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Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine
Volume 43, Issue 2
Abstracts
譯者：
郭俊成 臺北市立動物園獸醫主任
Joe Guo, Chief of Vet, Taipei zoo
王寶榮 臺北市立動物園獸醫師
Isis P.J. Wang, Vet, Taipei zoo
賴燕雪 臺北市立動物園獸醫師
Sera Yen-Hsueh Lai , Vet, Taipei zoo
金仕謙 臺北市立動物園園長、獸醫師
Jason Shih-Chien Chin, Director & Senior Vet, Taipei zoo
審稿：
金仕謙 臺北市立動物園園長、獸醫師
Jason Shih-Chien Chin, Director & Senior Vet, Taipei zoo
Pages 207-213
NEEDLE BIOPSY FOR HEPATIC VITAMIN A LEVELS IN LIONS (PANTHERA LEO)
Merav H. Shamir, D.V.M., Dipl. E.C.V.N., Gal Rubin, D.V.M., Zachi Aizenberg, D.V.M., Zipi Berkovich, B.Sc., Ram Reifen, M.D., M.Sc., Igal Horowitz, D.V.M., Tali Bdolah-Abram, M.Sc., and Itamar Aroch, D.V.M., Dipl E.C.V.I.M-C.A.
Abstract:
Hypovitaminosis A (HA)–related skull malformations resulting in neurologic abnormalities and death have been, and still are, reported in captive lions (Panthera leo) worldwide. Liver vitamin A (VA) concentration is the most reliable indicator of animals' VA status, and its assessment is essential in prevention and treatment of HA in lions. A percutaneous needle liver biopsy using high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet retinoid analysis for VA concentration measurement was validated. It was first assessed in vitro using chicken liver. Later, the safety and feasibility of ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle liver biopsy was assessed in living lions. Hepatic VA concentrations in lion liver were measured using the above laboratory method. Mean chicken hepatic VA concentration in needle biopsy (NB) and wedge biopsy (WB) of the same liver lobes were 108.66 and 60.89 μg/g wet tissue, respectively, and were significantly (P = 0.03) correlated (r = 0.74). The calculated linear regression for predicting VA concentration in WB using NB VA for chicken liver was 25.194 + 0.3234x NB (μg/g). Four ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle liver biopsies were obtained from each of the four lions under general anesthesia. Mean hepatic VA concentration was 8.25 μg/g wet tissue (range 1.43–25.29 μg/g). Mean serum VA concentration, measured in these four lions was 1,011.1 nmol/L with a standard deviation of 337.91 nmol/L (range 590.26–1,077.2 nmol/L). The lions recovered uneventfully, and no complications were observed during a 4-yr follow-up period. In conclusion, the percutaneous needle liver biopsy technique is a reliable, practical, safe tool for obtaining liver tissue samples antemortem for assessment of the VA status in lions and can be used in future studies.
Keywords: Vitamin A, lion, liver, needle biopsy, Panthera leo
以細針生檢採樣檢查獅子肝臟維生素A水平
Merav H. Shamir, D.V.M., Dipl. E.C.V.N., Gal Rubin, D.V.M., Zachi Aizenberg, D.V.M., Zipi Berkovich, B.Sc., Ram Reifen, M.D., M.Sc., Igal Horowitz, D.V.M., Tali Bdolah-Abram, M.Sc., and Itamar Aroch, D.V.M., Dipl E.C.V.I.M-C.A.
翻譯：張佳倖
摘要：維生素A缺乏(HA)與顱骨畸形導致神經系統異常和死亡的報告，在世界各地圈養的獅子持續有報告被提出。肝臟維生素A(VA)的濃度是偵測動物VA狀態最可靠的指標，分析其數值對於預防和治療獅子的HA所不可或缺。以經皮穿刺針進行肝臟生檢，再使用高效能液相色層分析紫外線類維生素A分析，分析VA濃度，已證實可行。先在體外用雞肝進行評估。之後在獅子活體評估以超音波引導經皮穿刺針進行肝臟生檢的安全性和可行性。獅子的肝臟VA濃度使用上述實驗室方法計算。在相同肝葉上進行穿刺針生檢(NB)和楔形生檢(WB)，雞隻平均VA濃度分別是每克濕組織108.66和60.89 mg，顯著(P = 0.03)相關(r = 0.74)。計算後的線性回歸預估利用NB來推估WB的VA濃度，在雞肝的VA為25.194+0.3234x NB( μg/g )。從四隻全身麻醉的獅子獲得四個超音波引導的經皮穿刺肝臟生檢。平均肝臟VA濃度是每克濕組織約8.25微克(範圍1.43-25.29 μg/g)。檢測此四隻獅子平均血清VA濃度為1011.1 nmol/L，標準差為337.91 nmol/L (範圍590.26–1,077.2 nmol/L)。術後獅子平安順利復甦，在之後四年間並無觀察到併發症。總而言之，以經皮穿刺針進行肝臟生檢技術，採集活體肝臟組織樣本，以評估獅子VA狀態是可靠、實用且安全的工具，可應用於未來的研究。
關鍵字：維生素A、獅子、肝臟、穿刺生檢、獅子學名
Pages 214-222
DEVELOPMENT OF A MINIMUM-ANESTHETIC-CONCENTRATION DEPRESSION MODEL TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS ANALGESICS IN GOLDFISH (CARASSIUS AURATUS)
Jessica L. Ward, B.Sc., Sean P. McCartney, D.V.M., Sathya K. Chinnadurai, D.V.M., M.S., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., and Lysa P. Posner, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.A.
Abstract:
Teleost fish demonstrate the neurophysiologic capacity to experience pain and analgesia. A common model for assessing analgesic effect is the reduction of minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC). The present study adapted the model of MAC depression to evaluate the analgesic effects of morphine, butorphanol, medetomidine, and ketoprofen in goldfish (Carassius auratus). MAC was determined by an up–down method of sequential population sampling, anesthetizing fish with tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) in concentration increments of 10 parts per million (ppm), and using intramuscular needle insertion as a supramaximal noxious stimulus. Baseline MAC was determined in triplicate at the beginning (MACi) and conclusion (MACf) of the experiment (approximately 60 days). For drug trials, MAC was redetermined 1 hr after administration of morphine (10, 20, 40 mg/kg i.m.), butorphanol (0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg/kg i.m.), medetomidine (0.01, 0.015, 0.025 mg/kg i.m.), ketoprofen (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg i.m.), or saline control. Each drug/dose was tested in random order with a >6-day washout period. MACi and MACf were 163 and 182 ppm, respectively, and were significantly different from each other (P = 0.02). All doses of morphine and ketoprofen decreased MAC below MACi. The highest dose of medetomidine decreased MAC below MACi. The lowest dose of butorphanol decreased MAC below MACi, but higher doses increased MAC above MACf. The authors conclude that MAC determination in fish using MS-222 was feasible and reproducible in the short term. The fact that MAC increased over time and/or exposure may limit the usefulness of MS-222 in MAC depression studies. Morphine and ketoprofen decrease anesthetic needs in goldfish and may provide analgesia.
Keywords: Analgesia, Carassius auratus, goldfish, ketoprofen, morphine, tricaine methanesulfonate
建置最小麻醉濃度抑制模式去探討不同止痛劑用於金魚的效果
Jessica L. Ward, B.Sc., Sean P. McCartney, D.V.M., Sathya K. Chinnadurai, D.V.M., M.S., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., and Lysa P. Posner, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.A.
翻譯：黃宮
摘要：對硬骨魚神經生理學在對疼痛體認和止痛效果的驗證。一般於評估止痛效力的模式，是看MAC(最小麻醉濃度)的下降量。在本研究中，採用MAC抑制的模式，去評估morphine, butorphanol, medetomidine, 和 ketoprofen在金魚的止痛效果。以連續族群採樣的UP-DOWN 法，利用逐步增加10ppm的MS222進行麻醉，用針穿入魚的肌肉內進行強烈刺激，決定MAC。MAC的基礎值，由實驗自開始至結果間(大約60天)的最小濃度，切分為三部分。MAC在分別使用morphine (10, 20, 40 mg/kg i.m.), butorphanol(0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg/kg i.m.), medetomidine (0.01, 0.015, 0.025 mg/kg i.m.), ketoprofen(0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg i.m.)或者是生理食鹽水為對照組一小時後，再次確認。每個藥物順序以隨機操作，經六天以上的洗出期後進行檢測。開始的最小開始麻醉濃度(MACi)為163ppm，最終的最小麻醉濃度(MACf)為183ppm，非常分明地，彼此間皆有顯著的差異(P=0.02)。所有劑量的morphine和ketoprofen會降低MAC，並低於MACi。在最高劑量的Medetomidine方可降低MAC，低於MACi。而最低劑量的Butorphanol的也會使MAC低於MACi；但高劑量卻會使MAC比MACf增高。 此作者結論出，使用MS222在魚的 MAC研究，是可行且短時間內有重複性。在最小麻醉濃度抑制的實驗中，隨著時間與暴露的增加，會使MAC提高，使MS222的MAC抑制研究的應用性受到限制。Morphine和ketoprofen可降低在金魚麻醉的需求，而且可能提供止痛的效果。
關鍵字: 止痛劑、金魚學名、金魚、ketoprofen、嗎啡、三卡因甲磺酸鹽
Pages 223-228
SEROLOGIC SURVEY FOR LEPTOSPIRA SPP. IN CAPTIVE NEOTROPICAL FELIDS IN FOZ DO IGUAÇU, PARANÁ, BRAZIL
Leila Sabrina Ullmann, D.V.M., Juliano L. Hoffmann, D.V.M., M.Sc., Wanderlei de Moraes, D.V.M., Zalmir S. Cubas, D.V.M., M.Sc., Leonilda Correia dos Santos, B.Sc, M.Sc., Rodrigo Costa da Silva, D.V.M., Ph.D., Nei Moreira, D.V.M., Ph.D., Ana Marcia Sa Guimaraes, D.V.M., M.Sc., Lucilene Granuzzio Camossi, D.V.M., M.Sc., Helio Langoni, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Alexander W. Biondo, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Abstract:
Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonosis of worldwide distribution and is endemic in tropical countries, where rodents and other wild mammals are abundant and may act as reservoirs. Leptospirosis has become a concern in captive wild animals, due mostly to their exposure to contaminated urine or environment. Although domestic cats (Felis catus) have been reported refractory to leptospirosis, serology and disease in captive wild felids is still unclear. In this study 57 adult, clinically healthy felids, including 1 Geoffroy's cat (Leopardus geoffroyi), 3 jaguarundis (Puma yagouaroundi), 17 margays (Leopardus wiedii), 22 little spotted cats (Leopardus tigrinus), and 14 ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) kept in captivity at the Sanctuary at the Itaipu Binacional hydroelectric power plant (Bela Vista Biological Sanctuary), Foz do Iguaçu City, Paraná State, Brazil, were serologically surveyed for the presence of antibodies against 28 serovars of Leptospira spp. by microagglutination test (MAT). Two animals (3.5%) were seropositive: one male ocelot to the serovar Cynopteri (titer 100) and one female margay to Autumnalis (100) and Butembo (200). The captive-born, 5-yr-old ocelot had been solitary housed in an individual cage. The approximately 21-yr-old wild-caught margay was also kept individually. None of the tested animals showed signs of leptospirosis. During a study conducted 4 yr previously in the same facility, this particular margay also tested positive for the same two serovars, among others. The present study indicates that the felids tested for Leptospira spp. by MAT were exposed to serovars, but did not demonstrate clinical signs of disease. Comparison with a previous study suggests that serovar titers may vary over time and that leptospirosis dynamics remains unclear in wild felids.
Keywords: Captive wild cats, leptospirosis, microagglutination test, serology
在巴西FOZ DO IGUAÇU, PARANÁ圈養熱帶貓科動物鉤端螺旋體血清學調查
Leila Sabrina Ullmann, D.V.M., Juliano L. Hoffmann, D.V.M., M.Sc., Wanderlei de Moraes, D.V.M., Zalmir S. Cubas, D.V.M., M.Sc., Leonilda Correia dos Santos, B.Sc, M.Sc., Rodrigo Costa da Silva, D.V.M., Ph.D., Nei Moreira, D.V.M., Ph.D., Ana Marcia Sa Guimaraes, D.V.M., M.Sc., Lucilene Granuzzio Camossi, D.V.M., M.Sc., Helio Langoni, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Alexander W. Biondo, D.V.M., Ph.D.
翻譯：金仕謙
摘要：鉤端螺旋體是細菌性人畜共通傳染病，分布於全球且盛行於熱帶國家，這些地區有豐富的齧齒類與野生哺乳動物，扮演著重要的保毒者腳色。在圈養野生動物，由於暴露於鉤端螺旋體污染的尿液或環境的增加，逐漸受到重視。雖然在家貓的研究報告顯示是有耐受力的，但是在圈養的野生貓科動物血清學與疾病狀況仍未清楚。本研究對57隻臨床上健康的貓科動物，包括：1隻美洲漁豹，3隻細腰貓，17隻長尾虎貓，22隻小斑虎貓，和14隻虎貓，圈養在巴西Foz do Iguaçu City, Paraná State的Itaipu Binacional 水力發電廠保護區 (Bela Vista Biological Sanctuary)，以血清學微凝集法檢測28種鉤端螺旋體血清型的抗體。兩隻動物(3.5%)呈血清陽性；一隻公虎貓的Cynopteri血清型 (立價100)，以及一隻母長尾虎貓的Autumnalis血清型 (100)，以及Butembo血清型 (200)。這隻圈養繁殖的5歲公虎貓，被單獨隔離在獨立欄舍內。近21歲野生捕捉的長尾虎貓也是單獨隔離。受測的動物並沒有鉤端螺旋體的症狀。在本研究進行4年前，這隻長尾虎貓已經檢測出該兩種血清型呈陽性。本研究結果顯示，以貓科動物微凝集法檢測，可檢出曾經暴露於不同血清型，卻無法驗證臨床症狀出現與否。與之前的研究結果比較，血清型的抗體力價會隨時間改變，鉤端螺旋體的影響機制在野生貓科動物仍舊未明。
關鍵字：圈養野生貓科動物、鉤端螺旋體、微凝集檢測法、血清學
Pages 229-232
DETERMINATION OF REFERENCE VALUES FOR INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE AND SCHIRMER TEAR TEST IN CLINICALLY NORMAL OSTRICHES (STRUTHIO CAMELUS)
Masoud Selk Ghaffari, D.V.M., Ph.D., Amin Sabzevari, D.V.M., Hassan Vahedi, D.V.M., and Habib Golezardy,D.V.M., Ph.D.
