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Name of Journal: World Journal of Gastrointestinal EndoscopyManuscript NO: 43386Manuscript?Type: CASE REPORTSafety and efficacy of over-the-scope clip-assisted full thickness resection of duodenal subepithelial tumors: A case report Nassri AB et al. Resection of duodenal subepithelial tumorsAmmar B Nassri, Ahmad Alkhasawneh, James S Scolapio, Miguel H Malespin, Bruno de Souza RibeiroAmmar B Nassri, James S Scolapio, Miguel H Malespin, Bruno de Souza Ribeiro, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Florida Health at Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32209, United StatesAhmad Alkhasawneh, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Health at Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32209, United StatesORCID?number: Ammar B Nassri (0000-0002-2068-939X); Ahmad Alkhasawneh (0000-0002-1343-2035); James S Scolapio (0000-0001-8913-9970); Miguel H Malespin (0000-0002-7804-5773); Bruno de Souza Ribeiro (0000-0001-7205-0304).Author contributions: Nassri AB and Ribeiro BS were involved in conceptualization, literature review, writing original draft, revising, editing and final approval; Alkhasawneh A, Scolapio JS and Malespin MH were involved in drafting, revising, editing and final rmed consent statement: Informed consent was obtained from the patient.Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors declare no conflict of interest.CARE Checklist (2016) statement: The authors have read the CARE 2016 Checklist, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the CARE 2016 Checklist.Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: author: Bruno de Souza Ribeiro, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Florida Health at Jacksonville, 655 W 8th St, Jacksonville, FL 32209, United States. bruno.desouzaribeiro@jax.ufl.eduTelephone: +1-904-3831015Received: November 29, 2018 Peer-review started: November 29, 2018 First decision: January 4, 2019Revised: January 15, 2019Accepted: January 26, 2019Article in press: January 26, 2019Published online: February 16, 2019AbstractBACKGROUNDOver-the-scope clip-assisted endoscopic full thickness resection (eFTR) of subepithelial tumors is a novel and promising endoscopic technique. Recently, there have been prospective studies investigating its use for colonic masses, but data regarding its use and efficacy in the duodenum are limited to a few reports. CASE SUMMARYA 65-year-old African American female presents for evaluation of persistent gastroesophageal reflux disease not responsive to medical treatment. A 1 cm nodule was incidentally found in the duodenum and biopsies revealed a low grade well differentiated neuroendocrine tumor. The nodule was removed using over-the-scope clip-assisted eFTR and pathology revealed clear margins. We review the available literature with a discussion on the efficacy and safety of clip-assisted eFTR s of subepithelial lesions in the duodenum.CONCLUSIONClip assisted eFTR appears to be a safe and efficacious treatment approach to duodenal subepithelial lesions. Further prospective studies are needed to investigate the long-term utility and safety of clip-assisted eFTR in the management of subepithelial duodenal lesions.Key words: Case report; Duodenum; Carcinoid; Endoscopic full thickness resection? The Author(s) 2019. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.Core tip: Over-the-scope clip-assisted endoscopic full thickness resection (eFTR) of subepithelial tumors is a novel endoscopic technique, but has not been extensively studied in duodenal tumors. We present a case of a duodenal carcinoid tumor resected with clip-assisted eFTR that was complicated by bleeding. We explore the safety and efficacy of this procedure in light of the available literature.Citation: Nassri AB, Alkhasawneh A, Scolapio JS, Malespin MH, Ribeiro BS. Safety and efficacy of over-the-scope clip-assisted full thickness resection of duodenal subepithelial tumors: A case report. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2019; 11(2): 168-173URL: DOI: full thickness resection (eFTR) is a promising endoscopic procedure useful for resection of masses arising from any layer of the gastrointestinal wall, particularly for subepithelial tumors. Increasingly, eFTR is being used with the assistance of over the scope (OTS) clips such as the OTSC? (OVESCO Endoscopy AG, Tübingen, Germany) and more recently, the Padlock Clip (Padlock Pro-Select?, Aponos Medical Corporation, Kingston NH, United States). Traditionally, endoscopic resection of duodenal lesions was via endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) or endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), procedures which are technically challenging and associated with significant adverse events such as bleeding and perforation. However, several reports have demonstrated the efficacy of OTS clip-assisted eFTR. We report on a case of carcinoid tumor in the duodenum that was resected with an OTSC clip that was complicated by bleeding, and discuss the efficacy and safety of duodenal OTS clip-assisted eFTR in light of the available literature. CASE PRESENTATIONChief complaintsA 65-year-old African American female presents for evaluation of persistent gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) not responsive to medical treatment. History of past illnessShe had a medical history of a hiatal hernia, GERD and a benign peptic stricture. The patient was not on anticoagulation, antiplatelet agents or non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Personal and family historyThere was no personal or family history of