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A.P. Biology Bowl Answer BankMany biologists think that a phylogenetic relationship exists between annelid worms and mollusks because both animalsW. possess a segmented bodyX. Possess a centrally located visceral massY. Feature a ciliated larva called a trochophore in their life cycles *Z. Display cephalization Which of the following functional groups represents a product of fermentationW. Carbonyl group C=OX. Hydroxyl group –OH *Y. Sulfhydryl group S-HZ. Carboxyl group -COOH The rise of water in a plant stem is due primarily to W. Hydrotropism and companion cellsX. Photolysis and chemiosmosisY. Turgor pressure and membrane potentialZ. Cohesion and transpiration*Which of the following correctly describes retroviruses?W. They reproduce only in the cells of epithelial tissueX. They transfer genetic information from the RNA to the DNA of the cell*Y. They lack the enzyme reverse transcriptaseZ. They transfer genetic information from their RNA to the ribosome in a cellSome taxonomists have proposed adding a new taxon to the modern system of of biological classification that includes viruses. The inclusion of the new taxon is based on W. The chemical nature of the capsidsX. Similarities in RNA nucleotides *Y. Differences in glycoproteins that envelop capsidsZ. Their ability to alternate between hosts speciesA hormone involved in digestion is W. Cholecystokinin *X. EnterokinaseY. VasopressinZ. EnkephalinDolly, the cloned sheep, originated as a nucleus that was removed from an udder cell of a ewe an transplanted intoW. The uterus of a surrogate eweX. The ovum of a surrogate eweY. The enucleated ovum of a second ewe *Z. A blastocyst in vitro, and then transplanted into the uterus of a surrogate eweWhich pair is actively involved in prothrombin production?W. Calcium ions and lipoproteinsX. Ferrous ions and erythopoeitinY. Kuppfer cells and thrombocytesZ. Vitamin K and colon bacteria *Which organism has the highest reproductive rate as a result of its hermaphroditism?W. Bread moldX. Cycad treeY. Earthworm *Z. Sea starWhich pair of animals occupy the same ecological niche, and are therefore called ecological equivalents?W. Zooplankton and troutX. Zebra and wild horse *Y. Rattlesnake and scorpionZ. Tiger and warthogThe part of a plant’s vascular system that uses companion cells to transfer nutrients to different parts of the plant is called theW. XylemX. Phloem*Y. TracheidsZ. Casparian stripThe plant hormone, abscissic acid, mainly influencesW. Growth of stems and root tips*X. Production of ethylene gasY. Aging of leavesZ. Regulation of turgor pressure by causing water to leave guard cells1304925-428625The probable reasons for the low numbers of dead bacteria during the first 13 hour period are W. An adequate amount of oxygen and nutrient material*X. An adequate amount of oxygen and absence of amino acidsY. The absence of metabolic waste products and an accumulation of carbon dioxideZ. The absence of oxygen and an adequate amount of nutrient materialThe portion of the curve that represents events occurring from 19-20 hours W. Shows the rates of bacterial reproduction and mortality are not influenced by either an optimum temperature or the presence of oxygenX. Shows a decline in the reproductive rate that is most likely due to the presence of dead bacteria and oxygenY. Was probably caused by a lack of motility and excess in carbon dioxideZ. Was probably caused by accumulated metabolic waste products and the lack of oxygen *What will probably occur if the broth is incubated at a temperature of 32°C instead of 37°C?W. The bacterial count will rise sharply during the first hourX. The number of dead bacteria will rise sharply during the first hourY. The number of bacteria will not reach the 5 million per mL of broth in 15 hours *Z. The period of reproduction will be shorterWhat will probably occur if the pH of the broth is increased to 7.0 and the incubating temperature is increased to 38°C?W. All the bacteria will die during the 1st hourX. The growth curve will resemble the one displayed in the graphY. The bacterial count will reach a maximum at about 15 hoursZ. Not enough information is available to offer a hypothesis*For questions 17-23 choose the word that best matches each numbered statement. Words can be used once, more than once, or not at all.PhotolysisOxidative phosphorylationCarbon dioxide fixationTransposonaseBuffer actionContributes to genetic shuffling in