end of sternum
72. Cheekbone
D. Labeling Exercise
73. ALSO REFER TO FIGURE 7-6 IN THE TEXT.
a. sternum
b. ribs
c. carpals
d. metacarpals
e. phalanges
f. clavicle
g. scapula
h. humerus
i. radius
j. ulna
k. hip bones
l. sacrum
m. femur
n. patella
o. tibia
p. fibula
74. Also refer to Figure 7-12 in the text.
a. atlas
b. axis
c. intervertebral disk
d. sacrum
e. coccyx
f. cervical vertebrae
g. thoracic vertebrae
h. lumbar vertebrae
75. Also refer to Figure 7-15 in the text.
a. true ribs
b. sternum
c. false ribs
d. floating ribs
76. Also refer to Figure 7-19 in the text.
a. phalanges
b. metacarpals
c. carpals
d. ulna
e. radius
77. Also refer to Figure 7-23B in the text.
a. phalanges
b. metatarsals
c. tarpals
d. calcaneus
E. Coloring Exercise
78. REFER TO FIGURE 7-6 IN THE TEXT.
F. Critical Thinking
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
79. Weight bearing.
80. Immature cell, bone formation, source of bone cells.
81. Through use of calcitonin and parathormone.
82. Needed for bone cell metabolism, red for making blood cells, yellow for fat storage.
83. Cleft palate; during speech, air passes into nasal cavity, causing nasality of speech quality.
84. Not connected to sternum.
85. Acetabulum.
86. Lack of vitamin D and calcium, no milk.
87. Tendon ties muscle to bone, ligaments tie bone to bone.
88. The decrease in protein and calcium salts cause more fragile bones, loss of flexibility and decrease in bone density, which creates weaker structures.
89. Responses will vary.
90. An orthotist crafts braces or orthopedic devices prescribed by a physician. An orthopedist is the physician specialist. A prosthetist creates artificial limbs.
91. A chiropractor must complete at least two years of premedical studies followed by four years of study in an approved chiropractic school learning mechanical manipulation of the spinal column as a method to maintain a healthy nervous system.
G. Crossword Puzzle
[pic]
Chapter 8 THE ARTICULAR SYSTEM
A. COMPLETION
1. ARTICULATION
2. structure, function
3. sutures
4. syndesmosis, gomphosis
5. amphiarthrosis
6. synchondrosis
7. diarthrosis
8. cavity, capsule
9. lubrication
10. cartilage
11. shoulder
12. weight-bearing, stability, lubrication
13. flexion
14. hyperextended
15. abduction
16. circumduction
17. supination
18. pronation
19. protraction, retraction
20. elevation
21. opposition
22. concave socket
23. acetabulum
24. elbow or knee
25. ellipsoidal
26. saddle
27. vertebrae
28. bursae
29. arthritis
30. osteoarthritis
B. Matching
31. D
32. e
33. k
34. i
35. n
36. o
37. h
38. b
39. a
40. m
41. c
42. l
43. j
44. f
45. g
C. Key Terms
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
46. To move a bone or limb away from the midline of the body
47. To move a bone or limb toward the midline of the body
48. These are joints allowing only slight movement
49. Closed sacs with a synovial lining
50. A biaxial joint consisting of an oval condyle fitting into an elliptical cavity
51. Movement of raising the foot upward at the ankle
52. Moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle
53. Fibrous connective tissue covering the epimysium of a muscle
54. Multiaxial joint formed by either opposing plane surfaces or slightly concave and convex surfaces.
55. Deterioration of the joint occurring due to old age
56. Inflammation of connective tissue in a joint
57. Returning digits to normal position
58. Found under the skin wherever the skin is on top of an underlying process
59. Found where one tendon overlies another or overlies as bony projection
60. Joints in which bones are connected by a disk of fibrocartilage
D. Labeling Exercise
61. ALSO REFER TO FIGURE 8-4 IN THE TEXT.
a. uniaxial joint
b. concave surface of ulna
c. uniaxial pivot
d. condyloid
e. ball and socket
f. saddle
g. gliding
62. Also refer to Figure 8-5 in the text.
a. fibular collateral ligament
b. lateral meniscus
c. posterior cruciate ligament
d. tibial collateral ligament
e. anterior cruciate ligament
f. medial meniscus
E. Coloring Exercise
63. REFER TO FIGURE 8-1 IN THE TEXT.
F. Critical Thinking
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
64. They are classified by degree of movement and the type of material that holds the joints together.
65. The joining material is flexible ligament that gives during activity, thereby allowing slight movement of the joint.
66. Examples of amphiarthrosis are symphysis, which allows a stretching of joints during certain activity, and synchondrosis, in which the flexible material (cartilage) ossifies and then no movement occurs. Neither requires joint capsules, lubrication or ligaments for stability; diarthroses require all three for free movement and protection of the joint.
67. The joint capsule is loose enough to allow the humerus to move away from the glenoid fossa.
68. Age brings on loss of joint flexibility. Exercise can help overcome this problem.
69. They are the only ones with a thumb and the ability of opposition movement.
70. Uniaxial movement is in one plane (knee), biaxial in two (thumb) and multiaxial in many planes (shoulder).
71. Subfascial because it is not subject to as much stress and is well protected.
72. It is a bacterial infection that can be carried by the blood through the heart.
G. Crossword Puzzle
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Chapter 9 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
A. COMPLETION
1. MULTINUCLEATED
2. fibers
3. endomysium, perimysium, epimysium
4. dark, light
5. H zone
6. sarcomere
7. vesicles, tubules
8. T
9. sarcoplasmic reticulum
10. motor neuron
11. ocular
12. ions
13. potassium (K+), sodium (NA+)
14. sodium (NA+)