gastrointestinal cancer.Physical examination upon admissionPhysical examination was unremarkable and revealed a comfortable lady without any abdominal tenderness on examination.Laboratory examinationsComplete blood count, complete metabolic panel and prothrombin time/international normalised ratio were all within normal limits.Imaging examinationsAn esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) was performed which revealed a normal esophagus and mild gastritis in the antrum. A single large subepithelial nodule was found in the duodenal bulb and was biopsied. FINAL DIAGNOSIS Pathologic examination revealed nests of neuroendocrine cells diffusely positive for synatophysin and chromogranin consistent with a low grade well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (WDNET)/carcinoid (Figure 1). After evaluation by Hematology/Oncology and Surgery, the patient returned for endoscopic intervention.TREATMENTDuring endoscopy an approximately 1 cm subepithelial mass was seen (Figure 2) which was felt to be very superficial given the mucosal biopsies positive for carcinoid tumor on her previous endoscopy. The endoscope was mounted with the OTSC, the lesion was suctioned into the cap slowly and the clip was deployed at the base of the nodule leading to serosa-to serosa apposition, mimicking a pseudo-polyp with the nodule above the closed clip. The nodule was subsequently resected en bloc using electrocautery with a flexible 13 mm snare resecting the tissue above the clip. Despite the presence of the OTSC, the patient started bleeding profusely with active spurting of blood, which was quickly controlled with a hot forceps biopsy. The mass was successfully removed.OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UPPathologic examination revealed a 9 mm submucosal WDNET with clear margins (R0). Immunohistochemistry confirmed an intermediate grade tumor (G2 with a Ki67 index of 3.5%). There was no lympho-vascular or perineural invasion identified. A subsequent follow up EGD two months later revealed the OTSC in place with hyperplastic mucosa protruding through the clip. Multiple biopsies were taken with no evidence of neuroendocrine tumor cells.DISCUSSIONThe optimal treatment for subepithelial tumors of the duodenum remains controversial, and the overall data on the safety of endoscopic resection of small bowel carcinoids are limitedPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HYXNwYXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE2PC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [1]. If duodenal carcinoids are isolated lesions < 10 mm in size, are low grade, do not infiltrate the muscularis and do not show angioinvasion, EMR is considered by many to be the treatment of choice as they have a very low risk of metastasis, between 6%-10%PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TY2hlcnVibDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTc8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [2], and the approach is currently not standardized ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Delle Fave</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>32</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">[4]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>32</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="resvtd0r2xxaaqep0fa5tsv7xsvs5zwtstsp" timestamp="1532737450">32</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Delle Fave, G.</author><author>O'Toole, D.</author><author>Sundin, A.</author><author>Taal, B.</author><author>Ferolla, P.</author><author>Ramage, J. K.</author><author>Ferone, D.</author><author>Ito, T.</author><author>Weber, W.</author><author>Zheng-Pei, Z.</author><author>De Herder, W. W.</author><author>Pascher, A.</author><author>Ruszniewski, P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Digestive and Liver Disease, Ospedale Sant'Andrea, Rome, Italy.</auth-address><titles><title>ENETS Consensus Guidelines Update for Gastroduodenal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms</title><secondary-title>Neuroendocrinology</secondary-title><alt-title>Neuroendocrinology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Neuroendocrinology</full-title><abbr-1>Neuroendocrinology</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Neuroendocrinology</full-title><abbr-1>Neuroendocrinology</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>119-24</pages><volume>103</volume><number>2</number><edition>2016/01/20</edition><keywords><keyword>Duodenal Neoplasms/diagnosis/epidemiology/pathology/*therapy</keyword><keyword>Europe</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Neuroendocrine Tumors/diagnosis/epidemiology/pathology/*therapy</keyword><keyword>Stomach Neoplasms/diagnosis/epidemiology/pathology/*therapy</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>0028-3835</isbn><accession-num>26784901</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1159/000443168</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[4]. However, surgical techniques for duodenal SET resection usually results in a Whipple’s procedure or the more complex pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy, both associated with significant morbidity and mortality ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kappelle</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>30</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">[5]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>30</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="resvtd0r2xxaaqep0fa5tsv7xsvs5zwtstsp" timestamp="1532702735">30</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kappelle, W. F. W.</author><author>Backes, Y.</author><author>Valk, G. D.</author><author>Moons, L. M. G.</author><author>Vleggaar, F. P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, P. O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands 0000000090126352grid.7692.a