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to establish normal physiologic reference values for intraocular pressure (IOP) and Schirmer tear test (STT) results in clinically normal ostriches (Struthio camelus). Twenty ostriches of both sexes, 10 juveniles (1.5–2 yr of age) and 10 adults, were included in this study. Complete ophthalmic examination was performed prior to this investigation. STT was performed by inserting a standard sterile STT strip over the ventral lid margin into the ventral conjunctival sac for 60 sec. Following the STT, IOP was measured using applanation tonometry with the Tono-Pen Vet™ tonometer after topical instillation of one drop of 0.5% proparacaine ophthalmic solution. The mean ± SD and range of Tono-Pen readings of IOP for all birds was 18.8 ± 3.5, with a range of 12–24. Mean IOP in juvenile ostriches was 19.7 ± 3.6. Mean IOP in adult ostriches was 16.9 ± 2.9. There was no statistically significant difference between young and adult birds (P = 0.07). The mean STT values in the present study were 16.3 ± 2.5 mm/1 min when measurements from both eyes were averaged. Mean STT in juvenile and adult ostriches was 15.4 ± 1.8 and 17.2 ± 2.9 mm/1 min, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between young and adult birds (P = 0.11). No statistically significant differences between genders were found for any of the results (P ≥ 0.41). In conclusion, this study provides normal reference range values for STT and IOP in clinically healthy ostriches.
Keywords: Intraocular pressure, Schirmer tear test, ostriches (Struthio camelus), MAGNETIC
臨床上正常的鴕鳥建立眼內壓及淚液分泌檢測參考數值
Masoud Selk Ghaffari, D.V.M., Ph.D., Amin Sabzevari, D.V.M., Hassan Vahedi, D.V.M., and Habib Golezardy,D.V.M., Ph.D.
翻譯：金仕謙
摘要：本研究的目的在建立臨床上呈現正常的鴕鳥，眼內壓（IOP）與淚腺分泌檢測試紙（STT）的正常生理參考數值。以20隻公母鴕鳥，含10隻幼體（1.5-2歲）和10隻成年個體應用於本研究。調查前完成完整的眼科檢查，淚腺分泌檢測以標準滅菌的淚腺分泌檢測試紙，插入下眼瞼負面的結膜腔中60秒。之後，眼壓檢測以局部點一滴0.5% proparacaine點眼液，以Tono-Pen Vet™眼壓檢測器，用壓平眼壓測量法，檢測眼內壓。所有鳥的眼內壓經以Tono-Pen讀出的數值，經以平均值與標準差為18.8 ± 3.5，範圍為12–24。幼體的平均眼內壓為19.7 ± 3.6；成年個體16.9 ± 2.9。幼體與成年個體間沒有顯著差異(P = 0.07)。本研究的平均STT值從兩隻眼睛的檢測平均值是16.3 ± 2.5 mm/1 min。平均STT值在幼年與成年鴕鳥的數值分別為15.4 ± 1.8 與17.2 ± 2.9 mm/1 min。在年輕與成年個體間無顯著差異(P=0.11)。在結果統計上，性別間沒有顯著差異(P ≥ 0.41) 。總結而論，本研究提供臨床上健康的鴕鳥的STT與IOP正常參考值。
關鍵字：眼內壓、淚腺分泌檢測試紙、鴕鳥(鴕鳥學名)、磁性
Pages 233-239
RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PERIANESTHETIC MORTALITY OF STRANDED FREE-RANGING CALIFORNIA SEA LIONS (ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS) UNDERGOING REHABILITATION
Elizabeth M. Stringer, D.V.M., William Van Bonn, D.V.M., Sathya K. Chinnadurai, D.V.M., M.S., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., and Frances M. D. Gulland, M.R.C.V.S., Ph.D.
Abstract:
The objective of this study was to identify risk factors associated with perianesthetic mortality of stranded free-ranging California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) undergoing rehabilitation. Hospital records of California sea lions that underwent heavy sedation or general anesthesia from 2004 through 2008 were reviewed, including records from 419 anesthetic events. Procedures that resulted in death during or in the subsequent 72 hr of anesthesia were classified as cases (n = 15). Procedures in which the animal survived were classified as controls (n = 334). Procedures that resulted in euthanasia (n = 70) were removed from subsequent analysis. The following risk factors were reviewed: gender, age class, health status, duration of anesthetic period, atropine premedication, induction protocols, maintenance protocols, and history of prior anesthesia. The prevalence of fatalities during anesthesia was 3.4% (n = 12) over the 5-yr period. With the inclusion of animals that died within 72 hr after anesthesia, the total mortality prevalence rose to 4.3% (n = 15). The most common time of death was during anesthetic maintenance. Health status was the single best predictor of anesthetic outcome, and sea lions premedicated with atropine had increased odds of anesthetic-related death.
Keywords: Anesthesia, atropine, California sea lion, perianesthetic death, Zalophus californianus
擱淺的野生加州海獅於復健期間與麻醉死亡有關的危險因子
Elizabeth M. Stringer, D.V.M., William Van Bonn, D.V.M., Sathya K. Chinnadurai, D.V.M., M.S., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., and Frances M. D. Gulland, M.R.C.V.S., Ph.D.
翻譯：金仕謙
摘要：本研究的標的是為了確認復健中的野生擱淺加州海獅，與麻醉死亡有關的危險因子。自2004到2008年間，復健中的加州海獅，經過重度鎮靜或全身麻醉的醫療紀錄，共有419件麻醉記錄。對麻醉過程中或操作結束後72小時發生死，定義為案例(n=15)。對麻醉操作後存活案例作為對照組(n=334)。操作後選擇安樂死的案例(n=70)，自數據分析中移除。後續的危險因子定義有：性別、年齡分群、健康狀況、麻醉操作花費的時間、前置藥物 Atropine的使用、誘導流程、維持流程和麻醉前的病史。在5年的期間，麻醉中的死亡盛行率為3.4%(n=12)。將死於麻醉操作後72小時的案例納入，全部致死率增加到4.3%(n=15)。最常發生死亡的時間在麻醉維持期間。健康狀況是麻醉預後最佳的指標，海獅麻醉前給藥用Atropine會增加麻醉死亡的機率。
關鍵字：麻醉、Atropine、加州海獅、麻醉前後的死亡、加州海獅學名
Pages 240-247
HEMATOLOGY AND SERUM BIOCHEMISTRY OF FREE-RANGING NUTRIA (MYOCASTOR COYPUS)
Pablo E. Martino, D.V.M., M.S., Sandra M. Aráuz, D.V.M., Fernando Anselmino, D.V.M., Cecilia C. Cisterna, D.V.M., Maria P. Silvestrini, D.V.M., Santiago Corva, D.V.M., and Federico A. Hozbor, D.V.M.
Abstract:
Information on reference blood values in the literature is lacking for many wild rodents. In this study, comprehensive reference intervals (RIs) for a wide range of analytes from 101 healthy free-ranging nutria were determined. Animals were captured in Buenos Aires, Argentina (37°50′S, 57°34′W), and southward (38°60′S, 58°23′W), encompassing major biotopes of agricultural pampas with dunes and grassland steppes on the east coast. Traps were set at locations with high-density nutria populations (i.e., those areas that showed signs of movement, territorial marking, or feeding activities). Although the small sample size limits the interpretation of these findings, RIs were determined by a robust method using the central 95th percentile. In nutria, the RI range varied greatly for the leukocyte differentials, with mature neutrophils: 3,907–5,544/μl for females and 3,744–5,900/μl for males; band neutrophils: 0–10/μl for females and 3–18/μl for males; lymphocytes: 4,213–5,940/μl for both sexes combined; monocytes: 165–402/μl for both sexes combined; eosinophils: 13–91/μl for females and 108–165/μl for males; and basophils: 0–87/μl for both sexes combined. Platelet concentration was 543–727 × 109/L for both sexes combined. There was also a wide RI range for biochemistry values for some enzymes, such as alkaline phosphatase: 200–399 IU/L for both sexes combined; cholinesterase: 762–1,407 IU/L for females and 763–1,284 IU/L for males; creatine kinase: 182–552 IU/L for females and 162–451 IU/L for males; amylase: 853–1,865 IU/L for females and 779–1,293 IU/L for males; and glucose concentration 120.2–180.6 mg/dl for both sexes combined. Conversely, there was not a wide pooled RI range for calcium: 7.0–11.2 mg/dl; phosphorous: 6.1–9.3 mg/dl; sodium: 133.0–159.0 mEq/L; potassium: 3.0–8.2 mEq/L; chloride: 101.4–143.0 mEq/L; and urea: 11.3–36.8 mg/dl.The red blood cell indices had a narrow range, with mean corpuscular volume: 84.0 −102.5 fl and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration: 18.2–28.8 g/dl, and which was most likely due to strict physiologic controls. The results from this study were similar to those previously reported for farmed nutria.
Keywords: Hematology, Myocastor coypus, nutria, serum biochemistry
野生河鼠的血液學與血清生化數值
Pablo E. Martino, D.V.M., M.S., Sandra M. Aráuz, D.V.M., Fernando Anselmino, D.V.M., Cecilia C. Cisterna, D.V.M., Maria P. Silvestrini, D.V.M., Santiago Corva, D.V.M., and Federico A. Hozbor, D.V.M.
翻譯：金仕謙
摘要：許多的野生齧齒類動物缺乏血液數值參考值的資訊。本研究從阿根廷布宜諾斯艾利斯(37°50′S, 57°34′W)和南方地區(38°60′S, 58°23′W)，包含了東部海岸地區大部分彭巴草原農業區的生境環境，有沙丘與乾草地，捕捉的101隻健康野生河鼠，綜合性的血檢參考值。陷阱皆設在河鼠密度高的區域(該區域有動物移動、領域標示與採食活動)。雖然小樣本限制了這些結果的解讀，參考數值以中央95%建置。在河鼠的參考數值變異較大的，在白血球分類中，已成熟中性球：雌性為3,907–5,544/μl，雄性為3,744–5,900/μl；年輕中性球：雌性為 0–10/μl，雄性為3–18/μl；淋巴球：兩個性別混合為4,213–5,940/μl；單核球：兩個性別混合為165–402/μl；嗜酸性球：雌性為13–91/μl，雄性為108–165/μl；嗜鹼性球：兩性別混合為0–87/μl。血小板濃度在兩個性別為543–727 × 109/L。某些生化數值的參考數值範圍較寬，如乙醯膽鹼酵素：母的762–1,407 IU/L，公的763–1,284 IU/L；肌酸酐酵素：母的182–552 IU/L，公的 162–451 IU/L；澱粉酵素：母的853–1,865 IU/L，公的779–1,293 IU/L；血糖濃度在兩個性別混合為120.2–180.6 mg/dl。相反地，參考數值範圍在鈣：7.0–11.2 mg/dl；磷：6.1–9.3 mg/dl；鈉：133.0–159.0 mEq/L；鉀：3.0–8.2 mEq/L；氯：101.4–143.0 mEq/L；尿素：11.3–36.8 mg/dl。紅血球數範圍較窄，平均血球容積：84.0 −102.5 fl；平均血球血色質濃度：18.2–28.8 g/dl，應導因於嚴格的生理狀況掌控。這些數值與之前在河鼠牧場所做的研究結果相似。
關鍵字：血液學、河鼠學名、河鼠、血清生化數值
Pages 248-255
ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO VACCINES FOR RHINOTRACHEITIS, CALICIVIRAL DISEASE, PANLEUKOPENIA, FELINE LEUKEMIA, AND RABIES IN TIGERS (PANTHERA TIGRIS) AND LIONS (PANTHERA LEO)
Emmanuel Risi, D.V.M., Albert Agoulon, D.V.M., Ph.D., Franck Allaire, D.V.M., Sophie Le Dréan-Quénec'hdu, D.V.M., Ph.D., Virginie Martin, M.S., and Philippe Mahl, Ph.D.
Abstract:
This article presents the results of a study of captive tigers (Panthera tigris) and lions (Panthera leo) vaccinated with a recombinant vaccine against feline leukemia virus; an inactivated adjuvanted vaccine against rabies virus; and a multivalent modified live vaccine against feline herpesvirus, calicivirus, and panleukopenia virus. The aim of the study was to assess the immune response and safety of the vaccines and to compare the effects of the administration of single (1 ml) and double (2 ml) doses. The animals were separated into two groups and received either single or double doses of vaccines, followed by blood collection for serologic response for 400 days. No serious adverse event was observed, with the exception of abortion in one lioness, potentially caused by the incorrect use of the feline panleukopenia virus modified live vaccine. There was no significant difference between single and double doses for all vaccines. The recombinant vaccine against feline leukemia virus did not induce any serologic response. The vaccines against rabies and feline herpesvirus induced a significant immune response in the tigers and lions. The vaccine against calicivirus did not induce a significant increase in antibody titers in either tigers or lions. The vaccine against feline panleukopenia virus induced a significant immune response in tigers but not in lions. This report demonstrates the value of antibody titer determination after vaccination of nondomestic felids.
Keywords: Lion, Panthera leo, Panthera tigris, serology, tiger, vaccination
老虎與獅子對傳染性支氣管炎、泛白血病、貓白血病和狂犬病疫苗的抗體反應
Emmanuel Risi, D.V.M., Albert Agoulon, D.V.M., Ph.D., Franck Allaire, D.V.M., Sophie Le Dréan-Quénec'hdu, D.V.M., Ph.D., Virginie Martin, M.S., and Philippe Mahl, Ph.D.
