PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW OF THE BASIC EDUCATION SECTOR IN BOTSWANA
Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized
PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW OF THE
BASIC EDUCATION SECTOR IN BOTSWANA
November 2019
MINISTRY OF FINANCE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
? 2019 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street NW
Washington, DC 20433 USA
All rights reserved
Photos: Alamy, Shutterstock and The World Bank.
PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW OF THE
BASIC EDUCATION SECTOR IN BOTSWANA
November 2019
i
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Acronyms and abbreviations
v
Acknowledgements
vi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1
Policy recommendations
13
Priority recommendations
13
Additional Critical recommendations
16
01 INTRODUCTION
21
Country context and motivation
21
Objectives of the Public Expenditure Review
21
Macro-fiscal developments
22
Economic growth
22
Demography, the labor market, and the economy
25
General fiscal situation
27
Fiscal magnitude and education
28
02 OVERVIEW OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM
34
Sectoral goals and priorities
34
Education system
35
Educational offer
35
Education administration
36
Early Childhood Care and Education
36
Primary and secondary education
38
Special Needs education
41
Tertiary education
41
Boarding schools
42
03 KEY EDUCATION PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
43
Historical context
43
Participation indicators: Enrollment and Grade attainment
46
Grade repetition
49
School quality and achievement
50
Performance on international assessments
50
Performance on national examinations
51
School inputs
52
Equity
54
Differentials in enrolment, repetition, and grade attainment
54
Equity in resource allocation
56
Spatial differentials in enrolment, repetition, and dropout RATES
58
Student achievement differences
58
Summary
60
PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW OF THE BASIC EDUCATION SECTOR IN BOTSWANA
ii
04 INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS
63
Institutional framework
63
Management and institutional challenges
63
Fragmented decision-making
64
Budget Organisation
65
Human resources
67
Monitoring of education quality
72
05 EDUCATION SECTOR FINANCING
73
Education budget
73
Financing sources
75
Budget planning and execution
75
Efficiency of spending
77
Allocative efficiency of spending
77
X-efficiency of spending: Conversion of spending into educational outcomes
82
External efficiency of spending on education
82
Decentralized financing
82
Private education spending and Affordability
83
Education spending and policy priorities
86
Cost drivers, educational performance, and investment needs
86
Adequacy and sustainability of public expenditures
87
06 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
89
07 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
93
Priority recommendations
93
Additional Critical recommendations
96
NOTES
101
BIBLIOGRAPHY
101
APPENDICES
104
Appendix A
105
Appendix B
106
Appendix C
113
Appendix D
115
Appendix E
117
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