15. action potential
16. troponin, tropomyosin
17. calcium
18. Kuhne
19. Z lines
20. glucose, phosphocreatine, free fatty acids, glucose
21. occurs, does not
22. tone
23. smooth
24. fibrils
25. autonomic
26. death
27. agonists
28. synergists
29. superficial
30. myalgia
B. Matching
31. I
32. l
33. q
34. j
35. r
36. d
37. m
38. o
39. a
40. k
41. p
42. b
43. e
44. g
45. f
46. h
47. s
48. t
49. n
50. c
C. Key Terms
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
51. Muscle cell generates its own impulse
52. In muscle cell maximal contraction must occur or not at all
53. Muscles that relax while the agonist contracts
54. Thick bands of the protein myosin
55. Condition in which a muscle shortens its length while resting
56. Spastic and painful contractions
57. Rapid influx of sodium ions in muscle cell
58. Individual bundle of muscle cell
59. Rapid uncontrolled contraction of individual cardiac muscle cell
60. Dark band where myosin filaments are thickened
61. Increase of size of muscle due to increase in its bulk through exercise
62. Thin filaments of actin, which appear light
63. Site of muscle attachment that is movable and effects of contraction can be seen
64. Tension increases, length remains constant
65. Muscle shortens and thickens, tension remains constant
66. All muscle cells or fibers innervated by one neuron
67. Electrical impulse applied to muscle in lab causes short contraction
68. Muscle pain
69. Connective tissue surrounding bundle of muscles
70. Found in muscle cell, source of ATP for energy
71. Muscles moving thigh and trunk
72. Membranes in the form of vesicles and tubules surrounding muscle fibrils
73. Muscles working with or assisting prime movers
74. Tubules continuous with cell membrane
D. Labeling Exercise
75. ALSO REFER TO FIGURE 9-7A IN THE TEXT.
a. orbicularis oris
b. deltoid
c. pectoralis major
d. vastus lateralis
e. temporalis
f. sternocleidomastoid
g. trapezius
h. biceps brachii
i. gastrocnemius
76. Also refer to Figure 9-7B in the text.
a. trapezius
b. latissimus dorsi
c. gluteus maximus
d. deltoid
e. calcaneal tendon
E. Coloring Exercise
77. REFER TO FIGURE 9-10 IN THE TEXT.
F. Critical Thinking
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
78. Larger muscles need more oxygen for ATP products. Aerobic exercise increases blood and oxygen flow to cells.
79. Prolonged exercise will cause lactic acid buildup due to an insufficiency of cellular oxygen. Excessive sweating can cause undue loss of sodium necessary for efficient muscle action.
80. Nerve action and muscle action are electrical in nature; therefore, artificial stimulation via electrical current is similar to natural function.
81. These two inhibitors keep actin and myosin from interacting. The release of calcium negates their action.
82. Strength of muscle contractions depends on strength and duration stimulants as well as temperature. The stimulus must be of sufficient strength and duration, and temperature of the body should be normal for best results.
83. Age-related changes are loss of muscle tone, decreasing response to nervous stimuli and subsequent reduction in strength and stamina. Sports medicine physicians can treat injuries, and massage therapists can increase blood flow to muscles and improve muscle tone.
G. Crossword Puzzle
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Chapter 10 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: INTRODUCTION, SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES
A. COMPLETION
1. CONTROL, COMMUNICATION
2. central nervous system
3. afferent peripheral system, peripheral nervous system
4. efferent nervous system
5. sympathetic
6. acetylcholine, adrenalin
7. neurons
8. neuroglia
9. Schwann
10. astrocyte
11. Nissl bodies, chromatophilic substance
12. dendrites
13. myelin
14. multipolar
15. neurofibril gaps
16. internuncial
17. unipolar
18. motor or efferent
19. potassium, sodium, chloride
20. depolarization
21. resting potential
22. depolarization
23. synapse
24. neurotransmitter
25. reflex
26. cortex
27. arachnoid mater
28. dorsal or posterior root
29. eight
30. sensory of afferent
B. Matching
31. I
32. j
33. q
34. o
35. t
36. s
37. d
38. k
39. n
40. e
41. b
42. a
43. h
44. p
45. c
46. g
47. l
48. r
49. f
50. m
C. Key Terms
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
51. Neurotransmitter substance
52. Either full contraction of muscle or no contraction at all
53. Controls involuntary action of the body
54. Neurons with one dendrite and one axon
55. Rough endoplasmic reticulum of neuron with ribosome where protein synthesis occurs
56. Gray matter on surface of brain
57. Reversal of electrical charge, creating action potential in cell
58. One of several neurotransmitters
59. Tough outer membrane covering brain
60. Line fluid-filled ventricles of brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid or move fluid through CNS
61. Groups of nerve cells outside CNS
62. Outside of cell is positive, inside negative
63. Fatty covering of neurons
64. Bundle of nerve cells or fibers
65. Gaps in myelin sheath
66. Similar to astrocytes, they form semirigid tissue rows between neurons in brain and spinal cord
67. Sensory root on rear of spinal cord conducting impulses from PNS to spinal cord
68. Involuntary reaction to stimulate applied to PNS and transmitted to CNS
69. Restoration of original charge of neuron
70. Single cells surrounding axon and forming myelin sheath
71. Type of neurotransmitter
72. Conducts impulse from brain and spinal cord to skeletal muscle
73. Membrane covering of spinal cord
74. Has single process extending from cell body
D. Labeling Exercise
75. ALSO REFER TO FIGURE 10-2 IN THE TEXT.
a. ependymal
b. neurons
c. oligodendrocyte
d. astrocyte
e. microglial cell
76. Also refer to Figure 10-3 in the text.
a. dendrites
b. cell body
c. axon
d. node of Ranvier
e. axon terminals
E. Coloring Exercise
77. REFER TO FIGURE 10-10 IN THE TEXT.
F. Critical Thinking
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
78. The sympathetic system uses the neurotransmitter adrenaline to speed up body response. After the situation has calmed down, the parasympathetic system releases acetylcholine to slow the body responses down.
79. To excite the entire muscle all at once.
80. The impulse jumps from gap to gap rather than along the length of the axon.
81. The enzyme acetylcholinesterase breaks down the acetylcholine.
82. (1) The sensory reception in the skin sends a pain message via (2) an afferent neuron and (3) an internuncial neuron in the spinal cord, it enters the dorsal horn and a message is sent out through the ventral horn via (4) an efferent neuron to (5) an efferent organ that pulls the hand away.
83. Involuntary processes controlled by the ANS regulate heat rate, respiration, and so on.
G. Crossword Puzzle
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Chapter 11 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: THE BRAIN, CRANIAL NERVES, AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE SPECIAL SENSES
A. COMPLETION
1. CRANIAL BONES, MENINGES
2. 3 pounds
3. dura, arachnoid, pia
4. corpus callosum
5. cerebral aqueduct
6. reticular formation
7. ventral cerebral peduncles
8. thalamus, hypothalamus
9. diencephalon
10. memory, emotional response
11. thalamus
12. cerebral cortex
13. longitudinal fissure
14. parietal
15. insula
16. cerebellum
17. sympathetic and parasympathetic
18. 12
19. olfactory
20. chemoreceptors
21. taste hairs
22. sweet, salty, sour, bitter
23. choroid
24. iris
25. fovea centralis
26. oval window, round window
27. balance
28. encephalitis
29. Parkinson’s disease
30. cerebral palsy
B. Matching
31. M
32. s
33. i
34. o
35. j
36. b
37. q
38. a
39. e
40. r
41. l
42. p
43. c
44. f
45. h
46. n
47. g
48. t
49. k
50. d
C. Key Terms
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
51. An anesthesiologist is a physician who administers anesthesia directly to patients during surgery or supervises nurse anesthesiologists in the delivery of anesthesia.