cells of organisms – TransposonaseProduction of glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate (G3P) using rubisco – carbon dioxide fixationConverts molecules of ADP to ATP molecules – oxidative phosphorylationHomeostatic mechanism that prevents acidosis or alkalosis – buffer actionSplits water into hydrogen ions and oxygen ions - photolysisIs included in a noncyclic electron flow in which P680 captures electrons – photolysisUsually involves chemiosmosis in membranes - oxidative phosphorylationCarbon 14 would be used in a study of photosynthesis to demonstrateW. the path of carbon in the Calvin cycle*X. That oxygen gas is produced from carbon dioxide during photolysisY. That plants release carbon dioxide during the day and nightZ. The role of carbonic acid in the carbon dioxide fixation phaseThe nerve cells of earthworms and humansW. are organized into a central nervous system and a peripheral nervous systemX. Respond to stimuli slower than endocrine responsesY. Transmit electrochemical impulses*Z. Use neurotransmittersMeiosis is a process that W. Produces genetically similar gametesX. Prevents chromosomal mutationsY. Produces haploid sperm cells*Z. Does not include cytokinesisThe main wastes excreted by protozoans and hydra include water, CO2, mineral salts, andW. UreaX. Ammonia*Y. Uric acidZ. Creatinine Which does not describe poriferans (sponges)?W. Choanocytes line the interior of the bodyX. Most are hermaphroditicY. Many species possess spiculesZ. Cnidocytes are used to capture food * The part of the human gut mainly involved with the absorption of water is theW. DuodenumX. JejunumY. IleumZ. Colon*The return of lamprey to their home river or stream from the sea is the result of W. Simple reflex actionX. HabituationY. Operant conditioningZ. Imprinting*An underdeveloped neurohypophysis (Posterior pituitary gland) may result inW. Inadequate regulation of the osmolarity of blood*X. A deficiency of growth hormone (GH)Y. A deficiency of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)Z. Improper functioning of the immune systemThe evolution of angiosperms as land plants is mainly the result of W. The use of flagellated gametesX. The development of colorful flowersY. An independent gametophyteZ. Double fertilization *Which of the following is formed when DNA combines with histones?W. MesosomesX. Nucleosomes*Y. RibonucleoproteinsZ. PlasmidWhich statement correctly describes enzymes?W. The optimum temperature for enzyme action in most plants is about 25°C*X. The optimum temperature for enzyme action in humans is about 40°CY. Most enzyme function optimally at a pH between 3.0 and 9.0 Z. Enzymes elevate the activation energy of a reactionA lack of dictyosomes in the Golgi apparatus can adversely affectW. Transcription of amino acids into polypeptidesX. The cytoskeleton of the cellY. Refinement of the ribosomal products*Z. Oxidative phosphorylationCertain organ systems carry out filtration, secretion, and reabsorption in order toW. Regulate osmolarity*X. Detoxify the bloodY. Regulate blood volumeZ. Actively transport chylomicrons across a membraneScientists think that a certain protest, called a chytrid, may be a common ancestor of fungi and animals because itW. Reproduces like a zygomycete and has DNAX. Is heterotrophic and has glycogenY. Is autotrophic and has a cell wall made of chitinZ. Has a cell wall made of chitin and contains certain proteins found only in animal cells *A cellular process that generates maximum energy from a single glucose molecule is W. Miochondiral chemiosmosis*X. Lactic acid fermentationY. GlycolysisZ. Reduction of pyruvateOne colony of E. coli displayed a shape that was different from all neighboring colonies. The most probable reason for the different shape is the presence of a(n)W. ViroidX. PrionY. Episome*Z. F-plasmidDuring differentiation, the archenteron of a frog embryo develops into theW. CoelomX. Neural tubeY. Gut*Z. Skeletal systemWhich of the following is not a factor in the establishment of community equilibrium?W. r-selected species replacing K-selected species*X. Localized extinctionsY. Increasing predation and competitionZ. Increasing stability and diversityA corn seed will not germinate normally if itsW. Coleoptile outgrows the plumule (young leaf)X. Cotyledon does not absorb nutrients from the endosperm*Y. Colerhiza envelops the radical (young root)Z. Hypocotyl reacts positively to geotropismIn humans and birds, the organ mainly responsible for deamination