PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW OF THE BASIC EDUCATION SECTOR IN BOTSWANA

Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized

PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW OF THE

BASIC EDUCATION SECTOR IN BOTSWANA

November 2019

MINISTRY OF FINANCE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

? 2019 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street NW

Washington, DC 20433 USA

All rights reserved

Photos: Alamy, Shutterstock and The World Bank.

PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW OF THE

BASIC EDUCATION SECTOR IN BOTSWANA

November 2019

i

CONTENTS

CONTENTS

Acronyms and abbreviations

v

Acknowledgements

vi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1

Policy recommendations

13

Priority recommendations

13

Additional Critical recommendations

16

01 INTRODUCTION

21

Country context and motivation

21

Objectives of the Public Expenditure Review

21

Macro-fiscal developments

22

Economic growth

22

Demography, the labor market, and the economy

25

General fiscal situation

27

Fiscal magnitude and education

28

02 OVERVIEW OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM

34

Sectoral goals and priorities

34

Education system

35

Educational offer

35

Education administration

36

Early Childhood Care and Education

36

Primary and secondary education

38

Special Needs education

41

Tertiary education

41

Boarding schools

42

03 KEY EDUCATION PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

43

Historical context

43

Participation indicators: Enrollment and Grade attainment

46

Grade repetition

49

School quality and achievement

50

Performance on international assessments

50

Performance on national examinations

51

School inputs

52

Equity

54

Differentials in enrolment, repetition, and grade attainment

54

Equity in resource allocation

56

Spatial differentials in enrolment, repetition, and dropout RATES

58

Student achievement differences

58

Summary

60

PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW OF THE BASIC EDUCATION SECTOR IN BOTSWANA

ii

04 INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS

63

Institutional framework

63

Management and institutional challenges

63

Fragmented decision-making

64

Budget Organisation

65

Human resources

67

Monitoring of education quality

72

05 EDUCATION SECTOR FINANCING

73

Education budget

73

Financing sources

75

Budget planning and execution

75

Efficiency of spending

77

Allocative efficiency of spending

77

X-efficiency of spending: Conversion of spending into educational outcomes

82

External efficiency of spending on education

82

Decentralized financing

82

Private education spending and Affordability

83

Education spending and policy priorities

86

Cost drivers, educational performance, and investment needs

86

Adequacy and sustainability of public expenditures

87

06 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

89

07 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

93

Priority recommendations

93

Additional Critical recommendations

96

NOTES

101

BIBLIOGRAPHY

101

APPENDICES

104

Appendix A

105

Appendix B

106

Appendix C

113

Appendix D

115

Appendix E

117

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