52. Tube joining the middle ear with the pharynx.
53. The external structure of the ear that gathers sound waves and funnels them through the ear canal.
54. That subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary action of the body.
55. It connects the third and fourth ventricles of the brain.
56. The bulk of the brain wherein resides conscious actions.
57. The part of the eye that holds the lens in place.
58. A bacterial infection of the outer membranous covering of the eye called the conjunctiva.
59. Crossing of the ascending and descending tracts in the medulla oblongata.
60. The ear canal that runs from the auricle to the tympanic membrane.
61. Depression in the macula lutea wherein lies the sharpest vision.
62. Portion of the diencephalon that attaches to the pituitary gland.
63. Narrow opening that connects lateral ventricles with third ventricle.
64. Portions of the diencephalon that are involved in memory and emotional responses to odor.
65. Lobe of the cerebral hemisphere which functions in receiving and interpreting visual input.
66. Where optic nerves cross each other in the diencephalon.
67. Where nerve fibers leave the eye as the optic nerve.
68. Separation between middle and inner ear where vibrations from the middle ear bones are transmitted to the inner ear.
69. The subdivision of the ANS where certain involuntary actions occur. This portion slows down body actions.
70. Lack of dopamine secretions causes severe trembling and ambulatory difficulties.
71. Bridge that connects spinal cord with the brain and parts of the brain with each other.
72. Functions in maintaining consciousness and arousal.
73. The inner lining of the eyeball, receives the image.
74. Pigment found in the rods of the eye.
75. Separation of the middle and inner ears where vibrations from the bones of the middle ear are transmitted to the inner ear.
76. Grooves in the cerebrum.
77. Cells on the tongue where the sensation of taste is developed.
78. Convey impulses from the cerebral cortex to the pons and the spinal cord.
79. Cavities in the brain where cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
80. Jelly-like material in the eyeball that helps with shape and support.
D. Labeling Exercise
81. ALSO REFER TO FIGURE 11-12 IN THE TEXT.
a. auricle
b. external auditory canal
c. tympanic membrane
d. malleus
e. incus
f. semicircular canals
g. auditory (eustachian) tube
h. stapes and footplate
82. Also refer to Figure 11-10 in the text.
a. ciliary body and intrinsic muscles
b. conjunctiva
c. iris
d. pupil
e. cornea
f. lens
g. retina
h. sclera
E. Coloring Exercise
83. REFER TO FIGURE 11-3A IN THE TEXT.
F. Critical Thinking
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
84. The sympathetic division of the ANS works to increase blood pressure, heart rate and breathing. It stimulates sweating for increased cooling and causes release of glucose from the liver for energy.
85. Control and integration of the ANS as well as intermediary between the nervous and endocrine systems. It is the center of the mind over body phenomenon.
86. Such damage would impair muscle coordination, posture and balance and cause a decrease in muscle tone.
87. Having a cold decreases olfactory effectiveness. The olfactory sense is linked to the sense of taste; therefore, taste would also be affected.
88. As the plane rises and external air pressure decreases, the pressure in the middle ear pushes the eardrum out and as it tightens, hearing decreases.
89. “Pinkeye” is conjunctivitis and a very contagious bacterial disease.
90. Presbyopia is a condition whereby the lens of the eye loses flexibility, and it causes a decrease in the ability to adjust to near objects; this is a condition of aging.
91. Because it is an excessive buildup of fluid in the eyeball, it might be possible to drain the fluid to relieve the pressure.
92. Age-related changes to the nervous system include loss of neurons in the outer portion of the cerebrum, resulting in a decrease in brain size and mass, loss of synaptic contacts and neurotransmitters interfacing with impulses to and from the brain, thus slowing information processing, and reduction in the size of arteries supplying blood to the brain.
93. Answers will vary.
94. A psychiatrist is a medical doctor with advanced training in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of mental disorders. A psychologist is not a medical doctor but does specialize in brain function.
G. Crossword Puzzle
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Chapter 12 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
A. COMPLETION
1. CHEMICAL SIGNALS
2. bloodstream
3. inhibited
4. three
5. amino acids
6. protein
7. steroid
8. lipids
9. injected
10. testosterone
11. muscle bulk
12. releasing hormone, releasing-inhibitory hormone
13. hypophysis
14. anterior, posterior
15. seven
16. thyroid
17. darkens
18. ovulation
19. water
20. lactation
21. thyroid
22. iodine
23. chief, oxyphil
24. calcium
25. adrenalin, aldosterone
26. cortisol, hydrocortisone
27. androgens
28. pancreas, insulin, glucagon
29. urine
30. immunity
B. Matching
31. T
32. o
33. k
34. q
35. c
36. s
37. j
38. g
39. p
40. n
41. e
42. r
43. b
44. h
45. m
46. f
47. i
48. a
49. d
50. l
C. Key Terms
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
51. Condition whereby low blood sugar causes an increase in the release of fatty acids and ketones, causing pH imbalance and acidosis.
52. Failure of the adrenal cortex to produce enough hormones, resulting in the condition known as Addison’s disease.
53. Those glands located at the top of the kidneys.
54. Secretion of the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol.
55. Located in the isles of Langerhans and produce glucagon.
56. Sex hormone produced by the adrenal gland.
57. Hormone secreted to maintain proper water balance in the body.
58. Located in the isles of Langerhans, they produce insulin.
59. Secreting cell of the parathyroid gland.
60. Affliction caused by low level of thyroid hormone in children.
61. Excessive secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex.
62. Hormone secreted in the ovaries of the female.
63. Condition of protruding eyeballs found in Graves’ disease.
64. Condition caused by overproduction of thyroid hormone.
65. Condition of the body being in balance chemically.
66. Excess blood sugar.
67. Another name for the pituitary gland.
68. Secretion of the pineal gland.
69. Condition caused by a low level of thyroid hormone in adults.
70. The body reacts to negative conditions and tries to correct the condition by some action.
71. Secreting cells of the parathyroid gland.
72. Gland that secretes melatonin and serotonin.
73. Frequent drinking.
74. Frequent eating.
75. Frequent urination.
76. Hormones secreted by the pituitary gland for the purpose of making other glands secrete.
77. These hormones also secreted by the pituitary make the target glands stop their secretions.
78. Secretion of the thymus gland.
79. Secretion of the thyroid gland containing four iodine atoms.
80. Secretion of the thyroid gland containing three iodine atoms.
D. Labeling Exercise
81. ALSO REFER TO FIGURE 12-5 IN THE TEXT.
a. thyroid gland
b. parathyroid glands
c. oxyphil cells
d. chief cells
82. Also refer to Figure 12-3 in the text.
a. pineal
b. thyroid
c. parathyroid glands
d. cortex
e. medulla
f. testis
g. pituitary
h. thymus
i. pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
j. ovary
E. Coloring Exercise
83. REFER TO FIGURE 12-8 IN THE TEXT.
F. Critical Thinking
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
84. Protein and amino acid hormones cannot diffuse across cell membranes.
85. They can cause shriveled testicles, infertility, increased cholesterol levels, liver damage and psychological problems.
