Grammar



Grammar

Round 1 Day 1

Topic 1: Clauses and Types of Sentences

1. Simple Sentence = one independent clause

.

2. Compound Sentence = two independent clauses joined together by a coordinate conjunction

, and .

, but

, so

, yet

, then

, or

, for

, nor

3. Compound Sentence = two independent clauses joined together by a conjunctive adverb or transition

; therefore, .

; nevertheless,

; however,

; furthermore,

; consequently,

; moreover,

4. Compound Sentence = two independent clauses joined together by a semicolon

; ; .

5. Complex Sentence = one independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses

Because , .

Since

Although

If

When

Until

Unless

After

Even after

6. Complex Sentence = one independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses

because .

since

although

if

when

until

unless

after

even after

7. Compound/Complex Sentence = two independent clauses joined by one or more dependent clauses

, and because .

, but since

, so although

, yet if

, then when

, or until

, for unless

, nor after

even after

8. Compound/Complex Sentence = two independent clauses joined by one or more dependent clauses

Because , , ; therefore, .

Since ; nevertheless,

Although ; however,

If ; furthermore,

When ; consequently,

Until ; moreover,

Unless

After

Even after

Relative clauses are dependent clauses introduced by a Relative Pronoun (that, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, and of which). Relative clauses can be either restrictive or nonrestrictive. In a relative clause, the relative pronoun is the subject of the verb (remember that all clauses contain a subject-verb relationship) and refers to (relates to) something preceding the clause.

Giuseppe said that the plantar wart, which had been bothering him for years, had to be removed.

(In this sentence, the underlined clause is a restrictive [essential] clause [a noun clause] and will not be set off by a comma; the italicized relative clause [modifying "wart"] is nonrestrictive [nonessential — it can be removed from the sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence] and is set off by commas.)

Practice #1:

Using the sentence patterns/clause guide, correct the following sentences:

(Comma splice)

I like this class, it is very interesting.

(Fused sentence)

My professor is intelligent I've learned a lot from her.

(Fragment)

Because I forgot the exam was today.

Practice #2:

Answer the question and decide whether the sentence is a simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.

1. The doctor told Charlie to lose weight and exercise vigorously for forty-five minutes a day.

a. This sentence has two independent clauses.

b. This sentence has no independent clauses

c. This sentence has one independent clause.

2. The doctor was worried that Charlie was putting on too much weight.

a. The underlined section is an independent clause.

b. The independent clause is "The doctor was worried."

c. This sentence has no independent clause.

3. Charlie has a hard time sticking to a diet; he really loves rich, sweet desserts.

a. This sentence has two independent clauses.

b. This sentence has one independent clause.

c. This sentence has no independent clauses.

4. In fact, the last time he tried to lose weight, he ended up actually gaining weight.

a. “he ended up actually gaining weight" is the only independent clause.

b. The underlined section is the independent clause.

c. This sentence has two independent clauses.

5. Charlie has decided to hire a personal trainer because he is worried about his heart.

a. The underlined section is an independent clause.

b. This sentence has two independent clauses.

c. "Charlie has decided to hire a personal trainer" is the independent clause.

Grammar

Round 1 Day 2

Topics 1 and 2: Clauses and Types of Sentences; Periodic, Inverted, Cumulative, and Parallel Structure

Answer the question and decide whether the sentence is a simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.

Review

1. His new personal trainer, whose name is Adriana Bongiorno, thinks Charlie may be a lost cause.

a. The underlined part is not an independent clause.

b. The underlined part is an independent clause.

c. This sentence has two independent clauses.

2. That she can make him do the exercises but not stick to the diet.

a. The underlined part is the independent clause.

b. This sentence has two independent clauses.

c. This sentence has no independent clause.

Periodic, Inverted, Cumulative Sentences and Parallel Structures

• Periodic Sentence: Sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end.

o To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support.

• Cumulative Sentence: Sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence, and then build and adds on.

o The women moved through the streets as winged messengers, twirling around each other in slow motion, peeking inside homes and watching the easy sleep of men and women.

• Inverted order of a sentence (sentence inversion) involves constructing a sentence so the predicate comes before the subject. This is a device in which normal sentence patterns are reversed to create an emphatic or rhythmic effect.

o In California grow oranges.

• Parallel Structure (Parallelism) refers to a grammatical or structural similarity between sentences or parts of a sentence. It involves an arrangement of words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs so that elements of equal importance are equally developed and similarly phrased.

o He was walking, running, and jumping for joy.