Department of Endocrine Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands 0000000090126352grid.7692.a</auth-address><titles><title>Endoscopic full-thickness resection of gastric and duodenal subepithelial lesions using a new, flat-based over-the-scope clip</title><secondary-title>Surg Endosc</secondary-title><alt-title>Surgical Endoscopy</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Surg Endosc</full-title><abbr-1>Surgical endoscopy</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Surg Endosc</full-title><abbr-1>Surgical endoscopy</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>2839-46</pages><volume>32</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>0930-2794 (Print)</isbn><accession-num>29282573</accession-num><urls></urls><custom2>PMC5956064</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s00464-017-5989-8</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[5]. Endoscopic resection of tumors in the duodenum is usually achieved by EMR or ESD, which is controversial in the duodenum due to the high incidence of adverse events and technical difficulty ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kobara</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>28</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">[6]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>28</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="resvtd0r2xxaaqep0fa5tsv7xsvs5zwtstsp" timestamp="1532622980">28</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kobara, H.</author><author>Mori, H.</author><author>Fujihara, S.</author><author>Nishiyama, N.</author><author>Ayaki, M.</author><author>Oryu, M.</author><author>Masaki, T.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.</auth-address><titles><title>A novel strategy for complete duodenal endoscopic submucosal dissection involving prophylactic defect closure with over-the-scope clips</title><secondary-title>Endoscopy</secondary-title><alt-title>Endoscopy</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Endoscopy</full-title><abbr-1>Endoscopy</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Endoscopy</full-title><abbr-1>Endoscopy</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>E190-1</pages><volume>48 Suppl 1</volume><edition>2016/05/24</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenocarcinoma/pathology/surgery</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>*Duodenal Neoplasms/pathology/surgery</keyword><keyword>*Duodenoscopy/instrumentation/methods</keyword><keyword>*Endoscopic Mucosal Resection/instrumentation/methods</keyword><keyword>Equipment Design</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>*Surgical Instruments</keyword><keyword>Treatment Outcome</keyword><keyword>Wound Closure Techniques/*instrumentation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>0013-726x</isbn><accession-num>27213975</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1055/s-0042-107596</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[6]. Although ESD achieves a greater en bloc resection rate compared to a complete resection (R0) of only 50% with EMR, EMR is preferred over ESD since the risk of perforation is greater than 30% with ESD ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kappelle</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>30</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">[5]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>30</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="resvtd0r2xxaaqep0fa5tsv7xsvs5zwtstsp" timestamp="1532702735">30</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kappelle, W. F. W.</author><author>Backes, Y.</author><author>Valk, G. D.</author><author>Moons, L. M. G.</author><author>Vleggaar, F. P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, P. O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands 0000000090126352grid.7692.a
Department of Endocrine Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands 0000000090126352grid.7692.a</auth-address><titles><title>Endoscopic full-thickness resection of gastric and duodenal subepithelial lesions using a new, flat-based over-the-scope clip</title><secondary-title>Surg Endosc</secondary-title><alt-title>Surgical Endoscopy</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Surg Endosc</full-title><abbr-1>Surgical endoscopy</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Surg Endosc</full-title><abbr-1>Surgical endoscopy</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>2839-46</pages><volume>32</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>0930-2794 (Print)</isbn><accession-num>29282573</accession-num><urls></urls><custom2>PMC5956064</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s00464-017-5989-8</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[5]. The duodenum has a thin wall compared to other parts of the gastrointestinal tract rendering it more prone to perforation. Furthermore, the base of post-ESD ulcer is continually exposed to bile and pancreatic enzymes leading to an increase in delayed perforation ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kobara</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>28</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">[6]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>28</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="resvtd0r2xxaaqep0fa5tsv7xsvs5zwtstsp" timestamp="1532622980">28</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kobara, H.