86. In adults the bones have fully developed and the extremities are then affected.
87. Everyone uses salt and salt is now iodized.
88. In children it can result in smaller than normal stature and mental retardation and in adults lowered metabolism.
89. Hypoparathyroidism results in nerves and muscles becoming abnormally excitable muscle cramps. Breathing failure and death can occur when respiratory muscles are affected. Extreme nervousness, fatigue and a high metabolic rate.
90. Type I is juvenile, which develops before age 30, and those affected must take insulin shots. Type II is non-insulin dependent.
91. Age-related changes in the endocrine system include a decrease in growth hormones, resulting in a reduction of bone and muscle mass, a decline in sex hormone production and reduced production of thymosin and melatonin. Strategies to help offset these problems include regular exercise and short naps.
92. Answers will vary.
G. Crossword Puzzle
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Chapter 13 THE BLOOD
A. COMPLETION
1. THROMBOCYTES
2. leukocytes, erythrocytes
3. carbon dioxide
4. osmosis
5. granular
6. albumin
7. globulin
8. myeloid tissue
9. lymphatic
10. hematocytoblasts
11. proerythroblasts
12. nucleus
13. iron
14. pigment
15. phagocytosis
16. lysozyme
17. macrophages
18. platelets or thrombocytes
19. thromboplastin
20. thrombin
21. fibrin
22. serum
23. dissolution
24. thrombosis
25. embolus
26. typing
27. O
28. hemophilia
29. thalassemia
30. Epstein-Barr
B. Matching
31. O
32. h
33. f
34. t
35. n
36. k
37. j
38. q
39. a
40. r
41. l
42. p
43. c
44. i
45. e
46. s
47. d
48. m
49. b
50. g
C. Key Terms
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
51. Clumping of red blood cells
52. Piece of blood clot that breaks off and travels
53. Red blood cells
54. Plasma protein
55. Protein making up hemoglobin
56. Protein portion of plasma
57. Production of blood cells
58. Lack of blood clotting ability
59. Death of tissue
60. Monocytes of large size that have left blood
61. Source of thrombocytes
62. Large leukocytes, clean up the blood
63. Source of hematopoiesis
64. Most common leukocytes, secrete lysozyme
65. Cholesterol-containing mass
66. A plasma protein converts to thrombin
67. Type of antigen in blood
68. Catalyses production of fibrin
69. Released by damaged tissue to produce prothrombin activator
70. Blood clot
D. Labeling Exercise
71. ALSO REFER TO FIGURE 13-1 IN THE TEXT.
a. erythrocytes
b. neutrophil
c. eosinophil
d. basophil
e. thrombocytes (platelets)
f. monocyte
g. lymphocyte
h. leukocytes
72. Also refer to Figure 13-2 in the text.
a. basophil
b. neutrophil
c. eosinophil
d. lymphocyte
e. monocyte
E. Coloring Exercise
73. REFER TO FIGURE 13-5 IN THE TEXT.
F. Critical Thinking
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
74. First, through dissolved sodium ions it plays a role in osmosis and, second, through the clotting mechanism.
75. Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells called stem cells differentiate into proerythroblasts. These lose their nucleus and become red blood cells.
76. First they combine with oxygen in the lungs and transport O2 to cells. Then they combine with carbon dioxide, which they transport to the lungs for excretion.
77. Damaged tissue releases thromboplastin, which causes production of prothrombin activator. In the second stage prothrombin is converted to thrombin. In the third stage fibrinogen is converted to fibrin, which forms a fibrous clot.
78. Typing is the establishment of antigen that is present on the membrane of the red cells. Further, it determines whether the Rh antigen is or is not present.
79. Rh antigens will cross the placental membrane and destroy red blood cells.
80. The red cells, shaped like sickles, cannot properly carry oxygen, thereby causing improper metabolic functions.
81. A clot traveling through the coronary arteries can hang up on the plaque in a vessel. This occludes the vessel, causing infarction of the tissue being served by that vessel.
82. Half the body’s vitamin K comes from our diet; the other half is produced by friendly bacteria in the intestines. Prolonged antibacterial therapy may lead to low levels of vitamin K, which, in turn, may lead to bleeding problems.
83. Smoking increases carbon monoxide gas in the blood. This gas binds to iron in hemoglobin and interferes with the ability of blood cells to transport oxygen, which may cause mental impairment.
84. A hematologist is a medical specialist trained in the field of blood and blood-forming tissues. An infectious disease specialist is a physician who has advanced training in communicable diseases. These diseases include sexually transmitted diseases (like AIDS) that are transmitted by blood and bodily fluid contact as well as those transmitted by insects.