翻譯：金仕謙
摘要：本論文呈現對圈養的老虎和獅子，用基因重組疫苗防禦貓白血病毒、不活化輔助疫苗防禦狂犬病毒；以及以多價活疫苗防禦貓疱疹病毒、卡利希病毒和泛白血球缺乏病毒。其目的是要分析疫苗的免疫反應和安全性，並比較投予單劑和雙劑的效力。動物分成兩組，並接受單劑或雙劑疫苗，後續接受血液採集檢查血清反應至400天。沒有觀察到嚴重的副作用，除了其中出現一例獅子的流產，可能導因於貓泛白血球缺乏病毒減毒疫苗的不正確使用。在所有疫苗以單劑與雙劑沒有顯著差異。貓敗血病病毒的基因重組疫苗沒有誘發任何血清反應。狂犬病與疱疹病毒疫苗，在老虎與獅子可誘發顯著的免疫反應。防禦卡利希病毒的疫苗，並沒有辦法在老虎與獅子激發顯著的抗體力價。防禦貓泛白血球缺乏病毒的疫苗，在老虎誘發顯著的免疫反應，但在獅子就沒有。這篇報告提供監測非家貓類以疫苗免疫後，抗體力價檢測結果。
關鍵字：獅子、獅子學名、老虎學名、血清學、老虎、疫苗注射
Pages 256-264
SONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THYROID MORPHOLOGY DURING THE NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLE IN THE INDO-PACIFIC BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN (TURSIOPS ADUNCUS)
Brian C. W. Kot, Ph.D., Michael T. C. Ying, Ph.D., Fiona M. Brook, Ph.D., and Reimi E. Kinoshita, BVMS, M.Phil.
Abstract:
Physiologic changes occurring in the thyroid in response to the estrous cycle have been noted in companion animals. However, in bottlenose dolphins, the influence of different reproductive states on thyroid morphology remains unclear. Sonography was used to evaluate the variations of thyroid morphology for nine consecutive estrous cycles of four sexually mature, female Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus). The estrous cycle was divided into two phases for evaluation: the follicular and luteal phases. To compare changes associated with sex, thyroid volumes were measured in the different phases during the estrous cycle of female dolphins and were compared to the ultrasound examinations of the four male dolphins measured over a 2-mo period. In males, there was no significant difference in thyroid volume during the study period (P > 0.05). The thyroid volume measured in combining all estrous cycle phases of the female dolphins was significantly larger than that measured in the male dolphins (P < 0.05). A difference in thyroid volume during the estrous cycle was observed, with the thyroid volume during the follicular phase significantly smaller (P < 0.05) than that of the luteal phase, and is possibly related to the influence of female sex steroids. Thyroid volume variability during estrus should, therefore, be taken into account when examining the thyroid gland of female dolphins.
Keywords: Estrus, Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin, morphology, thyroid gland, Tursiops aduncus, ultrasound
印度-太平洋瓶鼻海豚在正常發情週期時的超音波檢查甲狀腺型態學
Brian C. W. Kot, Ph.D., Michael T. C. Ying, Ph.D., Fiona M. Brook, Ph.D., and Reimi E. Kinoshita, BVMS, M.Phil.
翻譯: 薛唯辰
摘要：在伴侶動物有記錄到甲狀腺會因為發情週期，而有生理性變化。然而瓶鼻海豚甲狀腺型態，在不同繁殖狀態下的影響仍不清楚。以超音波影像評估4隻雄性和雌性，成熟的印度-太平洋母瓶鼻海豚，在9個連續的發情週期中甲狀腺型態的變化。將發情週期分為兩個階段來評估：濾泡期和黃體期。為比較性別差異，測量母海豚發情週期不同階段的甲狀腺體積，與4隻公海豚以超音波檢查測量超過兩個月進行比較，研究期間，公海豚的甲狀腺體積並沒有顯著差異(P > 0.05)。而母海豚混合所有發情週期階段的甲狀腺體積，明顯大於公海豚的測量值(P < 0.05)。觀察發現母海豚發情週期中甲狀腺體積是有差異的，濾泡期的甲狀腺體積明顯小於黃體期(P < 0.05)，可能與母獸性類固醇的影響有關。因此在檢查母海豚甲狀腺時，必須考慮發情週期對甲狀腺體積的變化。
關鍵字：發情期、印度-太平洋瓶鼻海豚、型態學、甲狀腺、印度-太平洋瓶鼻海豚學名、超音波
Pages 265-274
THORACIC AUSCULTATION IN CAPTIVE BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS), CALIFORNIA SEA LIONS (ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS), AND SOUTH AFRICAN FUR SEALS (ARCTOCEPHALUS PUSILLUS) WITH AN ELECTRONIC STETHOSCOPE
Julia Scharpegge, Dr. med. vet., Manuel García Hartmann, D.V.M., and Klaus Eulenberger, Prof. Dr. med.vet.
Abstract:
Thoracic auscultation is an important diagnostic method used in cases of suspected pulmonary disease in many species, as respiratory sounds contain significant information on the physiology and pathology of the lungs and upper airways. Respiratory diseases are frequent in marine mammals and are often listed as one of their main causes of death. The aim of this study was to investigate and report baseline parameters for the electronic-mediated thoracic auscultation of one cetacean species and two pinniped species in captivity. Respiratory sounds from 20 captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), 6 California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), and 5 South African fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus) were recorded with an electronic stethoscope. The sounds were analyzed for duration of the respiratory cycle, adventitious sounds, and peak frequencies of recorded sounds during expiration and inspiration as well as for sound intensity as reflected by waveform amplitude during the respiratory cycle. In respiratory cycles of the bottlenose dolphins' expiring “on command,” the duration of the expiration was significantly shorter than the duration of the inspiration. In the examined pinnipeds of this study, there was no clear pattern concerning the duration of one breathing phase: Adventitious sounds were detected most often in bottlenose dolphins that were expiring on command and could be compared with “forced expiratory wheezes” in humans. This is the first report of forced expiratory wheezes in bottlenose dolphins; they can easily be misinterpreted as pathologic respiratory sounds. The peak frequencies of the respiratory sounds reached over 2,000 Hz in bottlenose dolphins and over 1,000 Hz in California sea lions and South African fur seals, but the variation of the frequency spectra was very high in all animals. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first systematic analysis of respiratory sounds of bottlenose dolphins and two species of pinnipeds.
Keywords: Arctocephalus pusillus, bottlenose dolphin, California sea lion, electronic stethoscope, forced expiratory wheeze, respiratory sounds, South African fur seal, thoracic auscultation, Tursiops truncatus, Zalophus californianus
以電子聽診器在圈養瓶鼻海豚、加州海獅和南非海狗進行胸腔聽診
Julia Scharpegge, Dr. med. vet., Manuel García Hartmann, D.V.M., and Klaus Eulenberger, Prof. Dr. med.vet.
翻譯：金仕謙
摘要：胸腔聽診是許多物種診斷肺部疾病的重要方法，由於呼吸道的聲音包含了肺與上呼吸道重要生理與病理訊息。呼吸道疾病是海洋哺乳動物最常出現的主要死因。本研究目的是調查與報告，在圈養下兩種鰭腳目與一種鯨豚，以電子媒介胸腔聽診器的基礎參數。從20隻圈養的瓶鼻海豚，6隻加州海獅與5隻南非海狗，以電子聽診器錄得呼吸音。這些聲音依照呼吸頻度、偶發雜音、錄得呼氣與吸氣聲音的最高頻率，如同在呼吸過程中出現的聲音強度以波型呈現。在瓶鼻海豚呼吸循環過程中，呼氣依命令達成，可見呼氣持續時間明顯地較吸氣時間短。在本研究中的鰭腳目，在一次呼吸周期中，沒有明顯與持續時間相關的模式。在瓶鼻海豚常見的雜音，最常在依命令呼氣時被偵測到，與人”主動強迫呼氣雜音”相近。這是第一次瓶鼻海豚報告強迫呼氣雜音，這些雜音容易被誤判為病理性呼吸音。呼吸音的頻率高峰，在瓶鼻海豚最高可超過2000Hz，加州海獅和南非海狗會超過1000Hz；但是頻率範圍的差異性在所有的動物很大。基於筆者的知識所及，這是第一次以系統性分析，瓶鼻海豚與兩種鳍腳目動物呼吸音的報告。
關鍵字：南非海狗學名、瓶鼻海豚、加州海獅、電子聽診器、強迫呼氣雜音、呼吸音、南非海狗、胸腔聽診、瓶鼻海豚學名、加州海獅學名
Pages 275-282
VALIDATION OF A FECAL GLUCOCORTICOID METABOLITE ASSAY FOR COLLARED PECCARIES (PECARI TAJACU)
Mara Adriana Coradello, D.V.M., M.Sc., Rosana Nogueira Morais, D.V.M., Ph.D., James Roper, B.Sc. Zoology, Ph.D., Katherinne Maria Spercoski, D.V.M., M.Sc., Thiago Massuda, D.V.M., M.Sc., Selene Siqueira Cunha Nogueira, B.Sc. Biol., Ph.D., and Sérgio Luiz Gama Nogueira-Filho, B.Sc. Agr., Ph.D.
Abstract:
The possibility of assessing endogenous adrenal activity in the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) was tested by using an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenge in a fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) assay. Feces were collected from 12 captive adult male peccaries beginning 48 hr prior to challenge; six of these animals received the challenge as an ACTH injection and the other six were injected with saline solution. Feces collection ended 120 hr after injections. As a control, feces were collected for eight consecutive days from another six adult male peccaries that remained in their original mixed-sex herds in semiconfined paddocks. All feces samples were freeze-dried, extracted by an ethanol vortex method, and assayed for glucocorticoids by means of an enzyme immunoassay. FGM concentrations were compared between the treatments by a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a post hoc Tukey test. The assay is reliable but, instead of the usual proportion of 1:50 in ethanol (fecal mass:solvent), 1:10 is recommended for best extraction of FGM. Baseline FGM concentrations were similar among the ACTH, saline, and control treatments (29.7 ± 11.2 ng/g−1 dry feces) during the 48 hr before the challenge. The ACTH group reached an FGM excretion peak at 24 hr post-treatment, followed by a decline, while in the control and saline groups FGM levels remained relatively constant. Therefore, the fecal glucocorticoid metabolite assay reflects endogenous adrenal activity in the collared peccary and is a powerful tool for noninvasive stress monitoring in peccaries.
Keywords: ACTH challenge, animal welfare, captive breeding, collared peccary, Pecari tajacu, noninvasive stress assessment
頸鎖豬(猯豬)糞便醣皮質素代謝試驗的驗證
Mara Adriana Coradello, D.V.M., M.Sc., Rosana Nogueira Morais, D.V.M., Ph.D., James Roper, B.Sc. Zoology, Ph.D., Katherinne Maria Spercoski, D.V.M., M.Sc., Thiago Massuda, D.V.M., M.Sc., Selene Siqueira Cunha Nogueira, B.Sc. Biol., Ph.D., and Sérgio Luiz Gama Nogueira-Filho, B.Sc. Agr., Ph.D.
翻譯：張佳倖
摘要：經由投予促腎上腺激素，檢測糞便醣皮質素代謝產物(FGM)，來評估領鎖豬（猯豬）內源性腎上腺素活性的可能性。十二隻圈養的成年雄性豬隻，在試驗前四十八小時採集糞便；之後，其中六隻注射促腎上腺激素，另外六隻注射生理食鹽水溶液。在注射後一百二十小時，停止糞便的採集。另在雄雌混合的圍場中，選出六隻成年公獸，連續採集八天的糞便，作為對照組。所有糞便皆冷凍乾燥，經由與乙醇震盪萃取，再經由酵素免疫測定方法檢測醣皮質素。不同組樣本FGM的濃度間，利用ANOVA與Tukey test進行比較。這個檢驗是可靠的，但在萃取FGM的部分，在酒精中糞便質量和溶劑的比例使用1:10比1:50來的更好。在試驗前四十八小時，FGM基準濃度與ACTH、生理食鹽水、和控制試驗相似。ACTH組在注射後24小時FGM排泄達到最高峰，後逐步下降；而另兩組則保持相對穩定。 因此，糞便醣皮質素代謝分析反映了領鎖豬的內源性腎上腺活性，也是一個對野豬無侵入性緊迫的監測工具。
關鍵字：促腎上腺皮質素刺激、動物福利、圈養繁殖、頸鎖豬、猯豬學名、非侵入性緊迫的評估
Pages 283-288
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF INFECTION WITH A NOVEL METASTRONGYLOID SPECIES IN THE RED PANDA (AILURUS FULGENS)
Jakob L. Willesen, D.V.M., Ph.D., Frederik Meyland-Smith, D.V.M., Bo Wiinberg, D.V.M., Ph.D., Jesper Monrad, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. E.V.P.C., and Mads F. Bertelsen, D.V.M., D.V.Sc., Dipl. A.C.Z.M.
Abstract:
In a recent survey, 30% of the European red panda (Ailurus fulgens) population was found to be infected with a newly discovered metastrongyloid nematode. In a following prospective study, four naturally infected captive-bred red pandas infected with this parasite were examined and compared with two uninfected control animals. On clinical examination, no abnormalities were detected with respect to vital parameters and cardiovascular system in all six examined animals. Similarly, few and nonspecific changes were recorded on serum biochemistry. No changes on pulmonary pattern were noted on thoracic radiographs. Vertebral heart scores were between 7.2 to 8.6, and no difference was noted between infected and control animals. Two animals had slightly prolonged clotting time and reaction time on thromboelastography but not likely to be of clinical relevance. In conclusion, infection with the newly identified metastrongyloid nematode in the red pandas seems to have little or no clinical importance.
