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Fresh and Salt Water Systems

1.0-Humans depend on water supply and quality.

1.1-The distribution of Water on Earth

The planet Earth has more water than any other planet in our solar system. Water covers 74% of the surface of the Earth. But only a very small portion of it is potable. Potable water is water that humans can drink safely.

Another way to picture it is by representing all of the Earth’s water with 1000 L of water. Potable water would make up less than a can of pop. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Check and Reflect

Fresh and Salt Water Systems – Section 1 #1

1. How much of the Earth’s water is fresh water? __________

2. Why is most of the fresh water on the Earth unavailable for human use? ______________________________________

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3. The Earth’s population is growing. Will there be enough drinkable water for future generations? Why or why not?

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4. What is a similarity and a difference between fresh and potable water? ____________________________________

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5. If all of the water on the Earth was represented by 1000L how many millilitres would be available for human use? Show your work.

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1.2 Water Quality

Water quality is a measure of how pure the water is. The more substances there is in with the water the lower the water quality is. Substances in water include salts, organisms, chemicals and organic material to mention a few.

In Canada we would be very surprised if unclean water came out of our taps. However, over 1 billion people in the world drink unclean water. This leads to 3-5 million deaths caused by filthy water. Most of these diseases are caused by drinking water contaminated by the feces of infected animals or people.

Salty Water

Seawater contains 3.5% salt. So its’ salinity is quite high. The measure of salt in a body of water is called salinity. Although fresh water contains much less salt in some areas the amount of minerals dissolved in the water causes it to taste salty.

Hard Water

In other areas there is an abundance of minerals such as calcium and magnesium. When these minerals are dissolved in the water it affects the taste and other characteristics of the water. It is said to be hard water.

Organisms in Drinking Water

Fresh water also contains organisms and other organic matter. Some of these are harmful (Escherichia coli / E. coli) and some are not. Usually the harmful organisms and matter are removed in the water treatment process.

Testing Water Quality

Problem: Are there physical and chemical differences between treated water and untreated water?

Hypothesis: _____________________________________________

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Variables

Manipulated Variable: ___________________________________

Responding Variable: ____________________________________

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Controlled Variables: 1. __________________________________

2. _____________________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________________

Procedure: See Science in Action Grade 8, Page 342-343

Materials: ______________________________________________

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Observations:

Clarity

| |Initial Appearance |Filter Paper Prediction |Filter Paper Appearance |

|Sample A | | | |

|Sample B | | | |

|Sample C | | | |

Chlorine

Predict which sample contains the most chlorine. _______________

| |Observations after adding Silver Nitrate: |

|Sample A | |

|Sample B | |

|Sample C | |

Which sample contains the most Chlorine? ____________

Hardness

| |Observations after shaking solution with soap: |

|Sample A | |

|Sample B | |

|Sample C | |

Living Organisms

| |Colour of solution when the Bromothymol Blue is added |Colour of the solution after 24 hours |

|Sample A | | |

|Sample B | | |

|Sample C | | |

Discussion

1. Which sample had the least clarity? How do you know?

2. Which sample contained the most chlorine? How do you know?

3. Which sample was the hardest? How do you know?

Conclusion

1. Restate hypothesis _________________________________

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2. Was your hypothesis right or wrong? ___________________

3. How do you know your hypothesis was right or wrong? _________________________________________________

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Changing Salt Water to Fresh water

Changing salt water into fresh water is called desalination. The two most common processes for doing this are distillation and reverse osmosis.

1. Distillation is a process that involves evaporation and condensation. The water will boil and the salt dissolved in the water will not. As the water vapour rises it is allowed to cool down and change back into water. This time the water has no salt in it.

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2. Reverse Osmosis is the process by which salt water is forced through a filter with holes to small for the salt to pass through. In this way the water is moving from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration. That is why it is called reverse osmosis.

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Check and Reflect

Fresh and Salt Water Systems – Section 1 #2

1. Why do we have such clean water and millions of other people around the world do not? __________________________________

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2. How do you test water for chlorine? ________________________

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3. How do you test water for living things? ____________________

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4. What is the difference between hard and soft water? ___________

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5. How is osmosis different from reverse osmosis? ______________

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6. Describe what desalination means. ________________________

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7. What are two methods of desalination? ______________________________________________________

Section 1 – Fresh and Salt Water Systems

Pick questions whose total adds up to 12.

Use complete sentences for all questions.

1. Define the following words: potable water, fresh water, hard water, desalination. /4

2. How much of the Earth’s water is salt water? /1

3. Give three reasons why most of the fresh water on the Earth is unavailable for human use. /3

4. If all of the water on the Earth was represented by 10 000L how many millilitres would be fit for humans to drink? Show all of your calculations please. /2

5. Why do 3-5 million people die from drinking untreated water each year and yet we have a steady supply of potable water? /1

6. Describe how you find out if water has chlorine in it? /1

7. Use a diagram and explain how distillation works. /2

8. Use a diagram and explain how reverse osmosis works. /2

2.0 Water in its various states affects Earth’s landforms and climate.

2.1 Waves and Tides

By wave is one way energy travels. In the case of water waves the wave travels across the top portion of the water. As it travels, water is moved mostly vertically (up and down). In this way the waves will travel for many kilometres but the water itself stays in the same spot.