Are the following sentences cumulative, periodic, or inverted?

1. “If, instead of listening to the war-mongers of the military-industrial establishment, the politicians had only listened to what people had been writing in their letters and in the newspaper columns, if they had only listened to what the demonstrators had been shouting in the streets and on the campuses, if they had only listened to what was in their hearts, the war would have ended long ago.”

2. "I could live two days in a den, curled, leaning on mouse fur, sniffing bird bones, blinking, licking, breathing musk, my hair tangled in the roots of grasses." Annie Dillard

3. By the last day of the tour, when a limousine picked me up at my Beverly Hills hotel for my last round of satellite TV interviews, I knew I had to stop." Randy Shilts

4. “Had we but world enough, and time, / Thou by the Indian Ganges’ side / Shouldst rubies find.” Andrew Marvell

Please correct the faulty parallelism in the following constructions:

1. Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory method is employed.

2. The French, the Italians, Spanish, and the Portuguese

3. In spring, summer, or in winter

4. It was both a long ceremony and very tedious.

5. A time not for words, but action

6. Either you must grant his request or incur his ill will.

7. My objections are, first, the injustice of the measure; second, that it is unconstitutional.

Grammar

Round 1 Day 3

Topics 1, 2, and 3: Clauses and Types of Sentences; Periodic, Inverted, and Cumulative; Appositives

Answer the question and decide whether the sentence is a simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.

1. He is very good as long as Miss Bongiorno is around, but he goes to the freezer for ice-cream when she leaves.

a. This sentence has three independent clauses.

b. This sentence has two independent clauses.

c. This sentence has one independent clause.

2. Charlie must learn that eating all those sweets may give him a temporary pleasure but that it's not good for his heart and that he would feel better about himself if he stopped eating all those rich and sweet foods that are not good for him.

a. The independent clause has three words.

b. The independent clause begins with the first "that."

c. This sentence has several independent clauses.

Are the following sentences cumulative, periodic, or inverted?

1. "Ten years ago, when I first noticed the symptoms that would be diagnosed as MS, I was probably looking my best." Nancy Mairs

2. “Had he and I but met by some old ancient inn, / We should have set us down to wet / right many a nipperkin!” Thomas Hardy

3. "We held our breaths, imagining a crash as the parts clanged together, or a terrible disaster if the piece were to slip loose." Naomi Shihab Nye

1. Select the sentence that illustrates the use of proper parallel construction.

a. Professor Ali rewarded his students for working hard on the final project and going beyond the call of duty.

b. Professor Ali rewarded his students for their hard work on the final project and going beyond the call of duty.

2.  Select the sentence that illustrates the use of proper parallel construction.

a. There's nothing I like better than finding a good trout stream, setting up camp, and spending a couple of days fishing.

b. There's nothing I like better than finding a good trout stream, setting up camp, and to spend a couple of days fishing.

Appositives

An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that tells you something about a nearby noun or pronoun.

Examples:

Margaret Atwood’s specialty, the historical novel, can be very entertaining.

Barcelona, a large city in Spain, hosted the Olympics in 1992.

Punctuating Appositives

Be alert when punctuating appositives. If an appositive contains nonessential material (material that can be removed from the sentence without altering its meaning), set the appositive off from the rest of the sentence with commas or other appropriate punctuation. If, on the other hand, the information is essential to the meaning of the sentence, no punctuation is necessary. Below is an example:

The short story “Fire and Ice” has a sad ending.

If your appositive needs punctuation, you can set off the appositive in one of three ways:

1. You can use one or two commas.

The principal of Sarasota High School in 1997 was Daniel Kennedy, a wiry fifty-nine-year-old who has a stern buzz cut.

– Margaret Talbot

Kennedy, a wiry fifty-nine-year-old who has a stern buzz cut, was in 1967 the principal of Sarasota High School.

– Margaret Talbot

2. You can use one or two dashes.

In 1981, two professors began following the lives of eighty-one high-school valedictorians – forty-six women and thirty-five men from Illinois.

– Margaret Talbot

Japanese people have to make many of the big decisions of their lives – whom to marry, what company to join – without detailed information.

– Kyoko Mori

3. You can use a colon.

We were given plenty of instruction about the specifics of writing: word choice, description, style.

– Kyoko Mori

Rhetorical and Stylistic Strategy

An appositive serves two rhetorical and stylistic functions:

1. First, an appositive can clarify a term by providing a proper noun or a synonym for the term, by defining or explaining the term, or by getting more specific.