Keywords: Ailurus fulgens, metastrongyloid, clinical signs, infection, nematode, red panda
一種新型METASTRONGYLOID種線蟲感染紅貓熊（小貓熊）的臨床意義
Jakob L. Willesen, D.V.M., Ph.D., Frederik Meyland-Smith, D.V.M., Bo Wiinberg, D.V.M., Ph.D., Jesper Monrad, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. E.V.P.C., and Mads F. Bertelsen, D.V.M., D.V.Sc., Dipl. A.C.Z.M.
翻譯：張伃廷
摘要：在最近的一項調查顯示，有30％歐洲的小熊貓被一種新發現的metastrongyloid線蟲感染。在接下來的研究，用四隻自然感染此種寄生蟲的圈養繁殖的小熊貓與兩隻未感染的小熊貓作為控制組相比。六隻動物的臨床檢查中，重要的生理參數和心血管系統都沒有任何異常。同樣在血清生化的紀錄上很少或沒有特異性的變化。胸腔的X光片中肺的影像沒有變化。脊椎心臟比率在7.2至8.6之間，感染組和對照組的動物之間沒有什麼差別。兩組動物在血液凝固時間與血栓彈力圖的反應時間有稍為延長，但沒有臨床症狀出現。總結而言，在新發現的metastrongyloid線蟲對於小熊貓的感染幾乎沒有或很少有臨床上的重要性。
關鍵字：小貓熊學名、線蟲學名、臨床症狀、感染、線蟲、小貓熊
Pages 289-295
EVALUATION OF CYCLOOXYGENASE PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN TRAUMATIZED VERSUS NORMAL TISSUES FROM EASTERN BOX TURTLES (TERRAPENE CAROLINA CAROLINA)
Lillian W. Royal, D.V.M., B. Duncan X. Lascelles, B.V.Sc., Ph.D., Dipl. E.C.V.S., Dipl. A.C.V.S., Gregory A. Lewbart, M.S., V.M.D., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Maria T. Correa, M.S., Ph.D., and Samuel L. Jones, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.I.M.
Abstract:
This pilot study was designed to determine whether cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2, or both are expressed in normal turtle tissues and whether level of expression changes when tissue becomes inflamed. Five eastern box turtles, Terrapene carolina carolina, that either died or were euthanatized due to disease or injuries were used for this work. Tissues were obtained from the five turtles. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate tissues for COX-1 and COX-2 proteins. Densiometric analysis was used to compare Western blot bands within each turtle. COX-1 and COX-2 were found in the liver, kidney, grossly normal muscle, and grossly traumatized (inflamed) muscle of all study turtles. In all cases, COX-1 and COX-2 proteins were increased in traumatized muscle over grossly normal nontraumatized muscle. The highest levels of COX-1 and COX-2 proteins were found in kidney and liver. There was no statistical difference between the amount of COX-1 protein in liver and kidney, but traumatized muscle compared with grossly normal muscle had significantly greater COX-1 but not COX 2 protein concentrations. There was no statistical difference between the amount of COX-2 protein in liver and kidney. Traumatized muscle expressed nonstatistically significant greater amounts of COX-2 compared with grossly normal muscle. COX-1 and COX-2 proteins are expressed in turtle tissues, and both isoforms are up-regulated during inflammation of muscle tissue. Traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that block both COX isoforms might be more efficacious than COX-2–selective drugs. This work suggests that NSAIDs should be evaluated for potential liver and kidney toxicity in turtles.
Keywords: Chelonian, eastern box turtle, Terrapene carolina, cyclooxygenase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
評估東方箱龜環氧酵素蛋白在受傷及正常組織的表現
Lillian W. Royal, D.V.M., B. Duncan X. Lascelles, B.V.Sc., Ph.D., Dipl. E.C.V.S., Dipl. A.C.V.S., Gregory A. Lewbart, M.S., V.M.D., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Maria T. Correa, M.S., Ph.D., and Samuel L. Jones, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.I.M.
翻譯：金仕謙
摘要：此原創性的研究設計是為了瞭解環氧酵素(COX)-1、環氧酵素(COX)-2在龜類正常組織的表現與在不同程度的炎症反應時，各自或共同都會有變化。5隻東方箱龜，因疾病或受傷導致死亡或安樂死，用於參加本研究。從這5隻個體採集組織樣本；以西方墨點分析法，分析COX-1和COX-2蛋白。以Densiometric analysis比較每隻龜在西方墨點法出現的顯像帶。COX-1和COX-2在肝臟、腎臟、眼觀正常肌肉和眼觀受傷的肌肉(炎症反應)，在所有被採樣龜樣本中出現的量。在所有的案例，COX-1和COX-2蛋白，在受傷的肌肉較眼觀正常未受傷的肌肉高。在肝與腎臟發現最高的COX-1和COX-2蛋白。COX-1蛋白在肝臟與腎臟樣本間並沒有統計上的差異；但是，受傷的肌肉相較於眼觀正常的肌肉有顯著較高的COX-1，在COX-2蛋白濃度則沒有。在肝臟與腎臟的COX-2蛋白，沒有統計上的差異。創傷的肌肉與眼觀正常的肌肉，COX-2顯示非統計上的重要性。COX-2蛋白量在肝臟與腎臟沒有統計上的差異；在創傷的肌肉較眼觀正常肌肉大，但沒有統計上的顯著差異。COX-1和COX-2蛋白在龜的組織都有表現，兩個蛋白在肌肉組織發生炎症反應時，皆會隨之增加。在傳統非類固醇類抗炎症藥物阻斷兩種COX蛋白，相對僅選擇COX-2有效的藥物，可能較有效。本研究建議非類固醇抗發炎藥物，應該被評估對龜的肝與腎臟潛在毒性。
關鍵字：龜類、東方箱龜、東方箱龜學名、環氧酵素-1、環氧酵素-2、非類固醇抗炎症藥物
Pages 296-308
ALTRENOGEST AND PROGESTERONE THERAPY DURING PREGNANCY IN BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS) WITH PROGESTERONE INSUFFICIENCY
Todd R. Robeck, D.V.M., Ph.D., Claudia Gili, D.V.M., Ph.D., Bethany M. Doescher, D.V.M., Jay Sweeney, V.M.D., Piet De Laender, D.V.M., Cornelis E. Van Elk, D.V.M., and Justine K. O'Brien, Ph.D.
Abstract:
Progesterone production is essential for growth and development of the during pregnancy. Abnormal development of the corpus luteum (CL) after conception can result in early embryonic loss or fetal abortion. Routine monitoring of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) pregnancy after artificial insemination or natural conception with ultrasonography and serum progesterone determination has allowed for the establishment of expected fetal growth rates and hormone concentrations. Using these monitoring techniques, we revealed four pregnant dolphins (12–24 yr old) with abnormally low progesterone production indicative of luteal insufficiency. Once diagnosed, animals were placed on altrenogest (0.044–0.088 mg/kg once daily) alone or with oral progesterone (50–200 mg twice daily). Doses of hormone were increased or decreased in each animal based on how fetal skull biparietal and thoracic growth rates compared with published normal values. Hormones were withdrawn starting from day 358 of gestation in animals 1 and 2, with labor occurring 6 and 7 days after withdrawal and at 376 and 373 days of gestation, respectively. Both deliveries were dystocic, with each calf requiring manual extraction and fetotomy for calf 1. The fetuses in animals 3 and 4 died at 348 and 390 days of gestation, respectively. Induction of labor was attempted in both animals, after fetal death, by using a combination of rapid progesterone withdrawal and steroid and prostaglandin F2α administration. The calf of animal 4 had to be removed with manual cervical dilation and fetotomy. All adult females survived the procedures. These data provide the first in vivo evidence that the CL is the primary source of progesterone throughout pregnancy in the bottlenose dolphin. Until further characterization of hormones required during pregnancy and at parturition has been accomplished, the exogenous progestagen supplementation protocol described here cannot be recommended for treatment of progesterone insufficiency in bottlenose dolphins.
Keywords: Luteal insufficiency, progestin, regumate, ultrasonography, fetal growth, bottlenose dolphin, parturition
瓶鼻海豚於懷孕期間黃體素分泌不足以ALTRENOGEST AND PROGESTERONE治療
Todd R. Robeck, D.V.M., Ph.D., Claudia Gili, D.V.M., Ph.D., Bethany M. Doescher, D.V.M., Jay Sweeney, V.M.D., Piet De Laender, D.V.M., Cornelis E. Van Elk, D.V.M., and Justine K. O'Brien, Ph.D.
翻譯：金仕謙
摘要：黃體素的分泌基本上是懷孕時胎兒成長與發展的重點。受孕後，黃體的不正常發展會導致早期胚胎流失會胎兒流產。以超音波影像檢查和血清黃體素持續監測，人工授精或自然受孕的瓶鼻海豚懷孕狀態，了解胎兒成長速率與內分泌濃度是否發展如預期。經由這樣的操作技術，我們發現4隻懷孕海豚個案(12-24歲)，出現低的黃體素，顯示有黃體的分泌不足。一經確診，單獨以altrenogest (0.044–0.088 mg/kg 每天一次)或口服黃體素(50–200 mg 一天兩次)處理。再以胎兒頭骨兩側與胸骨生長速率，與已發表的數據對照，來了解每隻動物內分泌增加或下降。內分泌在個體1和2懷孕358天時停用，接著在之後的6與7天出現陣痛，到第376和373天生產。兩個個體都出現難產，並進行基本助產，在胎兒1進行碎胎。動物3和4的胎兒分別在懷孕第348和390天死亡；兩隻動物在胎兒死亡後，以快速黃體素減量，伴隨類固醇與攝護腺素F2α投予，嘗試誘發陣痛引產。個體4的胎兒，經由標準的子宮頸擴張與碎胎術移除。所有的母獸都順利於治療後存活。這些數據為臨床上證實懷孕的瓶鼻海豚，需要黃體分泌的黃體素維持懷孕。除非對活孕期間與生產時，對內分泌需求的特性已完成；本研究所描述提供外源性黃體素的使用流程，並不建議作為治療黃體素分泌不足的瓶鼻海豚。
關鍵字：黃體功能不足、黃體激素、經律期媒素、超音波學、胎兒成長、瓶鼻海豚、生產。
Pages 309-316
PHARMACOKINETICS OF ENROFLOXACIN AFTER SINGLE DOSE ORAL AND INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION IN THE AFRICAN PENGUIN (SPHENISCUS DEMERSUS)
Allison N. Wack, D.V.M., Butch KuKanich, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.C.P., Ellen Bronson, med. vet., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., and Mary Denver, D.V.M.
Abstract:
The pharmacokinetics of a single dose of enrofloxacin administered orally, both pilled and in fish, and i.v. to African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) at 15 mg/kg were determined. Plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin were measured via high-pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. An i.v. administration of enrofloxacin resulted in an extrapolated mean plasma concentration of 7.86 μg/ml at time zero. Plasma volume of distribution for i.v. administration was 3.00 L/kg, with a mean elimination half-life of 13.67 hr and a mean total body clearance rate of 3.03 ml/min/kg. Oral administration of enrofloxacin achieved a mean maximum plasma concentration of 4.38 μg/ml at 4.8 hr after administration when pilled, whereas mean maximum plasma concentration was 4.77 μg/ml at 1.59 hr after administration when given in fish. Mean terminal elimination half-life was 13.79 hr pilled and 11.93 hr when given in fish. Low concentrations of ciprofloxacin were detected after both oral and i.v. enrofloxacin administration. Enrofloxacin administered to African penguins at 15 mg/kg p.o. q. 24 hr, whether in fish or pilled, is expected to achieve the surrogate markers of efficacy for bacteria with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.5 μg/ml or less; however, clinical studies are needed to determine efficacy.
Keywords: African penguin, antibiotic, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, oral, pharmacokinetics, Spheniscus demersus
非洲黑腳企鵝經口服及靜脈注射給予enrofloxacin後的藥物動力學
Allison N. Wack, D.V.M., Butch KuKanich, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.C.P., Ellen Bronson, med. vet., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., and Mary Denver, D.V.M
Allison N. Wack, D.V.M., Butch KuKanich, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.C.P., Ellen Bronson, med. vet., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., and Mary Denver, D.V.M.
翻譯：張伃廷
摘要：本報告是enrofloxacin單一劑量，口服以藥片或放在魚裡面，及靜脈給藥在黑腳企鵝的藥物動力學研究，劑量為15mg/kg。血漿以高壓液體色層分析儀與質譜儀測定enrofloxacin與代謝產物ciprofloxacin的濃度。經由靜脈給藥的方式在一開始時，血清中推斷平均含有7.86μg/mL的enrofloxacin。靜脈內血漿分佈體積為3.00L/kg，平均半衰期為13.67小時，平均全身廓清率3.03ml/min/kg。經口服給予enrofloxacin的藥丸，可在4.8小時後，達到平均最大血漿濃度為4.38μg/ml；而使用藥塞入魚中的給藥方式，在餵魚後1.59小時可達平均最大血漿濃度為4.77μg/ml。平均末端排除半衰期，經藥丸給予為13.79小時，經魚口服給予為11.93小時。經口服給藥或靜脈注射enrofloxacin 後，可在血漿中發現低濃度的ciprofloxacin。每天口服給予非洲黑腳企鵝15mg/kg的enrofloxacin，不論是藥丸或經魚投藥，希望可以達到0.5μg/ml對細菌的最小抑菌濃度或更少的替代療效，但是需要臨床研究確定療效。
關鍵字：非洲黑腳企鵝、抗生素、ciprofloxacin、enrofloxacin、口服、藥物動力學、非洲黑腳企鵝學名
Pages 317-323
DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO TUBERCULOSIS ANTIGENS IN FREE-RANGING LIONS (PANTHERA LEO) INFECTED WITH MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS IN KRUGER NATIONAL PARK, SOUTH AFRICA
Michele Miller, D.V.M., Ph.D., Jennifer Joubert, B.Tech. (Vet), B.Sc.Hon., Nomkhosi Mathebula, Dip. Tech. (Vet), Lin-Marie De Klerk-Lorist, B.V.Sc., M.Sc., Konstantin P. Lyashchenko, Ph.D., Roy Bengis, B.V.Sc. Ph.D., Paul van Helden, Prof. BSc (Hons), Ph.D., Markus Hofmeyr, B.V.Sc., Francisco Olea-Popelka, D.V.M., Ph.D., Rena Greenwald, M.D., Javan Esfandiari, M.Sc., and Peter Buss, B.V.Sc., Med. Vet. (Wildlife)
Abstract:
Bovine tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, has become established in Kruger National Park, South Africa, in the cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer) population and in other species. TB in prey species has resulted in infection and morbidity in the resident lion (Panthera leo) prides. The only validated live animal test currently available for lions is the intradermal tuberculin test. Because this test requires capture twice, 72 hr apart, of free-ranging lions to read results, it is logistically difficult to administer in a large ecosystem. Therefore, development of a rapid animal-side screening assay would be ideal in providing information for wildlife managers, veterinarians, and researchers working with free-living lion prides. This study reports preliminary descriptive results from an ongoing project evaluating two serologic tests for M. bovis (ElephantTB Stat-Pak and dual path platform VetTB). Disease status was determined by postmortem culture and presence of pathologic lesions in 14 free-ranging lions. Seropositivity was found to be associated with M. bovis infection. Extended field studies are underway to validate these rapid animal-side immunoassays for antemortem screening tests for TB in lions.