G. Crossword Puzzle
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Chapter 14 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
A. COMPLETION
1. HEART, BLOOD VESSELS
2. enzymes
3. ATP
4. left
5. pericardial sac
6. fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium
7. epicardium
8. myocardium
9. endocardium
10. atria
11. ventricles
12. septum
13. superior, inferior, coronary sulcus
14. carbon dioxide, oxygen
15. coronary arteries
16. abdominal
17. left ventricle
18. four, mitral (bicuspid), tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, aortic semilunar
19. mitral (bicuspid), 2
20. upper, lower
21. dark red, bright red
22. electrical
23. pacemaker
24. bundle of His
25. Purkinje’s fibers
26. autonomic nervous
27. systole, diastole
28. coronary circulation
29. fetal circulation
30. intima, media, adventitia
31. arterioles
32. venules
33. capillaries
34. brachiocephalic
35. carotid
B. Matching
ARTERIES
36. g
37. f
38. d
39. c
40. a
41. b
42. h
43. e
Veins
44. d
45. f
46. g
47. b
48. a
49. h
50. e
51. c
52. i
General
53. c
54. d
55. a
56. b
C. Key Terms
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
57. Joining of two tubal structures
58. Groove separating right and left ventricles
59. Send arteries to upper parts of the body
60. Hardening of the arteries due to deposits of fatty plaque
61. External appendage of atrium
62. Vein draining lateral part of arm; connected to axillary vein
63. Cords connecting cusps to papillary muscles
64. Purkinje’s fibers stimulate contraction of ventricles
65. Groove separating atria from ventricles
66. Heart at rest
67. Circulation from intestines to liver
68. Cartilage separating right and left ventricles
69. Opening of vessel
70. Muscle bundles of heart
71. Sinoatrial node controls heartbeat
72. Muscles on inner surface of ventricles
73. Serous fluid surrounding heart
74. Blood going to and from lungs
75. Valve of three semilunar cusps that allows bloodflow in one direction only
76. Bundles of fibers carrying electrical charge over medial ventricle surfaces
77. Sac surrounding heart produces serous fluid
78. Blood circulation throughout body
79. Beating of heart
80. Irregular ridges and folds of myocardium of ventricles
81. Pertaining to vessels
D. Labeling Exercise
82. ALSO REFER TO FIGURES 14-4A AND B IN THE TEXT.
a. aorta
b. superior vena cava
c. right atrium
d. inferior vena cava
e. right ventricle
f. left atrium
g. left ventricle
h. septum
i. pulmonary (semilunar) valve
j. bicuspid valve
k. aortic (semilunar) valve
l. tricuspid valve
83. Also refer to Figure 14-8 in the text.
a. right subclavian
b. brachiocephalic
c. ascending aorta
d. right brachial
e. right femoral
f. right anterior tibial
g. right dorsalis pedis
h. left radial artery
84. Also refer to Figure 14-9 in the text.
a. right internal jugular
b. superior vena cava
c. inferior vena cava
d. right femoral
E. Coloring Exercise
85. REFER TO FIGURE 14-5 IN THE TEXT.
F. Critical Thinking
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
86. 130-systole, 86-diastole
87. Occlusion of blood vessels supplying the heart
88. Longest vein
89. Dilation of blood vessels near the skin cools blood
90. Lack of oxygen causes incomplete metabolism of glucose
91. Produces lymphocytes that travel to bloodstream and produce antibodies to protect against microorganisms
92. One-way valves
93. Causes faster heartbeat, dilates vessels; prepares body for fight or flight situation
94. By controlling beat of heart
95. As we age our body experiences a lowering in heart rate due to decreases in rate of aerobic metabolism, adrenalin and noradrenalin and calcium transport.
96. Maintaining a consistent level of aerobic exercising improves the working capability of the heart muscle.
97. While all three of these technicians are under the direction of a physician, each tests a different function of the heart. A cardiovascular technologist does peripheral vascular studies. An electrocardiographic technician records electrical impulses of the heart. A cardiac sonographer uses ultrasound to take pictures of the heart.
G. Crossword Puzzle
[pic]
Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System
A. COMPLETION
1. TONSILS, SPLEEN, THYMUS, PEYER’S PATCHES
2. plasma
3. swelling
4. lymph
5. fat
6. lymphatics
7. arteries
8. hilum
9. capsular extensions
10. afferent
11. germinal center
12. capsule, trabeculae, hilum
13. lymphocytes, immune response
14. efferent
15. thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct
16. blood
17. palatine
18. pharyngeal
19. thymus gland
20. phagocytosis
21. small intestine
22. macrophages
23. pathogens
24. B lymphocytes
25. antibodies or immunoglobulins
26. active
27. passive
28. Killer T cells
29. Bubonic plague
30. lymphoma
B. Matching
31. I
32. h
33. n
34. g
35. l
36. j
37. m
38. a
39. e
40. o
41. b
42. f
43. c
44. k
45. d
C. Key Terms
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
46. B lymphocytes come in contact with antigens and produce antibodies.
47. High molecular weight proteins that destroy antigens.
48. Foreign proteins gaining access to the body.
49. Immunity provided by T lymphocytes.
50. Enzymes that attack antigens.
51. Area surrounded by lymph node that produces lymphocytes.
52. T cells binding with specific antigens presented by macrophages.
53. Immunity produced by lymphoid tissue.
54. Kill virus-invaded body cells and cancerous cells.
55. Oval or bean-shaped structures found along lymphatics.
56. Spaces between groups of lymphatic tissue.
57. Chemicals released by sensitized T lymphocytes.
58. Descendants of activated T and B cells produced during an immune response.
59. Immunity lasting for a period of time.
60. Disease-causing microorganisms.
61. Aggregated lymph follicles located in the wall of the small intestine.
62. Formed by replicating B cells and produce great numbers of immunoglobulin.
63. They slow down the activity of B and T cells after the infection is controlled.
64. Come from the thymus gland and provide cellular immunity.
65. Lymph node capsular extensions.
D. Labeling Exercise
66. ALSO REFER TO FIGURE 15-1 IN THE TEXT.
a. tonsils
b. lymph vessels
c. thymus
d. spleen
e. Peyer’s patches
f. small intestine
g. lymph nodes
67. Also refer to Figure 15-7 in the text.
a. cervical nodes
b. submandibular nodes
c. axillary nodes
d. inguinal nodes
E. Coloring Exercise
68. REFER TO FIGURE 15-3A IN THE TEXT.
F. Critical Thinking
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
69. Lymph capillaries transport larger molecules because they are larger and more permeable than blood capillaries.
70. They consist of various kinds of lymphocytes and other tissue as well as a network of fibers, macrophages and the hilum.
71. As lymph enters the node bringing microorganisms and foreign substances, it stimulates the germinal center. This center produces lymphocytes that will migrate to the blood and produce antibodies. Macrophages will remove the microorganisms and foreign substances.
72. In Africa elephantiasis is caused by the bite of a mosquito that transmits nematode worm. It eventually results in swelling of the arms or legs and can affect the genitals as well. In Malaysia the disease is inflicted by a different mosquito and a different nematode worm and affects the limbs but not the genitals.
73. Because the spleen phagocytizes bacteria and produces both lymphocytes and plasma cells, removal would limit those functions to other organs.
74. They are amino acids and they bind to antigens for elimination with enzymes.
75. The virus destroys the T cells that make up the body’s immune response. Therefore, pathogens and diseases normally destroyed by the body are left to multiply and destroy body tissue.