</author><author>Mori, H.</author><author>Fujihara, S.</author><author>Nishiyama, N.</author><author>Ayaki, M.</author><author>Oryu, M.</author><author>Masaki, T.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.</auth-address><titles><title>A novel strategy for complete duodenal endoscopic submucosal dissection involving prophylactic defect closure with over-the-scope clips</title><secondary-title>Endoscopy</secondary-title><alt-title>Endoscopy</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Endoscopy</full-title><abbr-1>Endoscopy</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Endoscopy</full-title><abbr-1>Endoscopy</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>E190-1</pages><volume>48 Suppl 1</volume><edition>2016/05/24</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenocarcinoma/pathology/surgery</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>*Duodenal Neoplasms/pathology/surgery</keyword><keyword>*Duodenoscopy/instrumentation/methods</keyword><keyword>*Endoscopic Mucosal Resection/instrumentation/methods</keyword><keyword>Equipment Design</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>*Surgical Instruments</keyword><keyword>Treatment Outcome</keyword><keyword>Wound Closure Techniques/*instrumentation</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>0013-726x</isbn><accession-num>27213975</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1055/s-0042-107596</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[6]. The duodenum is narrow, which along with its C-loop makes endoscopic procedures technically challenging. It has abundant blood vessels in the submucosal layer making it more prone to bleedingPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5GdWppaGFyYTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTY8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [7] with a risk of delayed bleeding of 12% ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Schmidt</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>12</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">[8]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>12</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="resvtd0r2xxaaqep0fa5tsv7xsvs5zwtstsp" timestamp="1532618102">12</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Schmidt, A.</author><author>Meier, B.</author><author>Cahyadi, O.</author><author>Caca, K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Klinikum Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Duodenal endoscopic full-thickness resection (with video)</title><secondary-title>Gastrointest Endosc</secondary-title><alt-title>Gastrointestinal endoscopy</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Gastrointest Endosc</full-title><abbr-1>Gastrointestinal endoscopy</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Gastrointest Endosc</full-title><abbr-1>Gastrointestinal endoscopy</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>728-33</pages><volume>82</volume><number>4</number><edition>2015/06/17</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenoma/pathology/*surgery</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Duodenal Neoplasms/pathology/*surgery</keyword><keyword>Duodenoscopy/instrumentation/*methods</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Follow-Up Studies</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Retrospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Treatment Outcome</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0016-5107</isbn><accession-num>26077454</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.gie.2015.04.031</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[8]. Furthermore, many lesions cannot be lifted due to scarring from pre-procedural biopsy sampling ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Tashima</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>20</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">[9]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>20</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="resvtd0r2xxaaqep0fa5tsv7xsvs5zwtstsp" timestamp="1532622376">20</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tashima, T.</author><author>Nonaka, K.</author><author>Ryozawa, S.</author><author>Nagata, K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
Department of Pathology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan</auth-address><titles><title>EMR with an over-the-scope clip for superficial nonampullary duodenal epithelial tumor with fibrosis</title><secondary-title>VideoGIE</secondary-title><alt-title>VideoGIE</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>VideoGIE</full-title><abbr-1>VideoGIE</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>VideoGIE</full-title><abbr-1>VideoGIE</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>83-4</pages><volume>3</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><accession-num>29916477</accession-num><urls></urls><custom2>PMC6004020</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.vgie.2017.11.010</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[9], rendering resection of non-lifting SET arising from layers deeper than the submucosa extremely challengingPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TY2htaWR0PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNTwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [1-3,8,10]. Over the past several years eFTR, an endoscopic method allowing for full thickness resection has been