Keywords: Diagnosis, lions, Mycobacterium bovis, serologic test, tuberculosis
檢測南非克魯格國家公園中自由放養的獅子(非洲獅)感染牛型分支桿菌所引起之結核病抗體力價
Michele Miller, D.V.M., Ph.D., Jennifer Joubert, B.Tech. (Vet), B.Sc.Hon., Nomkhosi Mathebula, Dip. Tech. (Vet), Lin-Marie De Klerk-Lorist, B.V.Sc., M.Sc., Konstantin P. Lyashchenko, Ph.D., Roy Bengis, B.V.Sc. Ph.D., Paul van Helden, Prof. BSc (Hons), Ph.D., Markus Hofmeyr, B.V.Sc., Francisco Olea-Popelka, D.V.M., Ph.D., Rena Greenwald, M.D., Javan Esfandiari, M.Sc., and Peter Buss, B.V.Sc., Med. Vet. (Wildlife)
翻譯:
摘要: 牛型分支桿菌會造成非洲水牛群和其他物種的牛型結核病，已在南非克魯格國家公園確認。被獵食者的結核病，會導致當地(非洲獅)群的感染和發病。目前唯一對獅子有效的活體檢測方式是皮內結核菌素試驗。由於結果的判讀，須在72小時內捕捉兩次做判讀，這在一個龐大的生態系中，對自由生活的獅群來說，是很難執行的。因此，建立一個快速的動物篩檢方式，足以提供對自由放養獅群的野生動物管理人員、獸醫師、研究人員合理的資訊是很重要的。本研究報告，初步描述進行中的兩項針對牛型分支桿菌的血清型試驗計畫的結果(Elephant TB Stat-Pak and dual path platform VetTB)。疾病狀態由14隻自由放養獅子的死後培養及病理病變出現來判定。研究認為血清型陽性與牛型分支桿菌感染有關。延伸領域的研究正在驗證這些對於獅子結核病篩檢試驗的快速動物免疫檢驗。
關鍵字：診斷、獅子、牛型分支桿菌、血清學檢測、結核病
Pages 330-337
CHLORAMPHENICOL WITH FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE THERAPY CURES TERMINALLY ILL GREEN TREE FROGS (LITORIA CAERULEA) WITH CHYTRIDIOMYCOSIS
Sam Young, B.V.Sc., M.V.S., Rick Speare, B.V.Sc., Ph.D., Lee Berger, B.V.Sc., Ph.D., and Lee F. Skerratt, B.V.Sc., Ph.D.
Abstract:
Terminal changes in frogs infected with the amphibian fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) include epidermal degeneration leading to inhibited epidermal electrolyte transport, systemic electrolyte disturbances, and asystolic cardiac arrest. There are few reports of successful treatment of chytridiomycosis and none that include curing amphibians with severe disease. Three terminally ill green tree frogs (Litoria caerulea) with heavy Bd infections were cured using a combination of continuous shallow immersion in 20 mg/L chloramphenicol solution for 14 days, parenteral isotonic electrolyte fluid therapy for 6 days, and increased ambient temperature to 28°C for 14 days. All terminally ill frogs recovered rapidly to normal activity levels and appetite within 5 days of commencing treatment. In contrast, five untreated terminally ill L. caerulea with heavy Bd infections died within 24–48 hr of becoming moribund. Subclinical infections in 15 experimentally infected L. caerulea were cured within 28 days by continuous shallow immersion in 20 mg/L chloramphenicol solution without adverse effects. This is the first known report of a clinical treatment protocol for curing terminally ill Bd-infected frogs.
Keywords: Amphibian chytrid, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, chloramphenicol, chytridiomycosis, cure, treatment
以氯黴素伴隨輸液與電解質治療罹患壺菌末期的綠樹蛙
Sam Young, B.V.Sc., M.V.S., Rick Speare, B.V.Sc., Ph.D., Lee Berger, B.V.Sc., Ph.D., and Lee F. Skerratt, B.V.Sc., Ph.D.
翻譯：金仕謙
摘要：蛙類感染兩棲類黴菌性病原壺菌，導致上皮細胞褪變，病程發展末期，出現上皮細胞電解質運輸抑制，系統性的電解質紊亂，心臟收縮衰竭。成功治療的壺菌的報告極為少見，更沒有治療已出現嚴重病症的兩棲類案例。三隻已感染壺菌病到末期的綠樹蛙，以20mg/L的氯黴素液體持續浸泡14天，並注射等張電解質液體6天，同時將室溫調升到28度持續14天。所有出現末期病症的蛙，經過5天，迅速恢復到正常的活動能力與食慾。相反的，5隻嚴重感染壺菌且未治療的綠樹蛙，在瀕臨垂死狀態下24-48小時內死亡。15隻經實驗感染，沒有臨床症狀的個體，以20mg/L氯黴素持續浸泡28天後治癒，未出現副作用。這是已知第一篇對感染壺菌疾病到末期的蛙，提出臨床治療流程的報告。
關鍵字：兩棲類壺菌、壺菌學名、氯黴素、壺菌病、痊癒、治療
Pages 338-341
AN OUTBREAK OF TUBERCULOSIS BY MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS IN COATIS (NASUA NASUA)
Patrícia Sayuri Murakami, D.V.M., M.Sc., Fernanda Monego, D.V.M., M.Sc., John L. Ho, M.D., Andrea Gibson, B.Sc., Ph.D., Ricardo Guilherme D'Otaviano de Castro Vilani, D.V.M., Ph.D., Grazielle Cristina Garcia Soresini, D.V.M., Sonia Regina Brockelt, Pharmac. Bioch., Sonia Maria Biesdorf, D.V.M., M.Sc., Renata Benício Neves Fuverki, D.V.M., Sueli Massumi Nakatani, Pharmac. Bioch., Ph.D., Irina Nastassja Riediger, Pharmac. Bioch., M.Sc., Ana Laura Grazziotin, D.V.M., Andrea Pires do Santos, D.V.M., Ph.D., Ivan Roque de Barros Filho, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Alexander Welker Biondo, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Abstract:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, which includes Mycobacterium bovis, infrequently causes severe or lethal disease in captive wildlife populations. A dead coati from a wildlife triage center showing pulmonary lesions compatible with tuberculosis had raised suspicion of a potential disease caused by mycobacteria species and was further investigated. Four native coatis (Nasua nasua) with suspected mycobacterial infection were sedated, and bronchoalveolar lavages and tuberculin skin tests (TSTs) were performed. All animals tested positive upon TST. Mycobacterial culturing, Ziehl–Neelsen staining, and genetic testing were performed on postmortem samples and the etiologic agent was identified as M. bovis. Molecular genetic identification using a polymerase chain reaction panel was crucial to achieving a definitive diagnosis.
Keywords: Coatis, Mycobacterium bovis, Nasua nasua, tuberculosis, wildlife
長鼻浣熊因牛型分支桿菌造成的結核病爆發
翻譯：賴燕雪
摘要：分支桿菌結核病複合症，包含牛型分支桿菌，對圈養的野生動物群體，並不常造成嚴重或致命的疾病。野生動物分類中心的一隻死亡長鼻浣熊，出現與結核病相符合的肺臟病灶，被懷疑可能是潛在的分支桿菌造成疾病，並且做進一步調查。鎮定4隻疑似感染分支桿菌的本土長鼻浣熊，並進行支氣管肺泡灌洗，以及結合菌素皮膚試驗(TSTs)。根據TST檢測，所有動物都呈現陽性。對死後檢體進行分支桿菌培養、Ziehl–Neelsen染色與基因檢測，鑑定出致病原是牛型分支桿菌。使用聚合酶鏈反應進行分子基因鑑定，是達到確診重要的依據。
關鍵字：長鼻浣熊、牛型分支桿菌、長鼻浣熊學名、結核病、野生動物
Pages 342-346
PRIMARY FEATHER FOLLICLE ABLATION IN COMMON PINTAILS (ANAS ACUTA ACUTA) AND A WHITE-FACED WHISTLING DUCK (DENDROCYGNA VIDUATA)
Shannon N. Shaw, D.V.M., Jennifer J. D'Agostino, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Michelle R. Davis, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., and Elizabeth A. McCrae, B.S., R.V.T.
Abstract:
Eight 1-yr-old common pintails (Anas acuta acuta) and one 2-yr-old white-faced whistling duck (Dendrocygna viduata) were presented for the persistence of primary flight feathers 1 yr after pinioning. The birds were housed outdoors in an open enclosure necessitating flight prevention. The birds were placed under general anesthesia, and a diode laser was used to ablate the primary feather follicles of the previously pinioned wing. Swelling was the most common side effect seen in seven out of nine treated birds. Other side effects included ulceration, hyperemia, edema, and serosanguinous discharge. All side effects were resolved by 12 wk postprocedure. Laser feather follicle ablation was successful in 28 of 40 (70%) of the treated common pintail feathers, and flight was not observed 7 mo following the procedure in any of these birds. Feather follicle ablation was successful in two of six (33%) of the treated white-faced whistling duck feathers, and the bird in question was observed flying 5 mo after the procedure. Primary feather follicle ablation with a diode laser was a successful method of flight prevention in common pintails but was not effective for a white-faced whistling duck.
Keywords: Deflighting, common pintail, Anas acuta acuta, white-faced whistling duck, Dendrocygna viduata, diode laser
尖尾鴨與白面樹鴨初級飛羽毛囊清除
Shannon N. Shaw, D.V.M., Jennifer J. D'Agostino, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Michelle R. Davis, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., and Elizabeth A. McCrae, B.S., R.V.T.
翻譯：金仕謙
摘要：8隻1歲齡的尖尾鴨和1隻兩歲齡白面樹鴨，在初級飛羽永久性剪羽處理後持續觀察1年。這些鳥圈養在戶外的開放區域，需要預防其飛走。這些鳥經全身麻醉，以二極體雷射清除之前經過剪羽的初級飛羽毛囊。最常出現的副作用是腫脹，在9隻個體中有7隻出現。其他的副作用包括潰瘍、充血、水腫和血清樣分泌物。所有的副作用在術後12周都恢復正常。以雷射清除毛囊成功的在40隻中的28隻(70%)尖尾鴨處理後，7個月並沒有飛走的案例。毛囊清除術在白面樹鴨6隻中的2隻(33%)，在術後5個月還觀察到飛行。初級飛羽以二極體雷射清除，成功地在尖尾鴨預防飛行，但是在白面樹鴨沒有效果。
關鍵字：避免飛行、尖尾鴨、尖尾鴨學名、白面樹鴨、白面樹鴨學名、二極體雷射
Pages 347-354
STIFLE OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSECANS IN SNOW LEOPARDS (UNCIA UNCIA)
Kimberly Vinette Herrin, M.S., D.V.M., Graeme Allan, B.V.Sc., M.V.Sc., Dipl. A.C.V.R., F.A.C.V.S., M.R.C.V.S., Anthony Black, B.V.Sc., F.A.C.V.Sc., Rhonda Aliah, D.V.M., and Cameron Rolfe Howlett, B.V.Sc., Ph.D. Syd., M.R.C.V.S., M.A.C.V.Sc., F.B.S.E.
Abstract:
Three snow leopard (Uncia uncia) cubs, female and male siblings and an unrelated female, had lameness attributed to osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions noted at 6, 8, and 10 mo of age, respectively. All cubs were diagnosed with OCD via radiographs. The sibling cubs both had lesions of the right lateral femoral condyles, while the unrelated cub had bilateral lesions of the lateral femoral condyles. Subsequently, OCD was confirmed in all three cases during surgical correction of the lateral femoral condyle lesions via lateral stifle arthrotomies, flap removal, and debridement of the defect sites. Histopathology also supported the diagnosis of OCD. Postoperatively, the sibling cubs developed seromas at the incision sites and mild lameness, which resolved within a month. To date, two cubs have been orthopedically sound, while one of the sibling cubs has developed mild osteoarthritis. OCD has rarely been reported in domestic felids, and to the authors' knowledge these are the first reported cases of OCD in nondomestic felids.
Keywords: Snow leopard, Uncia uncia, osteochondritis dissecans, stifle
雪豹的膝關節軟骨剝離炎
Kimberly Vinette Herrin, M.S., D.V.M., Graeme Allan, B.V.Sc., M.V.Sc., Dipl. A.C.V.R., F.A.C.V.S., M.R.C.V.S., Anthony Black, B.V.Sc., F.A.C.V.Sc., Rhonda Aliah, D.V.M., and Cameron Rolfe Howlett, B.V.Sc., Ph.D. Syd., M.R.C.V.S., M.A.C.V.Sc., F.B.S.E.