76. With advancing age, we become more susceptible to infections. Although T cell levels remain fairly constant, the cells become less responsive to antigens and fewer such cells respond to infections. B cells react in a similar manner. The general reduction in immunities can also result in the reactivation of latent pathogens.
77. An immunologist is a physician specialist who studies the reactions of immune system tissues to stimulation from antigens. An oncologist is a physician who specializes in treatment and study of any abnormal growth of benign or malignant new tissue.
G. Crossword Puzzle
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Chapter 16 NUTRITION AND THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
A. COMPLETION
1. DIGESTION
2. chewing
3. fats
4. amylase
5. four, tunics
6. peristalsis
7. visceral peritoneum
8. hard palate
9. septum
10. hyoid
11. chloride
12. diabetes
13. gingivae
14. temporary or deciduous
15. three
16. dental caries
17. naso, oro, laryngo
18. esophagus, mediastinum, diaphragm
19. cardia, pylorus or antrum
20. duodenum, ileum
21. acid, bacteria
22. glucagon, insulin
23. acini
24. six
25. storage, concentration
26. mucus
27. plicae, villi
28. cecum, anal canal
29. anus
30. defecation
31. A and B
32. cholesterol
33. Crohn’s disease
34. herniation
35. hemorrhoids or piles
B. Matching
36. P
37. l
38. o
39. m
40. t
41. r
42. k
43. a
44. e
45. d
46. c
47. q
48. s
49. n
50. h
51. g
52. j
53. i
54. f
55. b
C. Key Terms
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
56. Process of taking nutrients into the blood for transport to cells.
57. Enzyme in saliva breaks down starch.
58. Opening at the base of each root canal.
59. Located in the submucosa of the duodenum, they secrete alkaline mucus.
60. Part of the stomach that surrounds the gastroesophageal sphincter.
61. Covers the dentin of the root and attaches the root to the periodontal ligament.
62. Digested, viscous, semifluid contents of the intestine.
63. Papillae located on the back of the tongue containing taste buds.
64. Pits lining the mucosa of the small intestine.
65. Inability of the large intestine to absorb water; therefore, the fecal material is liquid and flushes through the intestine, carrying excess material from the intestine.
66. Process of breaking down complex foods into simple nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the cells.
67. Opening through the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes.
68. Separates the liver into right and left lobes.
69. Located toward the back of the tongue and contain taste buds.
70. Anterior portion of the roof of the mouth.
71. Natural pouches in the large intestine.
72. Sphincter valve between the ileum and the cecum.
73. Liver cells that eat bacteria and worn-out blood cells.
74. Space between the lungs.
75. Projections in the small intestine that absorb nutrients.
76. Third layer of the tunica mucosa.
77. Secrete hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
78. Digestive chemical found in the stomach.
79. Principal gastric enzyme.
80. Involuntary smooth muscle movement pushing materials through the alimentary canal.
81. Series of folds along the walls of the small intestine.
82. The transverse colon.
83. Folds in the wall of the stomach.
84. V-shaped piece of tissue hanging from the posterior palate.
85. Secrete pepsinogen in the stomach.
D. Labeling Exercise
86. ALSO REFER TO FIGURE 16-1 IN THE TEXT.
a. oral cavity
b. pharynx
c. liver
d. gallbladder
e. large intestine
f. appendix
g. salivary glands
h. esophagus
i. stomach
j. pancreas
k. small intestine
l. rectum
87. Also refer to Figure 16-12 in the text.
a. gallbladder
b. pylorus
c. duodenum
d. ascending colon
e. cecum
f. ileum
g. liver
h. esophagus
i. cardiac orifice
j. fundus
k. body of stomach
l. pancreas
m. jejunum
E. Coloring Exercise
88. REFER TO FIGURE 16-14 IN THE TEXT.
F. Critical Thinking
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
89. Food particles between teeth and between teeth and gums decay due to bacterial action. Bacterial waste is acidic and can dissolve tooth enamel.
90. Saliva containing amylase begins the digestive process, breaking down starch to glucose. The teeth break up the food by mastication.
91. The esophagus is located behind the trachea. Because it is a collapsible structure the esophagus can also be distended by food blocking the trachea.
92. The motion of the stomach refluxes acid into the esophagus, which is not protected by a thick mucous lining.
93. The inadequate production of alkaline mucus and/or excess acidic digestive juices erode the stomach lining, producing an open wound or ulcer.
94. The palate separates the nasopharynx and oropharynx. This separation is lacking with a cleft palate. Therefore, the air expelled in speaking flows through the nose, causing nasality.
95. Alpha and beta cells secrete insulin and glucagon for maintaining sugar levels. Acini cells secrete digestive juices for digestion and the ducts secrete sodium bicarbonate for neutralizing acid.
96. There are a series of folds called plicae that expand the surface of the intestinal walls for absorption and projections called villi that contain capillaries and lacteals for absorption of nutrients. Microvilli also act in this manner.
97. Aging makes people more susceptible to digestive problems. There are reduced mucus and enzyme secretions, making the movement of food through the digestive tract more difficult. In addition, reduced mucous membrane lining and less protective connective tissue make the system more susceptible to toxic contaminants, infections, ulcerations and cancers.
98. Answers will vary.
G. Crossword Puzzle
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Chapter 17 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