As the water becomes shallower the wave begins to slow down. The bottom part of the wave contacts the ocean floor causing friction. This causes the wave to topple over or “break”. The force of the wave breaking as it crashes into the shore causes a great deal of erosion.

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Demo on waves

The daily change in the water level along the shore line of the ocean is called the tide.

In a high tide the level of the ocean seems to have increased.

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In a low tide the level of the ocean seems to have lowered.

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A tide is caused by two forces. 1. The gravitational pull of the moon and the sun. 2. The swing of the Earth in its orbit around the sun.

The moon and the sun both have a gravitational pull on the Earth. So whatever ocean is in line with the sun or the moon will bulge, causing high tides in those areas and low tides in other areas.

Also, the Earth swings in its orbit around the sun. The ocean that is opposite the sun will also bulge, causing high tides in those areas and low tides in other areas.

2.2 – Erosion and Deposition

Stream Flow – A Demonstration

Problem: How does the slope of the stream affect the erosion of the stream bed material?

Hypothesis: _____________________________________________

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Discussion:

1. As the slope increases what happens to the flow rate (speed) of the water? __________________________________________

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2. How does the flow rate of the water affect the amount of erosion that is happening? _____________________________

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3. What is the shape of the stream when the flow rate is fast? ___

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What is the shape of the stream when the flow rate is slow? _____

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4. Where in Alberta will you find a fast moving river? _________

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Where in Alberta will you find a slow moving river? __________

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5. What size sediments will a fast moving river carry? _________

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Profile of a River

The source of water for all rivers and lakes is rain and the runoff from melting snow and ice. As it accumulates in the mountains it forms rivers.

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These rivers start out with very large slopes. The slope refers to how steep the riverbed is.

When the slope is large the flow rate of the river, or speed of the water, is also very high. With a large slope and a high flow rate there is great potential for erosion. As the slope decreases the flow rate of the river also decreases. The potential for erosion becomes less.

As the slope decreases and the flow rate slows down the river then starts to meander. A meandering river is one that twists and turns as it moves across the landscape.

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The slower a river moves the less sediment load it can carry. Sediment load refers to the amount of sediment, such as soil, rock and other organic material, carried along by the river.

All rivers eventually end up in a body of water such as a lake or ocean. When this occurs the flow rate of the river basically stops. This causes the sediments to be deposited. Deposition is the laying down of sediments. This forms a fan-shaped deposit called a delta.

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Erosion is the wearing down and movement of material.

Weathering refers to the wearing down of material. There are two types of weathering we can consider here: Mechanical and Chemical.

1. Mechanical weathering is the wearing down of material by physical forces such as water, wind and ice.

a) Waves pounding the shore lines.

b) Rivers wearing down the riverbeds and shore lines.

2. Chemical weathering involves a reaction between substances that result in material being worn down.

a) Carbonic acid – Carbon dioxide combines with water in the air to form a weak acid. This acid can react with the limestone in mountains to form caves.

b) Sulphur dioxide – This reacts with water to form sulphuric acid or acid rain, which wears down many materials.

A watershed is all the area of land that drains into one main lake or river. It can contain many smaller rivers and lakes, which all eventually drain into a larger one. Eventually all bodies of water

drain into an ocean.

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The location of the highest land on the continent determines the direction that a watershed drains. This high land is called the Continental Divide. In North America the major divide is the Rocky Mountains

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Check and Reflect – Section 2 #2

Fresh and Salt Water Systems

1. Define the term weathering.

2. Circle the correct term to complete the sentence.

a) (Increasing / Decreasing) the slope will cause the flow rate to speed up.

b) Erosion (increases / decreases) as the slope becomes less.

c) When rivers slow down they begin to ____________.

d) A ____________ is formed when a river flows in to a lake or ocean.

3. Describe what a watershed is. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. The __________________________ is the highest point on a continent. It determines the direction that the water flows across the continent. What is it in North America? ______________________

2.3 Processes That Shape Ocean Basins and Continental Drainage

Plate Tectonics

The landscape on all continents did not happen by accident. The action of tectonic plates leads to the creation of mountain ranges. The crust of the earth is made of many of these plates.

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Where plates are converging (moving into one another) mountain ranges, volcanoes and earthquakes are abundant.

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The formation of mountain ranges determines where the continental divide lies. This change in the landscape will determine what direction streams and rivers will drain.

Glaciers

Glaciers are large moving bodies of ice. Glaciers that cover the majority of a continent are called continental glaciers. Examples are Antarctica and Greenland. Glaciers that form in tops of mountain ranges are called valley glaciers.