翻譯：金仕謙
摘要：三隻雪豹仔獸，一對同胞兄妹和一隻沒有血緣關係的雌性仔獸，分別在6、8和10月齡時，出現跛腳的情形，初步推估是關節軟骨剝離炎(OCD)。所有的仔獸都經由放射線影像確診為OCD。這對同胎的仔獸在右外側股骨轉節，都出現病灶；而無血緣關係的仔獸，則為雙側的外側股骨轉節病灶。隨後，三個病例皆於以外側膝關節切開術，移除軟骨片，並清除缺損區域的碎片的手術治療過程，確認是OCD。術後，同胎的仔獸在手術切口，皆出現血清腫及輕微的跛腳，並在一個月內獲得改善。至報告投稿前，兩隻仔獸經過骨科整形手術處理後，同胎的兩隻仔獸中的一隻出現輕微的骨關節炎。OCD很少在家貓被報告，就筆者的知識所及，本報告是第一個在非家貓發生OCD的案例報告。
關鍵字：雪豹、雪豹學名、軟骨剝離炎、膝關節
Pages 355-359
HIATAL HERNIA IN A HARBOR SEAL (PHOCA VITULINA) PUP
Barbara Biancani, D.V.M., Ph.D., Cara L. Field, D.V.M., Ph.D., Sophie Dennison, B.V.M.&S., Diplomate A.C.V.R., Robert Pulver, D.V.M., and Allison D. Tuttle, D.V.M., Diplomate A.C.Z.M.
Abstract:
A 2-wk-old stranded harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) rescued by Mystic Aquarium showed signs of the presence of a hiatal hernia during rehabilitation. Contrast radiographs of esophagus and stomach revealed an intrathoracic radiodensity that contains filling defects typical of stomach, consistent with gastric rugal folds. Mural thickening was observed at the level of the cardia consistent with a diagnosis of a hiatal hernia. Although clinical improvement was noted with medical therapy and tube feeding, surgical correction of the hiatal hernia was considered necessary for full resolution. However, owing to the animal's low body weight, the corrective hernia surgery was postponed until the body condition improved. The seal needed to be surgically treated for a corneal ulcer, and while anesthetized with isoflurane, the seal became dyspneic and developed cardiac arrhythmias; ultimately cardiac arrest ensued. Resuscitation was unsuccessfully attempted and the seal was euthanized. Necropsy confirmed the radiographic diagnosis and further characterized a paraesophageal hiatal hernia.
Keywords: Harbor seal, hiatal hernia, disease, Phoca vitulina, rehabilitation
麻斑海豹仔獸橫膈裂隙疝氣
Barbara Biancani, D.V.M., Ph.D., Cara L. Field, D.V.M., Ph.D., Sophie Dennison, B.V.M.&S., Diplomate A.C.V.R., Robert Pulver, D.V.M., and Allison D. Tuttle, D.V.M., Diplomate A.C.Z.M.
翻譯：金仕謙
摘要：一隻兩周大擱淺的麻斑海豹，由Mystic水族館救援，在復健的過程中，出現橫膈裂隙疝氣的症狀。對食道與胃以對比放射線攝影，顯示胸腔內的放射線影像密度，出現胃皺折的典型胃影像。在心臟的位置，出現體壁一致性增厚的情形，顯示為橫膈裂隙疝氣。雖然，臨床症狀在內科療法與管灌餵食有所改善，一般認為外科手術治療是橫膈疝氣處理必須的作為。但是，由於動物體重輕，矯正手術須等延後到體重達到一定水準。這隻小海豹因為角膜潰瘍手術，以Isoflurane麻醉時，小海豹發生呼吸窘迫，後續心律不整，最後出現心臟衰竭。嘗試進行心肺復甦不成功後，小海豹就安樂死。屍解證實放射線的診斷，進一步確認為副食道橫膈裂隙疝氣。
關鍵字：麻斑海豹、橫膈裂隙疝氣、疾病、麻斑海豹學名、復健
Pages 360-366
CARDIAC HEMANGIOMA IN A CORN SNAKE (PANTHEROPHIS GUTTATUS)
Job Benjamin Gérard Stumpel, M.Sc. D.V.M., Jorge del-Pozo, D.V.M., M.Sc., Ph.D., Anne French, M.V.B., Ph.D., Cert. S.A.M. D.V.C., Dipl. E.C.V.I.M. (Cardiology), and Kevin Eatwell, B.V.Sc., D.ZooMed. (Reptilian), Dipl. E.C.Z.M. (Herpetology)
Abstract:
A 3-yr-old female corn snake, Pantherophis guttatus guttatus, was presented for clinical examination of anorexia and a cœlomic mass. Radiographs and ultrasound demonstrated a fluid-filled mass in the cardiac region. Surgical exploration revealed an approximately 1.2-cm, round, multilobulated, fluid-filled, nodular lesion firmly attached to the left atrial wall. Resection was attempted but proved unsuccessful and the animal was euthanized. Histopathological examination of the lesion revealed a large cystic structure associated with a cluster of variably sized, vascular channels lined by a one-cell-thick layer of endothelium, consistent with a cardiac hemangioma of the left atrium. This, to the best of the authors' knowledge, is the first report of such an occurrence in a snake.
Keywords: Cardiac disease, corn snake, hemangioma, neoplasia, Pantherophis guttatus
玉米蛇的心臟血管瘤
Job Benjamin Gérard Stumpel, M.Sc. D.V.M., Jorge del-Pozo, D.V.M., M.Sc., Ph.D., Anne French, M.V.B., Ph.D., Cert. S.A.M. D.V.C., Dipl. E.C.V.I.M. (Cardiology), and Kevin Eatwell, B.V.Sc., D.ZooMed. (Reptilian), Dipl. E.C.Z.M. (Herpetology)
翻譯：金仕謙
摘要：一隻三歲的雌性玉米蛇，出現食慾不振且出現體腔腫塊。放射線與超音波檢查確認在心臟旁充滿液體的腫塊。經手術切開顯示近1.2cm，圓形，多分葉且充滿液體，結節樣的結構緊密黏結在左心房壁。嘗試切除不成後，動物逕行安樂死。病灶經組織病理檢查，顯示大量大小不一的囊狀結構，血管通道有單細胞厚度的內皮細胞，組成了心臟的左心房血管瘤。依筆者的知識所及，這是首次發生在蛇類的報告。
關鍵字：心臟疾病、玉米蛇、血管瘤、腫瘤、玉米蛇學名
Pages 367-374
DEBILITATION AND MORTALITY ASSOCIATED WITH BESNOITIOSIS IN FOUR VIRGINIA OPOSSUMS (DIDELPHIS VIRGINIANA)
Angela E. Ellis, D.V.M., Ph.D., Elizabeth Mackey, D.V.M., Philip A. Moore, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.O., Stephen J. Divers, B. VetMed, D. ZooMed, Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Dipl. E.C.Z.M., Patrick Hensel, D.M.V., Dipl. A.C.V.D., K. Paige Carmichael, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Peter Accola, D.V.M., Justin Brown, D.V.M., Ph.D., Nicole Gottdenker, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dip. A.C.V.P., M. Kevin Keel, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Barbara C. Shock, M.S., and Michael J. Yabsley, Ph.D.
Abstract:
Besnoitia spp. are coccidian parasites that infect a variety of wild and domestic mammals as well as some reptiles. Although infection with Besnoitia is common in Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana), clinical signs or death due to Besnoitia is rare. This manuscript describes four Virginia opossums that had severe clinical disease and inflammation associated with besnoitiosis. Clinical signs included trembling, incoordination, circling, blindness, poor body condition, and sudden death. Gross lesions included parasitic cysts in eyes, skin, and visceral organs. Histologically, cysts were often degenerate and associated with mild to marked inflammation, and amyloidosis was noted in one animal. Polymerase chain reaction and sequencing confirmed Besnoitia darlingi in three of the four opossums.
Keywords: Besnoitia, besnoitiosis, coccidian, opossum, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
四隻維吉尼亞負子鼠因貝諾孢子蟲所致的衰弱與致死
Angela E. Ellis, D.V.M., Ph.D., Elizabeth Mackey, D.V.M., Philip A. Moore, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.O., Stephen J. Divers, B. VetMed, D. ZooMed, Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Dipl. E.C.Z.M., Patrick Hensel, D.M.V., Dipl. A.C.V.D., K. Paige Carmichael, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Peter Accola, D.V.M., Justin Brown, D.V.M., Ph.D., Nicole Gottdenker, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dip. A.C.V.P., M. Kevin Keel, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Barbara C. Shock, M.S., and Michael J. Yabsley, Ph.D
翻譯：金仕謙
摘要：貝諾孢子蟲是球蟲型的寄生蟲，會感染野生與家畜的哺乳動物，如某些爬蟲類。雖然在維吉尼亞負子鼠常見貝諾孢子蟲感染，臨床上出現死亡的案例極少見。本報告描述四隻維吉尼亞負子鼠，因貝諾孢子重症導致嚴重的臨床疾病與炎症反應。臨床症狀包括震顫、行動不協調、轉圈圈、眼盲、身體狀況不佳，以及猝死。眼觀病變可見眼睛、皮膚與內臟器官有寄生蟲囊包。組織學檢查，囊包通常伴有退行性變化，伴隨有輕微到顯著的炎症反應；而且在一隻個體出現類澱粉樣病變。經聚合酶連鎖反應和定序證實，四隻動物中的三隻個體是Besnoitia darling。
關鍵字：貝諾孢子蟲、貝諾孢子蟲症、球蟲、負子蟲、聚合酶連鎖反應
Pages 375-383
HEMORRHAGIC AND NECROTIZING HEPATITIS ASSOCIATED WITH ADMINISTRATION OF A MODIFIED LIVE CANINE ADENOVIRUS-2 VACCINE IN A MANED WOLF (CHRYSOCYON BRACHYURUS)
Julie Swenson, D.V.M., Kathryn Orr, D.V.M., and Gregory A. Bradley, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P.
Abstract:
A 15-yr-old, female, maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) was euthanized after presenting semicomatose with severe, uncontrolled frank hemorrhage from her rectum 6 days following a routine physical examination and vaccination. Histopathology indicated severe hemorrhagic and necrotizing hepatitis with intranuclear basophilic inclusion bodies in the liver that were thought to be consistent with adenoviral infection. Further classification by polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemical staining, virus isolation, and electron microscopy confirmed the etiologic agent to be canine adenovirus-2. A representative sample of the vaccine that had been used was submitted and sequenced along with the virus isolated from the maned wolf. The sequencing of the etiologic agent that had been isolated from the maned wolf was determined to be the same as the strain of virus used in the production of the modified live vaccine that had been administered 6 days prior to death. From this information, the diagnosis of vaccine-induced adenoviral hepatitis was made. This is the first confirmed case of vaccine-induced canine adenoviral hepatitis in a maned wolf.
Keywords: Adenoviral hepatitis, Chrysocyon brachyurus, maned wolf, modified live virus vaccine, vaccine-induced
在鬃狼施打減毒犬腺病毒-2疫苗與出血性和壞死性肝炎之間的關聯
Julie Swenson, D.V.M., Kathryn Orr, D.V.M., and Gregory A. Bradley, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P.
翻譯：黃宮
摘要：一隻15歲的雌姓鬃狼，在六天前的常規健檢與疫苗注射後，因為呈現半昏迷並伴隨嚴重、無法控制的直腸出血，後實行安樂死。組織病理學指出肝有嚴重的出血性急性壞死性肝炎，且伴隨核內嗜鹼性包函體，此病灶被認為有腺病毒的感染。進一步利用聚合酶連鎖反應、免疫組織化學染色、病毒分離和電子顯微鏡檢查，證實此致病原為犬腺病毒-2。將鬃狼身上分離到的致病原，與用於鬃狼的疫苗，分離到的病毒序列進行比對，確定與6天前施打且導致死亡的活體疫苗相同。由此，可診斷為疫苗所造成的腺病毒性肝炎。這是第一件在鬃狼證實，由疫苗導致的腺病毒肝炎病例。
關鍵字：腺病毒性肝炎、鬃狼學名、鬃狼、減毒活毒疫苗、疫苗誘發的
Pages 384-387
SEROLOGIC SURVEY OF BRUCELLOSIS IN CAPTIVE NEOTROPICAL WILD CARNIVORES IN NORTHEAST BRAZIL
Edmilson F. Oliveira-Filho, D.V.M., M.Sc., José W. Pinheiro Júnior, D.V.M., Ph.D., Marcília M. A. Souza, D.V.M., Vânia L. A. Santana, D.V.M., Ph.D., Jean C. R. Silva, D.V.M., Ph.D., Rinaldo A. Mota, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Fabrício B. Sá, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Abstract.
This study reports the detection of antibodies against Brucella abortus and B. canis in wild neotropical carnivores kept in captivity in three zoos in northeastern Brazil. A total of 42 serum samples were examined, 17 from coatis (Nasua nasua), eight from crab-eating raccoons (Procyon cancrivorus), three from crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous), three from hoary foxes (Lycalopex vetulus), two from little spotted cats (Leopardus tigrinus), five from tayras (Eira barbara), two from greater grisons (Galictis vittata), and two from neotropical river otters (Lontra longicaudis). The Rose-Bengal test and complement fixation test (CFT) were performed to detect anti-Brucella spp. antibodies, whereas the agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) was employed to detect anti–B. canis antibodies. The overall seroprevalence varied by species and by test; in addition, CFT and AGID seemed better able to detect antibodies against B. abortus and B. canis, respectively. This is the first study on the presence of anti-Brucella spp. antibodies in captive carnivores from Brazil, as well as the first report of antibodies to Brucella spp. in coatis, crab-eating raccoons, hoary foxes, little spotted cats, tayras, and greater grisons.