A. COMPLETION
1. RESPIRATORY, CARDIOVASCULAR
2. nasal
3. nostrils
4. pharynx
5. nasal cavities
6. three
7. superior
8. eustachian tube
9. fauces
10. larynx
11. glottis
12. cuneiform
13. vestibular folds
14. mucus
15. hyaline
16. secondary, tertiary
17. parietal, visceral
18. alveoli
19. ventilation
20. cells
21. cystic fibrosis
22. pneumonia
23. pertussis
24. pulmonary fibrosis
25. mucous membrane
B. Matching
26. P
27. q
28. k
29. m
30. o
31. b
32. j
33. d
34. a
35. h
36. t
37. e
38. l
39. g
40. f
41. r
42. n
43. i
44. s
45. c
C. Key Terms
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
47. Subdivision of the respiratory bronchioles
47. Air sacs in the lungs where the gas exchange takes place
48. Two or more alveoli that share the same opening
49. Pair of ladle-shaped cartilages that move the vocal cords
50. The segment of lung tissue that each segmental bronchi supplies
51. The fold of tissue that closes the glottis during swallowing
52. Exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood
53. The only opening in the oropharynx
54. The space between the vocal cords in the larynx
55. The lower narrow passageway in the nasal cavity
56. Connects internal nose to pharynx
57. The exchange of gases between the blood and cell.
58. The short passage that connects the pharynx with the trachea; it is the voice box
59. Small compartment divisions of the bronchopulmonary segment
60. Middle narrow passageway of the nasal cavity.
61. That part of the pharynx posterior to the nose
62. External stimuli that activate the sense of smell
63. The membrane lining the pleural cavity
64. The amount of pressure that gas contributes to the total pressure
65. The upper narrow passageway in the nasal cavity
66. A fluid coating the respiratory membrane inside each alveolus, which helps reduce surface tension
67. The windpipe, a tube with C rings of cartilage; it connects the larynx with the bronchi
68. The action of bringing air into the lungs and expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs
69. The membrane covering the organs of the pleural cavity (lungs)
D. Labeling Exercise
70. ALSO REFER TO FIGURE 17-1 IN THE TEXT.
a. right bronchus
b. right lung
c. pharynx
d. larynx
e. trachea
f. left bronchus
g. alveoli
h. bronchiole
i. diaphragm
71. Also refer to Figure 17-2 in the text.
a. oropharynx
b. laryngopharynx
c. esophagus
d. nasal cavity
e. external nares
f. nasopharynx
g. vocal cords
h. trachea
E. Coloring Exercise
72. REFER TO FIGURE 17-5 IN THE TEXT.
F. Critical Thinking
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
73. Air passing through the vestibule is filtered by the hairs lining it to take out particulate matter.
74. The epiglottis is activated during swallowing. When inhaling unexpectedly with material in the oropharynx, the inrushing air pulls it through the glottis and the epiglottis is not activated.
75. They provide support for the trachea while allowing the esophagus to protrude into the trachea when swallowing food.
76. The trachea is the trunk of the tree. As the bronchi break down into secondary, tertiary and terminal bronchioles, they resemble a tree with smaller and smaller branches.
77. Alveolar walls are destroyed by irritants. Because they are the place where oxygen is diffused into the blood and their destruction reduces both area of diffusions and their loss of elasticity decreases the ability to expel air, breathing suffers.
78. The nervous system regulates the rate of respiration, while the respiratory system provides the oxygen necessary for the nerves to work.
79. Fetal respiration takes place in the placenta, which is attached to the wall of the mother’s uterus. This is where the blood vessels serving the fetus attach and oxygen-carrying blood is transferred.
80. Age-related changes in the respiratory system bring on a decrease in lung capacity by as much as 35%; a buildup of mucus inside the respiratory passageways, increasing susceptibility to respiratory infections; and a decrease in gas exchange across respiratory membranes of the alveoli.
81. Answers will vary.
G. Crossword Puzzle
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Chapter 18 THE URINARY SYSTEM
A. COMPLETION
1. KIDNEYS, URETERS, BLADDER, URETHRA
2. homeostasis
3. hemodialysis
4. excretion
5. ions
6. pH
7. blood pressure
8. vitamin D
9. hilum
10. three
11. renal capsule
12. adipose capsule
13. renal papillae
14. parenchyma
15. urine
16. ureter
17. functional
18. podocytes
19. water filtration, solute filtration
20. descending limb
21. renal arteries
22. 1200 mL
23. renal columns
24. renal plexus
25. tubular reabsorption
26. detrusor
27. bladder receptor
28. peristalsis
29. gout
30. cystitis
B. Matching
31. L
32. k
33. n
34. o
35. i
36. j
37. a
38. m
39. b
40. d
41. e
42. c
43. f
44. g
45. h
C. Key Terms
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
46. Mass of fatty tissue protecting the kidneys.
47. Interlobar arteries arching between the cortex and the medulla.
48. Double-walled globe that is the beginning of the nephron.
49. The smooth textured area extending from the renal capsule to the bases of the renal pyramids.
50. Section of tubule from the proximal convoluted tubule. It narrows as it dips into the medulla.
51. Three layers of smooth muscle making up the wall of the bladder.
52. Section of tubule after the ascending limb of Henle.
53. The visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule and the endothelial capillary network of the glomerulus. It is the site of filtration of water and solutes from the blood.
54. Hormone secreted to stimulate the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
55. A capillary network.
56. Branches of the arcuate arteries.
57. Smooth muscle of the bladder wall at the junction of the bladder and the urethra.
58. Together with the right renal artery they transport one-quarter of the total cardiac output to the kidneys.
59. Union of the interlobar veins; they leave the kidney at the hilum.
60. U-shaped tubule structure following the descending limb of Henle.
61. Joining of minor calyces, which are funnel-shaped collecting structures.
62. The functional units of the kidneys.
63. Large ducts that empty urine into the renal pelvis.
64. The cortex and the renal pyramids make up this structure.
65. Division of the efferent arterioles into a network of capillaries.
66. Innermost layer of tissue surrounding the kidney.
67. Cortical substance between the renal pyramids.
68. Tips of the renal pyramids facing toward the center of the kidney.
69. Source of the nerve supply to the kidney.
70. Striated, triangular structures within the medulla.
71. Enzyme secretion of the kidney that helps adjust filtration pressure.
72. Smooth triangular region of the bladder.
73. Tubes carrying urine from the kidney to the bladder.
74. Tube from the bladder to the exterior of the body. It carries urine for external excretion.
75. Liquid waste product resulting from the filtration of blood by the kidneys.
D. Labeling Exercise
76. ALSO REFER TO FIGURE 18-1 IN THE TEXT.
a. renal artery
b. renal vein
c. kidney
d. ureter
e. hilum
f. urinary bladder
g. urethra
77. Also refer to Figure 18-2 in the text.
a. minor calyces
b. major calyces
c. renal pelvis
d. ureter
e. renal pyramid
f. renal column
g. renal papillae
h. renal capsule
E. Coloring Exercise
78. REFER TO FIGURE 18-3A IN THE TEXT.
F. Critical Thinking
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
79. The kidneys help homeostasis by eliminating nitrogenous wastes, drugs and toxins; controlling blood volume; regulating the amount of urine produced; maintaining proper balance of sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium and phosphate ions; regulating proper pH levels; adjusting filtration pressure; producing a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production; and converting vitamin D into an active form.
80. They reabsorb more water during the filtration process. This can be seen by the lesser amount of urine collected and expelled because urine is 95% water.
81. The kidneys secrete erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell production in the red bone marrow.
82. The kidneys aid in the synthesis of vitamin D, which is important to teeth and bone development. They also regulate calcium metabolism, which is important in bone development and structure.
83. Hemodialysis filters out waste but has no procedure for reabsorption of water and other necessary materials.
84. Precipitates of uric acid, magnesium or calcium phosphate, or calcium oxidate gather in the pelvis or collecting ducts to form stones. These are allowed to pass or be treated by ultrasound lithotripsy, which pulverizes the stones.