described. The benefits of using eFTR over EMR and ESD include the ability to resect the entire lesion and achieve R0; avoiding immediate and delayed perforation and bleeding by placement of the OTS clip; and avoiding the technical difficulty of ESD in the duodenum.There are two types of eFTR, “free-hand” or “exposed” eFTR where full thickness excision is carried out using usual ESD techniques and the GI wall defect is subsequently closed, typically via endoscopic wall suturing; and device assisted (i.e., OTS clip-assisted) eFTR where an endoscopic clip is first deployed after which the full thickness excision is carried out ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cai</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>15</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">[11]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>15</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="resvtd0r2xxaaqep0fa5tsv7xsvs5zwtstsp" timestamp="1532620041">15</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cai, M. Y.</author><author>Martin Carreras-Presas, F.</author><author>Zhou, P. H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain.</auth-address><titles><title>Endoscopic full-thickness resection for gastrointestinal submucosal tumors</title><secondary-title>Dig Endosc</secondary-title><alt-title>Digestive endoscopy : official journal of the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Dig Endosc</full-title><abbr-1>Digestive endoscopy : official journal of the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Dig Endosc</full-title><abbr-1>Digestive endoscopy : official journal of the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>17-24</pages><volume>30 Suppl 1</volume><edition>2018/04/17</edition><keywords><keyword>endoscopic full-thickness resection</keyword><keyword>endoscopic minimally invasive surgery</keyword><keyword>endoscopic resection</keyword><keyword>subepithelial tumor</keyword><keyword>submucosal tumor</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year><pub-dates><date>Apr</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0915-5635</isbn><accession-num>29658639</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1111/den.13003</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[11]. Recently, there has been increasing interest in over the clip assisted eFTR. It has successfully been used in the stomach for gastric epithelial lesionsPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HdW88L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE1PC9ZZWFyPjxSZWNO
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [12], as well as lesions in the colon ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Fahndrich</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>10</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">[13]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>10</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="resvtd0r2xxaaqep0fa5tsv7xsvs5zwtstsp" timestamp="1532570071">10</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Fahndrich, M.</author><author>Sandmann, M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Interventional Endoscopy, Department of Gastroenterology, Klinikum Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Endoscopic full-thickness resection for gastrointestinal lesions using the over-the-scope clip system: a case series</title><secondary-title>Endoscopy</secondary-title><alt-title>Endoscopy</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Endoscopy</full-title><abbr-1>Endoscopy</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Endoscopy</full-title><abbr-1>Endoscopy</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>76-9</pages><volume>47</volume><number>1</number><edition>2014/09/16</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenoma/*surgery</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Aged, 80 and over</keyword><keyword>Carcinoid Tumor/*surgery</keyword><keyword>Colonic Neoplasms/surgery</keyword><keyword>Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal/*instrumentation/methods</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Gastrointestinal Neoplasms/*surgery</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Retrospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Treatment Outcome</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>Jan</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0013-726x</isbn><accession-num>25221859</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1055/s-0034-1377975</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[13], particularly after the approval of a dedicated full thickness resection device (FTRD?; OVESCO Endoscopy AG, Tübingen, Germany) for lower gastrointestinal usePEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BZXBsaTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTg8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [14,15]. However, as of now there are only a handful of reports describing clip-assisted eFTR of duodenal lesions (Table 1)PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TY2htaWR0PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNTwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [15]. The majority of cases used a curved clip, the OTSC mounted on a flexible endoscope, similar to what was used in our patient. In these cases, the authors reported R0 in 8/10 of all cases, and technical success in all. There were no reported side effects, including bleeding. One study by Schmidt et al attempted to perform duodenal nodule resections using the new FTRD that was approved for lower gastrointestinal tumors ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Schmidt</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>12</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">[8]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>12</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="resvtd0r2xxaaqep0fa5tsv7xsvs5zwtstsp" timestamp="1532618102">12</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Schmidt, A.