Keywords: Epidemiology, brucellosis, zoo animals, serologic survey, mammals
巴西東北部圈養新熱帶區的野生肉食動物之布氏桿菌病血清學調查
Edmilson F. Oliveira-Filho, D.V.M., M.Sc., José W. Pinheiro Júnior, D.V.M., Ph.D., Marcília M. A. Souza, D.V.M., Vânia L. A. Santana, D.V.M., Ph.D., Jean C. R. Silva, D.V.M., Ph.D., Rinaldo A. Mota, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Fabrício B. Sá, D.V.M., Ph.D.
翻譯：黛婷
摘要：此研究報告巴西東北部，三個動物園圈養野生新熱帶區肉食動物的Brucella abortus 和B. canis的抗體檢測。共有42個血清樣本被檢測：17個來自長鼻浣熊、8個來自食蟹浣熊、3個來自食蟹狐狸、3個來自灰白狐狸、2個來自花斑貓、5個來自黃鼠狼、2個來自大灰鼬鼠和2個來自新熱帶區水獺。以Rose-Bengal試驗和補體結合試驗（CFT）檢測抗布氏桿菌之抗體，而使用瓊脂凝膠免疫擴散試驗（AGID）檢測抗B. canis之抗體。整體血清盛行率隨物種和檢驗方式有所差異；除此之外，CFT和AGID似乎分別地對B. abortus 和B. canis抗體有較佳偵測效果。此為首次研究檢測巴西圈養肉食動物布氏桿菌抗體的存在；這也是第一份在浣熊、食蟹浣熊、灰白狐狸、花斑貓、黃鼠狼和大灰鼬鼠有布氏桿菌抗體的報告。
關鍵字：流行病學、布氏桿菌病、動物園動物、血清學調查、哺乳動物
Pages 388-390
OUTBREAK OF TYPE C BOTULISM IN CAPTIVE WILD BIRDS
Djeison L. Raymundo, D.V.M., Raquel Von Hohendorf, D.V.M., Fabiana M. Boabaid, D.V.M., Maria C. Both, D.V.M., Luciana Sonne, D.V.M., Ronnie A. Assis, D.V.M., Rogerio P. Caldas, D.V.M., and David Driemeier, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Abstract:
In late summer 2010, an outbreak of type C botulism affected the birds kept in a dam at a southern Brazilian zoo. A total of 14 (10 black-necked swans, Cygnus melancoryphus; 3 Muscovy ducks, Cairina moschata; and 1 fulvous whistling-duck, Dendrocygna bicolor) out of 100 birds died after showing flaccid paralysis of the skeletal muscles characterized by general locomotion deficit, flight and swimming disorders, dropped neck, and severe dyspnea. Carcasses of dead birds (some infested by larvae of sarcophagus fly) scattered in the bird enclosure, and oxygen-free, organically rich mud and/or shallow standing waters present at the edges of the weir were identified as possible toxin sources. Postmortem examinations revealed no significant pathological changes. Epidemiologic and clinical findings indicated the diagnosis of type C botulism toxin, which was confirmed by mouse bioassay and seroneutralization.
Keywords: Avian botulism, Clostridium botulinum, type C botulism, black-necked swan, Cygnus melancoryphus, captive wild birds
圈養野生鳥類爆發C型肉毒桿菌病
Djeison L. Raymundo, D.V.M., Raquel Von Hohendorf, D.V.M., Fabiana M. Boabaid, D.V.M., Maria C. Both, D.V.M., Luciana Sonne, D.V.M., Ronnie A. Assis, D.V.M., Rogerio P. Caldas, D.V.M., and David Driemeier, D.V.M., Ph.D.
翻譯：金仕謙
摘要：在2010年夏季末，一個巴西南部水壩區的動物園，爆發C型肉毒桿菌病。100隻鳥中，有14隻個體在出現運動肌肉麻痺特性，呈現全面性的運動失調，飛行與游泳異常，頸部下垂和嚴重的呼吸窘迫等症狀後死亡(10隻黑頸天鵝、3隻番鴨、1隻草黃樹鴨)。死亡鳥類的屍體(部分感染腐蝕蠅的幼蟲)，散佈在鳥的欄舍，缺氧又富含有機質的泥灘，或堤壩邊淺灘邊的積水，可能都是毒素的來源。死後屍解檢查並無明顯的病理變化。由流行病學與臨床上的發現，診斷為C型肉毒桿菌毒素，也進一步由老鼠生物分析與血清中和試驗。
關鍵字：禽類肉毒桿菌症、肉毒桿菌學名、C型肉毒桿菌病、黑頸天鵝、黑頸天鵝學名、圈養野生鳥類
Pages 391-393
MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSPECIES PARATUBERCULOSIS CULTURED FROM THE FECES OF A SOUTHERN BLACK RHINOCEROS (DICEROS BICORNIS MINOR) WITH DIARRHEA AND WEIGHT LOSS
Benn Bryant, B.V.Sc., M.V.S., M.A.C.V.Sc., David Blyde, B.V.Sc., M.A.C.V.Sc., M.B.A., Graeme Eamens, B.V.Sc., Ph.D., and Richard Whittington, B.V.Sc., Ph.D.
Abstract:
Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (Map) was cultured from the feces of a wild-caught, female, adult Southern black rhinoceros. The animal, which presented with a 4-mo history of diarrhea and weight loss, was prescribed a course of antimycobacterial drugs. The clinical signs resolved, and the feces were repeatedly culture negative thereafter. Although the Rhinocerotidae are likely to be resistant to Johne's disease, this case raises the possibility that they can become transiently infected with the causative organism.
Keywords: Anti–mycobacterial therapy, Diceros bicornis minor, Johne's disease, Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis, Southern black rhinoceros
由出現下痢與體重減輕的南方黑犀牛糞便培養出鳥型分枝桿菌的副結核病菌
Benn Bryant, B.V.Sc., M.V.S., M.A.C.V.Sc., David Blyde, B.V.Sc., M.A.C.V.Sc., M.B.A., Graeme Eamens, B.V.Sc., Ph.D., and Richard Whittington, B.V.Sc., Ph.D.
翻譯：金仕謙
摘要：從野外捕捉雌性成年南方黑犀牛的糞便中，培養出鳥型分枝桿菌副結核病菌。該動物連續4月出現下痢與體重減輕的臨床症狀，並接續以抗分枝桿菌藥物治療。臨床症狀改善，且治療後持續培養且結果為陰性。雖然，犀牛屬對副結核病似乎有抗性，本案例增加了黑犀牛可能有致病菌的暫時感染。
關鍵字：抗分枝桿菌治療、黑犀牛學名、副結核病、鳥型分枝桿菌副結核病、南方黑犀牛
Pages 394-396
HEMORRHAGIC ENTEROCOLITIS AND DEATH IN TWO FELINES (PANTHERA TIGRIS ALTAICA AND PANTHERA LEO) ASSOCIATED WITH CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS TYPE A
Yanlong Zhang, Ph.D., Zhijun Hou, Ph.D., and Jianzhang Ma
Abstract:
Severe hemorrhagic enterocolitis was observed in a Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) and a lion (Panthera leo). Both animals developed acute depression, anorexia, and bloody diarrhea several days before death. Small and large intestines were diffusely congested, edematous, necrotic, and filled with hemorrhagic fluid, and mesenteric lymph nodes were enlarged and congested. Pure and abundant growth of gram-positive bacilli was obtained in culture under anaerobic conditions from the livers of both felines. Identification of highly virulent Clostridium perfringens Type A was based on pathologic lesions, hemolytic patterns, morphologic structure, and polymerase chain reaction. Animal inoculation assays indicated that C. perfringens Type A played an important role in the pathogenesis of both felines.
Keywords: Alpha-toxin, α-toxin, Clostridium perfringens, hemorrhagic enterocolitis, lion, Panthera leo, Siberian tiger, Panthera tigris altaica
在兩種貓科動物(東北虎和非洲獅)中，由A型產氣芽孢梭菌所引發之出血性小腸結腸炎和死亡
Yanlong Zhang, Ph.D., Zhijun Hou, Ph.D., and Jianzhang Ma
翻譯：金仕謙
摘要: 在西伯利亞虎(東北虎)和獅子(非洲獅)發現了嚴重的出血性小腸結腸炎。這兩種動物在死前數天都出現嚴重抑鬱、厭食、血樣下痢。小腸和大腸廣泛性充血、水腫、壞死、充滿血樣液體、腸細膜淋巴結腫大和充血。從兩種貓科動物的肝臟中，分離出之病原，在厭氧環境下，培養出大量格蘭氏陽性菌。依據病理病變、溶血模式、形態結構和聚合酶鏈鎖反應，鑑定出本菌為高致病性的A型產氣莢膜梭菌；經動物接種試驗，顯示A型產氣芽孢梭菌在這兩種貓科動物的致病機制中扮演了重要的角色。
關鍵字：α-毒素、α-毒素、產氣芽孢梭菌、出血性小腸結腸炎、獅子、非洲獅學名、西伯利亞虎、西伯利亞虎學名
Pages 397-401
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING DIAGNOSIS OF INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DISEASE AND MYELOMALACIA IN AN AMERICAN BLACK BEAR (URSUS AMERICANUS)
S. Emmanuelle Knafo, D.V.M., Stephen J. Divers, B. vet. med., D. zoo. med., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Dipl. E.C.Z.M. (Herpetology), F.R.C.V.S., Raquel Rech, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P., and Simon R. Platt, B.V.M.&S., Dipl. A.C.V.I.M. (Neurology), Dipl. E.C.V.N., M.R.C.V.S.
Abstract:
A 23-yr-old black bear (Ursus americanus) was examined because of paralysis of unknown duration. The precise onset of clinical signs was unknown as a result of seasonal torpor. The bear was immobilized and transported to a university veterinary teaching hospital for further evaluation and treatment. Radiography revealed increased mineral opacity and ventral bridging across vertebral segments T8–11. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated dorsal and ventral compression of the spinal cord at T8–9. Given the bear's advanced age, the unknown duration of spinal cord compression, unknown presence of deep pain perception, and thus an unknown prognosis for surgical success, euthanasia was elected. Postmortem examination revealed severe spondylosis deformans from T7 to L3 and dorsal extradural extruded disc material in the area of T8–9. Histopathology demonstrated the dorsal horns of the spinal cord at T9 were replaced by foamy macrophages extending into the dorsal and lateral funiculi of the white matter compatible with focal, severe, chronic myelomalacia. This is the first report of intervertebral disc disease and myelomalacia diagnosed using MRI in a large carnivore.
Keywords: Ursus americanus, American black bear, myelomalacia, intervertebral disc, magnetic resonance imaging
核磁共振影像診斷美洲黑熊椎間盤疾病和脊髓軟化
S. Emmanuelle Knafo, D.V.M., Stephen J. Divers, B. vet. med., D. zoo. med., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Dipl. E.C.Z.M. (Herpetology), F.R.C.V.S., Raquel Rech, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P., and Simon R. Platt, B.V.M.&S., Dipl. A.C.V.I.M. (Neurology), Dipl. E.C.V.N., M.R.C.V.S.
翻譯：黛婷
摘要：一隻二十三歲的美洲黑熊，因為經過未知時間的麻痺送檢。因為臨床症狀因季節性活力減低，使發現的精確時間未確定。熊被保定並運送到一所獸醫教學醫院做進一步的評估和治療。放射影像顯示礦物質呈像增加，顯示胸椎T8-T11的腹側連結骨刺。核磁共振成像顯示在脊髓T8-9有背側和腹側壓迫。有鑑於熊的高齡，脊髓受壓持續時間未知，深度疼痛感知的存在未知，加上成功手術後的預後未知，選擇人道處理。死後檢驗發現從T7到L3，有嚴重的脊椎關節黏連變形，和T8到T9硬膜外背側椎間盤突出。組織病理學顯示T9的脊髓背角，被泡沫狀的巨噬細胞所取代，延伸入背外側白質的索狀帶，伴隨嚴重的局部慢性脊髓軟化症狀。這是首次在大型肉食動物，使用MRI診斷椎間盤疾病和脊髓軟化。
關鍵字：美洲黑熊學名、美洲黑熊、脊髓軟化、椎間盤、核磁共振影像
Pages 402-406
SURGICAL REMOVAL OF AN ABSCESS ASSOCIATED WITH FUSARIUM SOLANI FROM A KEMP'S RIDLEY SEA TURTLE (LEPIDOCHELYS KEMPII)
Sea Rogers Williams, V.M.D., Michele A. Sims, D.V.M., Lois Roth-Johnson, D.V.M., Ph.D., D.A.V.C.P., and Brian Wickes, Ph.D.
Abstract:
A cold-stunned Kemp's ridley sea turtle, Lepidochelys kempii, developed an abscess associated with Fusarium solani, Vibrio alginolyticus, and a Shewenalla species after receiving a bite wound to the front flipper during rehabilitation. The lesion failed to respond to medical therapy and was treated successfully with surgery. Histopathology of the excised tissue demonstrated septic heterophilic inflammation with necrosis and granulation tissue, fungal elements, and bacteria, despite appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Variably thick bands of dense collagenous tissue partially surrounded affected areas which might have limited drug penetration into the tissue. Postoperative healing and eventual releases were uneventful. This is the first report of surgical treatment of cutaneous Fusarium infection in a sea turtle and supports surgery as an effective treatment for a fungal abscess in a reptile.
Keywords: Sea turtle, Kemp's ridley, Lepidochelys kempii, fungus, Fusarium solani, abscess
手術移除肯氏海龜腐皮鐮刀菌感染之膿瘍
翻譯：賴燕雪
摘要：一隻低溫昏迷的肯氏海龜，在復健過程中，於前側鰭狀肢遭咬傷的傷口，發展出一個與腐皮鐮刀菌、溶藻弧菌和希瓦氏菌有關的膿瘍。這傷口對藥物治療並沒有效果，以手術成功的治療。切下組織進行組織病理學檢查，儘管已給予適當的抗微生物治療，仍呈現敗血性嗜異性球的炎症反應，伴隨有壞死與肉芽組織、黴菌成分和細菌。感染區域周圍部分環繞著厚度不一的緻密膠原纖維組織，可能限制了藥物穿透入組織。術後傷口的癒合與最終野放都相當順利。這是海龜以手術治療皮膚型腐皮鐮刀菌感染的首次報告，也支持手術是爬蟲類黴菌膿瘍，有效的治療方式。
關鍵字：海龜、肯氏海龜、肯氏海龜學名、黴菌、腐皮鐮刀菌、膿瘍
Pages 407-411
DISSEMINATED PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA IN A NORTH AMERICAN RIVER OTTER (LONTRA CANADENSIS)
Justin R. Schlanser, D.V.M., Jon S. Patterson, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Matti Kiupel, Dr. med. Vet. habil., M.S., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Christy Hencken, B.S., James G. Sikarskie, D.V.M., M.S., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., and Tara M. Harrison, D.V.M., M.P.V.M, Dipl. A.C.Z.M.