85. It secretes the hormones ADH and aldosterone, which help regulate urine production by influencing renal reabsorption of electrolytes and water.
86. Starting at age 20, there is about a 10% decrease in blood flow to the kidney about every 10 years. This inhibits blood filtration at Bowman’s capsule.
87. A urologist specializes in the male and female urinary tracts as well as the male genital tract. A nephrologist specializes in the kidney.
G. Crossword Puzzle
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Chapter 19 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
A. COMPLETION
1. MEIOSIS
2. zygote
3. exocrine
4. endocrine
5. temperature
6. two, septum
7. tunica albuginea
8. seminiferous tubules
9. primary spermatocytes
10. nutrients, testosterone
11. enzymes
12. tail/flagellum
13. rete testis
14. ductus epididymis
15. vas deferens
16. spongy or cavernous
17. seminal vesicles
18. seminalplasmin
19. ova, estrogen, progesterone
20. cortex
21. oocyte
22. corpus luteum
23. birth
24. meiosis
25. polar body
26. infundibulum
27. uterine or fallopian tube
28. external os
29. perimetrium
30. zona pellucida
31. pelvic cavity
32. menarche, menopause
33. fornix
34. veneris
35. labia minora
36. Bartholin’s
37. adipose tissue
38. chorionic vesicle
39. fetus
40. parturition
B. Matching
41. P
42. f
43. o
44. k
45. b
46. s
47. m
48. j
49. r
50. e
51. g
52. d
53. i
54. a
55. t
56. c
57. h
58. l
59. n
60. q
C. Key Terms
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
61. Contains enzymes that aid sperm cell in penetrating the ovum.; the head of the sperm.
62. The portion of the breast immediately surrounding the nipple.
63. Development from part of a blastocyst which secretes human chorionic gonadotropin
64. Projections in the trophoblast that will interact with uterine tissues to form the placenta.
65. The piece of erectile tissue that is part of the female external genitalia.
66. Degeneration of the corpus luteum to become the “white body.”
67. Blood from the graafian follicle forms a clot.
68. The graafian follicle after releasing the ovum becomes yellow and secretes estrogen and progesterone and is known as the corpus luteum.
69. The portion of the developing embryo that will form the skin and nervous system.
70. Network of coiled ducts that transfer the sperm to the ductus epididymis.
71. A short tube through which sperm pass from the vas deferens to the urethra.
72. The inner lining of the uterine cavity.
73. Feather-like projections on the end of the fallopian tubes, which wave to set up a motion moving the ovum into the tube.
74. Membranous piece of tissue partially covering the vaginal opening.
75. The junction of the uterine cavity with the cervix.
76. Two outer longitudinal folds of hair-covered tissue lining the vaginal opening.
77. The tubes or ducts that carry the mother’s milk to the nipple.
78. Two ducts posterior to and on either side of the urethral orifice; they secrete mucus.
79. Glands contained within the breast for the production of milk.
80. The cyclical shedding of the lining of the uterus in response to changes in hormonal levels.
81. The portion of the developing embryo that will become muscles, bone and other body tissues.
82. Formation of the ova or female sex cells.
83. The cyclical maturation and release of ova.
84. Ova and their surrounding tissues in various stages of development.
85. This is the process of labor and birth.
86. A diamond-shaped area at the inferior end of the trunk between the buttocks and thighs of both males and females.
87. The structure attaching to the uterine wall where nutrients and oxygen are taken in for the fetal blood and wastes are ejected into the mother’s blood.
88. One of the female sex hormones secreted by the female reproductive system.
89. A median ridge in the scrotum that separates the scrotum into two lateral portions.
90. A network of ducts within the testes.
91. The fluid produced by the various glands of the male reproductive system and containing sperm.
92. A connective tissue sheath enclosing the vas deferens.
93. That main part of the urethra contained within the penis.
94. The cord connecting the fetus with the placenta.
95. The tube connecting the cervix with the vaginal opening; the lower portion of the birth canal.
96. The opening at the vulva end of the vagina.
97. An operation severing the vas deferens to sterilize the male.
98. The region between the two labia minora.
99. Collectively the female external genitalia.
100. The fertilized ovum or egg.
D. Labeling Exercise
101. ALSO REFER TO FIGURE 19-1A IN THE TEXT.
a. pubis
b. ductus deferens
c. penis
d. glans penis
e. testis
f. scrotum
g. epididymis
h. urethra
i. bulbourethral gland
j. seminal vesicle
k. ejaculatory duct
l. prostate gland
102. Also refer to Figure 19-6 in the text.
a. ovary
b. ovarian ligament
c. body of uterus
d. fornix
e. cervix of uterus
f. infundibulum
g. fimbriae
h. uterine tube
i. round ligament
j. wall of uterus
k. vagina
E. Coloring Exercise
103. REFER TO FIGURE 19-1A IN THE TEXT.
104. Refer to Figure 19-11A in the text.
F. Critical Thinking
ANSWERS MAY VARY.
105. Meiosis is necessary to ensure an equal number of chromosomes, and, therefore, genetic material is present from each parent. Once the sperm fertilizes the egg, mitosis is necessary for growth and development of the embryo.
106. At the placenta, blood and its contents are exchanged with the developing fetus’s blood. What the mother ingests, the fetus receives in its bloodstream.
107. The placenta is the site of blood exchange between the mother and the fetus. It also produces the hormones estrogen and progesterone, which support the pregnancy and promote breast development and milk production.
108. At birth females have the total number of ova they will ever have. Males produce millions of sperm constantly.
109. Sterility is the inability of a male to produce sufficient sperm to fertilize an egg. Impotence is the inability to have or maintain an erection.
110. The seminal vesicles produce a fluid rich in nutrients for the sperm’s energy. The prostate gland produces a fluid which activates the sperm to swim. The Cowper’s gland secretes mucus for lubrication.
111. After age 55 the incidence of prostate cancer rises, making it the third leading cause of cancerous death in males. One-third of men aged 60 and older experience enlargement of the prostate gland, which leads to urination problems. And between 60 and 80 years of age, impotence becomes a more serious problem although this does not always mean a decrease in sexual activity or interest.
112. A gynecologist is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of female reproductive organs and breasts. An obstetrician is a physician who specializes in caring for women during pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium.
113. Both of these specialists are physicians, but a pediatrician diagnoses, treats and prevents diseases and disorders in infants and children, while a neonatalist diagnoses and treats disorders of the newborn.
G. Crossword Puzzle
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