</author><author>Meier, B.</author><author>Cahyadi, O.</author><author>Caca, K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Klinikum Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg, Germany.</auth-address><titles><title>Duodenal endoscopic full-thickness resection (with video)</title><secondary-title>Gastrointest Endosc</secondary-title><alt-title>Gastrointestinal endoscopy</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Gastrointest Endosc</full-title><abbr-1>Gastrointestinal endoscopy</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Gastrointest Endosc</full-title><abbr-1>Gastrointestinal endoscopy</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>728-33</pages><volume>82</volume><number>4</number><edition>2015/06/17</edition><keywords><keyword>Adenoma/pathology/*surgery</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Aged</keyword><keyword>Duodenal Neoplasms/pathology/*surgery</keyword><keyword>Duodenoscopy/instrumentation/*methods</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Follow-Up Studies</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Retrospective Studies</keyword><keyword>Treatment Outcome</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0016-5107</isbn><accession-num>26077454</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.gie.2015.04.031</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[8]. The authors reported only two episodes of minor bleeding and an R0 in 3/4 of the patients. Most recently, Kappelle et al ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kappelle</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>30</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">[5]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>30</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="resvtd0r2xxaaqep0fa5tsv7xsvs5zwtstsp" timestamp="1532702735">30</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kappelle, W. F. W.</author><author>Backes, Y.</author><author>Valk, G. D.</author><author>Moons, L. M. G.</author><author>Vleggaar, F. P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, P. O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands 0000000090126352grid.7692.a
Department of Endocrine Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands 0000000090126352grid.7692.a</auth-address><titles><title>Endoscopic full-thickness resection of gastric and duodenal subepithelial lesions using a new, flat-based over-the-scope clip</title><secondary-title>Surg Endosc</secondary-title><alt-title>Surgical Endoscopy</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Surg Endosc</full-title><abbr-1>Surgical endoscopy</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Surg Endosc</full-title><abbr-1>Surgical endoscopy</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>2839-46</pages><volume>32</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>0930-2794 (Print)</isbn><accession-num>29282573</accession-num><urls></urls><custom2>PMC5956064</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s00464-017-5989-8</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[5] published a case series of 6 patients with SET where they attempted to perform device assisted eFTR with a new flat clip (Padlock Pro-Select?, Aponos Medical Corporation, Kingston NH, United States). Of the 6 patients, 4 of them had micro-perforation or perforation, and one had significant gastrointestinal hemorrhage, although R0 was achieved in all ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kappelle</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>30</RecNum><DisplayText><style face="superscript">[5]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>30</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="resvtd0r2xxaaqep0fa5tsv7xsvs5zwtstsp" timestamp="1532702735">30</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kappelle, W. F. W.</author><author>Backes, Y.</author><author>Valk, G. D.</author><author>Moons, L. M. G.</author><author>Vleggaar, F. P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, P. O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands 0000000090126352grid.7692.a
Department of Endocrine Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands 0000000090126352grid.7692.a</auth-address><titles><title>Endoscopic full-thickness resection of gastric and duodenal subepithelial lesions using a new, flat-based over-the-scope clip</title><secondary-title>Surg Endosc</secondary-title><alt-title>Surgical Endoscopy</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Surg Endosc</full-title><abbr-1>Surgical endoscopy</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Surg Endosc</full-title><abbr-1>Surgical endoscopy</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>2839-46</pages><volume>32</volume><number>6</number><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>0930-2794 (Print)</isbn><accession-num>29282573</accession-num><urls></urls><custom2>PMC5956064</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s00464-017-5989-8</electronic-resource-num><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>[5]. In our case although we used the OTSC, there was a spurting arterial bleed during the resection which was quickly controlled with a hot biopsy forceps. Although OTSC is commonly used to stop bleeding and has been used as first line and salvage therapy in gastric and duodenal ulcersPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5SaWNodGVyLVNjaHJhZzwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTY8