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Glaciers are formed in very cold regions where there is more accumulation of snow and ice than there is melting of snow and ice. As there mass increases gravity begins to pull them down in between the mountain valleys. As the glaciers move they pick up sediments ranging in size from tiny rock fragments to huge boulders. These sediments imbedded in the ice act as a scrub brush to carve up the landscape. There are many different sediment deposits that are left behind as a glacier moves along. esker

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[pic][pic]kettle lake

drumlin

Check and Reflect Section 2 #2 - Fresh and Salt Water Systems

1. How does plate tectonics change the landscape? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. How do glaciers change the landscape? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Draw a diagram and describe the following: drumlins, eskers, kettle lakes and moraines. See text page 364

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Fresh and Salt Water Systems – Section 2 Assignment

Complete questions whose total adds up to 12.

Use complete sentences.

1. What causes a wave to break? /1

2. Briefly describe two causes of tides. /2

3. How does flow rate and the slope of a river affect the amount of erosion that happens? /3

4. How is sediment load affected by the speed of the river? /1

5. What is the shape of a fast moving river and a slow moving river? /2

6. Using the following terms, describe in detail how a delta is formed: river, deposited, sediments, ocean. /4

7. Give me two ways a watershed and a continental divide are similar? /2

8. List the three sources of water for lakes, streams, rivers and ground water. /1

9. .Describe two types of weathering. /2

0. – Living things in aquatic environments are affected by many factors.

Diversity – is how many different organisms live in an environment. If there is lots of diversity then there will be lots of different kinds of organisms. These organisms would be both big, small and microscopic, and would include both plants and animals.

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Estuary – This is an area where river water and ocean water mix. Organisms that live here can go back and forth from salt water and fresh water environments.

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Adaptations – are characteristics of an organism that it has developed in order to survive in its environment. Adaptations can be either structural (body parts) or behavioural (actions).

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Turtle’s shell is a structural adaptation

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Growling dog is a behavioural adaptation

Population – All the organisms of the same species that live in an area make up a population. Some examples include: all the white tailed dear in our coulees; the flock of pelicans that live down at the river; a school of fish.

Population sizes can be affected by many things. Some changes to population sizes include:

Seasonal Changes – some populations change according to the seasons. Some organisms will migrate to warmer climates only to return during a warmer season.

Short-Term Changes – These changes are not predictable. They may be a result of a natural event such as a drought or wet season, or from human activities such as an oil spill. These changes return to normal in a short period of time.

Long-Term Changes – These changes are not predictable. They may be the result of natural events or from human activities. Some examples include land slides that change the course of a river or stream. People may accidentally introduce a new species into an environment. These changes last a long period of time.

4.0 – Human activities affect aquatic environments.

The three major uses of water by human populations are:

1. Agriculture – This makes up 73% of all the water used by people. This water is used to irrigate crops. The crops of the world feed the people of the world. Agriculture is also important to the economy of many countries.

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2. Industry – This makes up 22% of all the water used by people. Water is used as a coolant, a solvent, for washing, and for diluting pollutants before releasing them to the environment. Different products need certain amounts of water in their production. Plastic is a big water consumer product.

3. Domestic Use – This makes up 5% of all the water used by people. Some examples of water use include: washing dishes, washing clothes, cooking, drinking, and in some homes – heating.

Fresh and Salt Water Systems

Unit Exam Study Guide

Terms to know:

potable water, fresh water, salinity, hard water, soft water, water quality, desalination, wave, tide,

manipulated variable, responding variable,

controlled variable, breaking wave, slope,

flow rate, meander, erosion, weathering,

sediment load, chemical/mechanical weathering,

watershed, continental divide, deposition, delta, kettle lake, drumlin, moraine, esker, diversity, estuary, behavioural adaptation, structural adaptation, population,

Be able to explain the following:

• What two things cause tides?

• What are the three sources of water that feed into all lakes, streams, rivers and ground water.

• Explain how plate tectonics change the landscape.

• Explain how glaciers change the landscape.

• Explain how a delta is formed.

• Describe the process of reverse osmosis.

• Describe the process of distillation.

• Explain why a wave “breaks” when it comes close to the shore.

• The three major uses of water by humans.

• The distribution of water by percent (ex fresh water 3%, salt water 97%, etc…)

• If all the water on the earth was represented by 10 000L how many mL would be potable?

• Why is most of the fresh water on earth not drinkable?

• Why do so many people have to drink unclean water but for us it is so plentiful?

• What are physical and chemical differences between treated and untreated water?

• Explain how slope and flow rate affect erosion.

• Be able to describe what a structural and behavioural adaptation is and give an example.

• Give examples of things that might change a population size.

Basic Details

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|Common name |Conservation status |

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|Scientific name |Healthy, threatened, endangered |

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|Description of its diet |General size of a common population. |

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Habitat and Location

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|What type of water does it live in? |Include a map identifying where it lives. |

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|Fresh water |What kind of habitat does it live in? |

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|Salt water | |

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|Estuary | |

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|At least 5 items describing its environment. |

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Adaptations

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|3 |8 |

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|4 |9 |

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|5 |10 |

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|How do they help the organism to survive? | |

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|2 |7 |

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|3 |8 |

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|4 |9 |

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|5 |10 |

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