Abstract:
A 21-yr-old male North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) with a chronic history of degenerative osteoarthritis was evaluated for acute posterior paralysis. Because no definitive cause was identified and a poor prognosis was expected, the otter was euthanatized. A malignant neoplasm of adrenal gland origin with disseminated metastases to the central nervous system, lymph nodes, diaphragm, pancreas, spleen, and liver was diagnosed on postmortem examination. No clinical signs of disseminated neoplasia had been noted throughout the otter's history. The adrenal neoplasm was composed of nests of epithelial cells surrounded by a fine fibrovascular stroma. Neoplastic cells were immunohistochemically positive for chromogranin A, PGP9.5, metencephalin, and endorphin and negative for melan A and inhibin, confirming a diagnosis of a malignant pheochromocytoma. On the basis of the necropsy finding, metastasis of the pheochromocytoma might have contributed to the observed clinical signs.
Keywords: Otter, Lontra canadensis, pheochromocytoma, adrenal, veterinary
北美水獺的瀰漫性嗜鉻細胞瘤
翻譯：張伃廷
摘要：一隻21歲的雄性北美水獺，有慢性退行性骨關節炎的病史，需要評估造成急性後軀癱瘓的原因。因為沒有明確的病因和預期預後不良，所以水獺被安樂死。在屍解時，發現起源於腎上腺的惡性腫瘤，已經散播轉移到中樞神經系統、淋巴結、橫膈膜、胰臟、脾臟和肝臟。在這隻水獺的病史中，從頭到尾都沒有發現有腫瘤轉移的臨床症狀。腎上腺瘤由巢狀上皮細胞所構成，周圍有緻密的纖維血管狀的基質包覆。經免疫組織化學染色，在腫瘤細胞嗜鉻粒蛋白A、PGP9.5、後腦組織和腦內啡呈現陽性，而黑色素瘤A和抑制素為陰性；確診為惡性嗜鉻細胞瘤。由剖檢發現判斷，嗜鉻細胞瘤轉移可能是水獺出現急性後軀癱瘓臨床症狀的原因。
關鍵字：水獺、北美水獺學名、瀰漫性嗜鉻細胞瘤、腎上腺、獸醫師
Pages 412-415
ANISAKIASIS WITH PROVENTRICULAR PERFORATION IN A GREATER SHEARWATER (PUFFINUS GRAVIS) OFF THE COAST OF GEORGIA, UNITED STATES
Nicole M. Nemeth, D.V.M, Ph.D., Michael Yabsley, Ph.D., and M. Kevin Keel, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P.
Abstract:
A juvenile male greater shearwater (Puffinus gravis) found off the Georgia coast, United States, was lethargic, hypothermic, dehydrated, and emaciated. It was provided with supportive care but subsequently died. The coelomic cavity contained fibrinous fluid intermixed with hundreds of nematodes, some of which protruded through a perforation in the proventriculus. Nematodes were embedded in the wall of the proventriculus from the lamina propria to the serosal surface and were surrounded by granulocytes, epithelioid macrophages, multinucleate giant cells, lymphocytes, and fibroplasia. A full-thickness tear in the proventriculus was lined by heterophils and multinucleate giant cells. The nematode histomorphology was consistent with Anisakis spp. The definitive hosts of Anisakis spp. are marine mammals, which are infected through ingestion of parasitized fish and crustaceans. Marine birds are aberrant hosts of Anisakis spp., and young, inexperienced, immunocompromised birds might be more susceptible to severe infestations. Fatal anisakiasis is rarely reported in birds.
Keywords: Anisakis, ascaridoid, greater shearwater, nematode, proventriculus, Puffinus gravis
美國喬治亞州海邊大海鷗的海獸胃線蟲症伴隨前胃穿孔
Nicole M. Nemeth, D.V.M, Ph.D., Michael Yabsley, Ph.D., and M. Kevin Keel, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P.
翻譯：黃宮
摘要:一隻發現於美國喬治亞海邊的未成年大海鷗，呈現嗜睡、低溫、脫水和削瘦。給予支持療法，但最終仍然死亡。體腔內有大量的纖維素性液體，混合數百隻的線蟲，一些線蟲從前胃穿孔處穿出。線蟲包埋於前胃的壁上，從固有層到漿膜層都是，並且圍繞著顆粒球、類上皮巨噬細胞、多核巨大細胞、淋巴球和纖維增生的情形。完全增厚的前胃撕裂處，排列著異嗜球和多核巨大細胞。這些線蟲以組織形態學來看，為海獸胃腺蟲類。海獸胃腺蟲確認的宿主為海洋的哺乳類，經由被寄生的魚類或甲殼類食入而造成感染。海洋鳥類為非常態的海獸胃線蟲的宿主，而且年輕，沒經歷過疾病免疫能力不足的鳥，對於嚴重的寄生蟲感染較為敏感。致命性的海獸胃線蟲症在鳥的病例上是非常罕見的
關鍵字：海獸胃線蟲、蛔蟲類的、大海鷗、線蟲、前胃、大海鷗的學名
Pages 416-420
TYPHLITIS AND ABDOMINAL CYSTIC LYMPHANGIOMATOSIS IN A MT. CARMEL BLIND MOLE RAT (NANNOSPALAX (EHRENBERGI) CARMELI)
Endre Sós, Viktor Molnár, János Gál, Attila Németh, Edina Perge, Zoltán Lajos, and Gábor Csorba
Abstract:
An abdominal cystic lymphangiomatosis in a Mt. Carmel blind mole rat (Nannospalax (ehrenbergi) carmeli) is described. This case was most likely due to a congenital abnormality with long-term compensation by the animal. The case describes the clinical course and subsequent postmortem examination. The death in the animal was caused by an abscess in the peritoneal wall and subsequent peritonitis.
Keywords: Mole rat, lymphangiomatosis, ascites, abscess, typhlitis
基爾默爾山鼴鼠的盲腸炎與囊狀腹部淋巴增生
Endre Sós, Viktor Molnár, János Gál, Attila Németh, Edina Perge, Zoltán Lajos, and Gábor Csor
翻譯：金仕謙
摘要：一個在加爾默爾山鼴鼠腹部的囊狀淋巴血管瘤增生在本報告呈述。此一病例似導因於動物的先天異常及長期代償性反應所致。本案例為描述臨床歷程與死後屍解檢查的資訊。這隻動物的死亡，導因於腹壁的膿瘍破裂及後續的腹膜炎。
關鍵字：鼴鼠、淋巴血管瘤、腹水、膿瘍、盲腸炎
Pages 421-424
LETHAL PROCYRNEA INFECTION IN A BLACK-BACKED WOODPECKER (PICOIDES ARCTICUS) FROM CALIFORNIA
Rodney B. Siegel, Ph.D., Monica L. Bond, M.Sc., Robert L. Wilkerson, B.S., Bradd C. Barr, D.V.M., Ph.D., Chris H. Gardiner, Ph.D., and John M. Kinsella, Ph.D.
Abstract:
The black-backed woodpecker (Picoides arcticus) is a species of management concern in California. As part of a study of black-backed woodpecker home range size and foraging ecology, nine birds in Lassen National Forest (Shasta and Lassen Counties, California) were radio-tracked during the 2011 breeding season. One of the marked birds was found dead after being tracked for a 10-wk period in which it successfully nested. A postmortem examination of the dead bird revealed that it was emaciated and autolyzed, with the presumptive cause being numerous spiruroid nematodes of the genus Procyrnea in the gizzard. This first observation of Procyrnea nematodes in a black-backed woodpecker is notable because the Procyrnea infection was considered lethal and because Procyrnea has been implicated in substantial die-offs in other bird species, including woodpeckers.
Keywords: Black-backed woodpecker, Picoides arcticus, Procyrnea colaptes, Procyrnea pileata, spiruroid nematodes, woodpeckers
加州黑背啄木鳥感染致死性胃線蟲
Rodney B. Siegel, Ph.D., Monica L. Bond, M.Sc., Robert L. Wilkerson, B.S., Bradd C. Barr, D.V.M., Ph.D., Chris H. Gardiner, Ph.D., and John M. Kinsella, Ph.D.
翻譯：金仕謙
摘要：黑背啄木鳥在加州是管理關注的物種。在2011年繁殖季，自黑背啄木鳥的領域與採食範圍研究中，在拉森國家森林(Shasta and Lassen Counties, California) ，經由無線電追蹤的九隻鳥；其中一隻有成功築巢的個體，再被追蹤10周後，但是發現突然死亡。在屍解時，死鳥顯示有消瘦和自溶，推測是導因於大量的螺旋線蟲在肌胃內。這是第一個在黑背啄木鳥受Procyrnea線蟲感染導致死亡的案例，在其他的鳥類，包括啄木鳥，已經有因為Procyrnea導致死亡的資訊。
關鍵字：黑背啄木鳥、黑背啄木鳥的學名、Procyrnea colaptes、Procyrnea pileata、螺旋線蟲、啄木鳥
Pages 425-429
CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT OF PYOTHORAX IN AN AMUR TIGER (PANTHERA TIGRIS ALTAICA)
Abstract:
Therapy for pyothorax, or pleural empyema, has not been described for large felids. This case describes the successful treatment of pyothorax in a captive, large felid. A 15-yr-old multiparous, female Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) presented with nonspecific clinical signs caused by an insidious onset of pyothorax. Management of pyothorax cases in companion animals often involves thoracostomy tube placement with recurrent drainage of the pleural cavity, intensive supportive care, and monitoring. In this case, conservative management was elected because hospitalization was not a viable option. Thoracocentesis was performed to drain as much fluid from the chest cavity as possible, yielding more than 1.3 L. Corynebacterium sp. and unidentified anaerobic gram-positive cocci were cultured. Treatment included cefovecin subcutaneously, oral antibiotic therapy with clindamycin and marbofloxacin, meloxicam, and restricted exercise by minimizing access to the main exhibit. Significant improvement was noted clinically and radiographically 6 wk later, and no relapses were noted in the following weeks. An examination 11.5 mo later confirmed resolution.
Keywords: Anaerobic, Corynebacterium sp, feline, pleural empyema, pyothorax, tiger
西伯利亞虎膿胸症的保守療法
Gabby M. Schrader, D.V.M., Douglas P. Whiteside, D.V.M., D.V.Sc., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Owen M. Slater, D.V.M., and Sandra R. Black, D.V.M., Path. Dip.
翻譯：金仕謙
摘要：膿胸症或胸腔積膿的治療，在大型貓科未曾有描述。本案例為描述成功治療圈養大型貓科動物膿胸症。一隻15歲多胎出生的雌性西伯利亞虎，不預期的發生，非典型膿胸症的臨床症狀。在伴侶動物的膿胸症，是以胸腔切開放置胸管進行胸腔引流，密集的加護照護及監測處理。在本案例，在住院治療無法執行的情形下，選擇保守療法來處理。以胸腔灌洗儘可能的將胸腔內液體排除超過1.3公升。經過培養，發現是棒狀桿菌屬及未鑑定的厭氧性格蘭氏陽性球菌。以cefovecin皮下注射，口服clindamycin和marbofloxacin，melocicam和自主展場移到較小的空間作運動限制。在六周後，從臨床症狀與放射線影像顯示有顯著的改善，在接下來幾周並沒有復發的跡象。在11.5個月後證實已完全治癒。
關鍵字：厭氧的、棒狀桿菌類、貓、胸腔積膿、膿胸症、老虎
Pages 430-433
HEPATIC CAPILLARIASIS IN CAPTIVE RING-TAILED LEMURS (LEMUR CATTA)
Martín Zordan, M.V., Marcela Tirado, M.V., and Claudia López, M.V., M.Sc.
Abstract:
A female ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) and her two cubs held in a zoo in Chile exhibited signs of severe hepatic insufficiency. In spite of supportive treatment, the three animals died a few days after the onset of signs. Postmortem examination revealed ascites and fibrotic lesions in the liver of all the individuals. Histologically, the liver of two of them showed a severe parasitic ova infection and lipidosis, the morphologic characteristics of the parasitic ovas were consistent with Capillaria hepatica (syn. Calodium hepatica) eggs. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first clinical case report of hepatic capillariasis in prosimians, and its implications are discussed.
Keywords: Calodium hepatica, Capillaria hepatica, hepatic capillariasis, Lemur catta, prosimian, parasite
圈養環尾狐猴肝臟毛細線蟲症
Martín Zordan, M.V., Marcela Tirado, M.V., and Claudia López, M.V., M.Sc.
翻譯：金仕謙
摘要：一隻居住在智利動物園的雌性環尾狐猴與她的兩個幼猴，出現嚴重肝臟功能失調的症狀。除了支持性療法，這三隻動物在症狀發生幾天後死亡。死後屍解顯示，在三隻個體都有腹水及肝臟的纖維病變。組織學檢查在其中的兩隻，顯示有嚴重的寄生蟲蟲卵與脂肪沉積，從寄生蟲蟲卵的型態特性分類，為肝毛細線蟲蟲卵。就作者的知識所及，這是第一個在狐猴類肝臟毛細線蟲的報告案例，相關資訊一併討論。
關鍵字：肝毛細線蟲、肝毛細線蟲學名、肝臟毛細線蟲症、環尾狐猴學名、狐猴、寄生蟲
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