2. Second, an appositive can smooth choppy writing.

• Before: Its hero is Scout’s father. His name is Atticus Finch. He is saintly.

• After: Its hero is Scout’s father, the saintly Atticus Finch.

Identifying Appositives and Appositive Phrases

Underline the appositive or appositive phrase in each of the following sentences.

1. Marilyn Monroe, the motion picture actress, made her film debut in 1948.

2. The American composer Aaron Copland has written several books about modern music.

3. Mt. McKinley, the highest peak in North America, is in Alaska.

4. The Indianapolis 500, an automobile race, is 805 kilometers long.

5. Isabel has two nice qualities, honesty and kindness.

6. Early this morning I phoned my friend Jennie in California.

7. Each year thousands of tourists visit Kenya, a land that offers a marvelous variety of wild animals.

8. Harvard University is named for John Harvard, an English clergyman.

9. One kind of English toy spaniel, a dog that came from China or Japan, is called the Prince Charles.

10. Henry the Eighth had six wives.

Grammar

Round 1 Day 4

Topics 1, 2, 3, and 4: Clauses and Types of Sentences; Periodic, Inverted, and Cumulative; Appositives; Semicolons

Answer the question and decide whether the sentence is a simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.

1. Miss Bongiorno is starting to make a difference, though, and Charlie is starting to make some progress.

a. This sentence has one independent clause.

b. The clause following "though" is a dependent clause.

c. This sentence has two independent clauses.

2. Select the sentence that illustrates the use of proper parallel construction.

a. Raoul's QPA is higher than Ralph.

b. Raoul's QPA is higher than Ralph's.

3. Select the sentence that illustrates the use of proper parallel construction.

a. He wanted three things out of college: to learn a skill, to make good friends, and to learn about life.

b. He wanted three things out of college: to learn a skill, to make good friends, and learning about life.

Are the following sentences cumulative, periodic, or inverted?

1. "The Greek woman is short and heavy, waistless, and is wearing a black dress, a black scarf pulled low around her eyes, a black sweater, thick black stockings, black shoes." Alice Bloom

2. "In our constitution and the works of law, philosophy, social thought, and science, in its every day uses in the service of justice and clarity, what I call the father tongue is immensely noble and indispensably useful." Ursula K LeGuin

Using Appositives and Appositive Phrases

Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one more fluent and coherent sentence by using an appositive.

1. The Times is a world-renowned newspaper. It is delivered to my house every day.

2. A major health problem for teenagers is bulimia. Bulimia is an eating disorder.

3. My car is in the parking lot. It’s an old blue station wagon with a dent in the fender.

4. That call was from Bridget. She’s the top student in my calculus class.

5. The service opened to the choir’s rendition of Handel’s “Hallelujah Chorus.” That performance was a smashing success.

6. Two kinds of otters are found in North America. Both the freshwater otter and the sea otter live in North America.

Semicolons

Semicolons are used to separate clauses or phrases that are related and that receive equal emphasis.

• Semicolons join independent clauses in a compound sentence if no coordinating conjunction is used.

EXAMPLE: Michael seemed preoccupied; he answered our questions abruptly.

• Semicolons are used before a conjunctive adverb (transition word) that joins the clauses of a compound

sentence.

EXAMPLE: The emergency room was crowded; however, Warren was helped immediately.

• Semicolons help avoid confusion in lists where there are already commas.

EXAMPLE: We traveled to London, England; Paris, France; Berlin, Germany; and Sofia, Bulgaria.

Rule #1: Joining independent clauses

A semicolon belongs in each of the following sentences. Determine where the semicolon belongs and write it in.

1. It is raining outside I will bring my umbrella with me.

2. Hopefully, the weather will change soon otherwise, the whole summer will go by without the sun shining.

3. She doesn't understand algebra therefore, she will probably not pass the math final.

4. We will play tennis tomorrow then we will go out for dinner.

5. She had very high grades in high school she applied to Harvard University.

Rule #2: Separating serial items

Each of the following sentences may or may not contain a semicolon. Determine if a semicolon is needed. If it is, write it in.

1. He wanted to take a walk, so we drove to Niagara Falls and walked around the park.

2. She did the laundry she used the last of the laundry detergent.

3. They both went swimming while they were on vacation in Mexico.

4. They finished digging in the garden and planting flowers they admired their work.

5. To build the fence around the garden, they needed to dig trenches close to seven feet deep.

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Dependent Clause

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Dependent Clause

Dependent Clause

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Dependent Clause

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

Independent Clause

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