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA [20,21], the technical difficulties of endoscopic therapies in the duodenum remain, and endoscopists should keep in mind the anatomical considerations as well as the extensive blood supply in the duodenum and its proclivity for bleeding. However, in our opinion, despite the possibility of bleeding the use of OTSC before endoscopic resections appears to be a good option for duodenal SET, particularly given the high incidence of clinically significant bleeding with alternate techniques. CONCLUSIONBased on the available data, clip assisted eFTR appears to be a safe and efficacious treatment approach to duodenal SET. Further prospective studies are needed to investigate the long-term utility and safety of clip-assisted eFTR in the management of subepithelial duodenal lesions, as well as the safety profile of different clips used.REFERENCES1 Gaspar JP, Stelow EB, Wang AY. Approach to the endoscopic resection of duodenal lesions. 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Over-the-scope clip-assisted method for resection of full-thickness submucosal lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. Endoscopy 2014; 46: 758-761 [PMID: 24830398 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1365513]17 Al-Bawardy B, Rajan E, Wong Kee Song LM. Over-the-scope clip-assisted endoscopic full-thickness resection of epithelial and subepithelial GI lesions. Gastrointest Endosc 2017; 85: 1087-1092 [PMID: 27569858 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2016.08.019]18 M?nkemüller K, Peter S, Toshniwal J, Popa D, Zabielski M, Stahl RD, Ramesh J, Wilcox CM. Multipurpose use of the 'bear claw' (over-the-scope-clip system) to treat endoluminal gastrointestinal disorders. Dig Endosc 2014; 26: 350-357 [PMID: 23855514 DOI: 10.1111/den.12145]19 Milano RV, Bartel MJ, Brahmbhatt B, Woodward TA. Deep tissue en bloc resection of duodenal carcinoid with?combined banding device and over-the-scope clip. Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 84: 1065 [PMID: 27343416 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2016.06.029]20 Richter-Schrag HJ, Glatz T, Walker C, Fischer A, Thimme R. First-line endoscopic treatment with over-the-scope clips significantly improves the primary failure and rebleeding rates in high-risk gastrointestinal bleeding: A single-center experience with 100 cases. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22: 9162-9171 [PMID: 27895403 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i41.9162]21 Manno M, Mangiafico S, Caruso A, Barbera C, Bertani H, Mirante VG, Pigò F, Amardeep K, Conigliaro R. First-line endoscopic treatment with OTSC in patients with high-risk non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: preliminary experience in 40 cases. Surg Endosc 2016; 30: 2026-2029 [PMID: 26201415 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-015-4436-y]P-Reviewer: Barret M, El-Atrebi KEAR, Hosoe N, Roy PK, Zhang QS S-Editor: Ji FF L-Editor: A E-Editor: Tan WW Specialty type: Gastroenterology and hepatologyCountry of origin: United StatesPeer-review report classificationGrade A (Excellent): 0Grade B (Very good): B, BGrade C (Good): C, CGrade D (Fair): D Grade E (Poor): 0A BC DFigure 1 Pathology of duodenal mass. A: Well differentiated neuroendocrine tumor, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain, 25 ×; B:?The tumor cells are immunoreactive for synaptophysin (immunohistochemical stain, 25 ×); C: Well differentiated neuroendocrine tumor?with negative deep margin (R0, HE stain, 25 ×); D: Well differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (HE, 100 ×). A B CD E FFigure 2 Endoscopic view of duodenal lesion. A: Duodenal nodule prior to intervention; B: Pseudopolyp lesion after deployment of over the scope clip; C: Arterial spurting of blood from the lesion during resection; D: Post-resection defect; E: En bloc resected specimen; F: Follow up upper endoscopy revealing over the scope (OVESCO?) clip, scar and granulation tissue.Table 1 Duodenal lesions resected with over the scope clip assisted endoscopic full thickness resectionRef.YearnAgeSexLocationHistologyComplicationR0Size (mm)ClipKappelle et al[5]2018651MBulbBrunneromaNoYes13Padlock Pro44MD2NETMicroperforationYes4Padlock Pro60MD2Ectopic PancreasHemorrhageYes10Padlock Pro44MD2NETMicroperforationYes9Padlock Pro40MD2NETPerforationYes10Padlock Pro61FD2NETMicroperforation-5Padlock ProAl-Bawardy et al[17]2017466MBulbNETNoYes9Padlock78MBulbNETNoYes9OTSC76MBulbNETNoYes10OTSC59MD2Pancreatic HeterotopiaNoYes18OTSCMilano et al[19]2016149MBulbNETNoYes10OTSCSchmidt et al[8]2015474FBulbInflammatory polypNoYes22OTSC77MD3Adenoma HGDMinor bleedYes15OTSC35FD2NETNoYes10OTSC57FD2Adenoma HGDMinor bleedNo30OTSCF?hndrich et al[13]2015168FDNETNoYes20OTSCSarker et al[16]2014471FD2NETNoYes18OTSC66MDNETNoYes9OTSC58MDNETNoYes10OTSC66MDNETNoYes15OTSCM?nkemüller et al[18]2014171FD2NETNoNo30OTSCBulb: Duodenal bulb; D: Duodenum, unspecified location; D2: Second part of duodenum; D3: Third part of duodenum; EFTR: Endoscopic full thickness resection; F: Female; HGD: High grade dysplasia; M: Male; NET: Neuroendocrine tumor; OTSC: Over the scope clip (OVESCO?); R0: Microscopic tumor-free vertical and horizontal margins in specimen. ................
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