of excess proteins is the W. SpleenX. KidneyY. CaecomZ. Liver*In the human respiratory system, pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium can be found lining the W. MouthX. PharynxY. Trachea*Z. AlveoliAmong prokaryotes, a method of genetic recombination involving the inclusion of genes from the environment is calledW. Transformation*X. TransductionY. ConjugationZ. DNA methylationTest tube A contains 5 mL of a mixture of glucose and Benedict’s solution. Test tube B contains 5 mL of a mixture of starch and Benedict’s solution. Test tube C contains 5 mL of Benedict’s solution. The three test tubes are immersed in a hot water bath for 5 minutes. Which is the most probable outcome?W. The contents of tube A turn brick red in color and the contents of tube B turn green*X. The contents of tube A turn brick red in color and the contents of tube B remain blueY. The contents of tube A turn brick red in color and the contents of tube C turn greenZ. The contents of test tube C turn colorlessWhich of the following statements is correct?W. The expression ΔG = ΔH-TΔS shows that free energy (G) is directly related to entropy (S)X. A spontaneous change in a system involves an increase in free energyY. The product of an exergonic reaction contains more energy than the reactantsZ. Energy coupling in metabolism uses exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions*A plant cell immersed in a hypotonic salt solution willW. Remain unchanged because of its cell wall of celluloseX. Undergo plasmolysisY. Uses its Na+/K+ pump to transport sodium ions out of the cellZ. Gain turgor*What is the significance of gill slits in avian and mammalian embryos?W. They are vestigial structuresX. They are analogous structuresY. They are homologous structures*Z. They illustrate Virchow’s declarations: Ontogeny recapitulates phylogenyPartially digested food in the human stomach has a pH of 2. As a resultW. Proteins are hydrolyzed to amino acidsX. The pylorus secretes the enzyme enterokinaseY. Bicarbonate ions in pancreatic juice are neutralized in the duodenumZ. Many bacteria are killed*The evolutionary divergence of Darwin’s finches was mainly the result of W. Bottleneck effectX. Microevolution*Y. MutationsZ. Natural selectionFollowing mitosis, a plant cell will not develop a cell plate between daughter cells unless on of the following is presentW. GibberlinsX. Cytokinins*Y. Abscissic acidZ. Cyclic AMP (cAMP)Which organism uses flame cells to carry out osmoregulation?W. FlukeX. Planaria*Y. RoundwormZ. EarthwormThe production of RNA from DNA is calledW. TransductionX. TranslationY. ReplicationZ. Transcription*Speciation among animals is least affected byW. Geographic isolationX. Sexual reproductionY. SelectionZ. Asexual reproduction*Isomerases are enzymes found in plant cells that convert one sugar into another sugar. Which of the following sugars is not converted as a result of an isomerase?W. GlucoseX. Galactose*Y. FructoseZ. DextroseRacemization is a process of fossil dating by means ofW. Determining the ratio of L-amino acids and D-amino acids*X. Discovering evidence in sedimentary rock layersY. Coprolite examinationZ. Radiometric datingAn aneuploid individual whose cells contain two Barr bodies is a W. Female with 44 XXX chromosomes*X. Female with 44 XX chromosomesY. Male with 44 XXY chromosomesZ. Male with 44 XYY chromosomesTwo scientists who postulated that evolutionary adaptations were the result of interactions between organisms and their environments areW. Darwin and Lamarck*X. Lyell and MalthusY. Cuvier and WallaceZ. Linnaeus and AristotleWhich of the following correctly describes an enzyme-controlled reaction?W. A lower activation energy enables a fast reaction*X. The reaction proceeds rapidly, then stops above its optimum pHY. The rate of reaction is lowered be decreasing the number of enzyme moleculesZ. Active sites are located on substrate moleculesThe crossbreeding of two different inbred varieties may produce individuals that exhibitW. Darwinian fitnessX. Hardy-Weinberg equilibriumY. Balanced polymorphismZ. Hybrid vigor*Positive feedbackW. Prevents small changes in the internal environment from becoming too largeX. Triggers enhancement, or amplifies, a change in the internal environment*Y. Counteracts all changes in the internal environmentZ. Functions only in vertebratesIn mammals, mitosis is not involved withW. DifferentiationX. Maintaining numbers of erythrocytes*Y. Maintaining numbers of leukocytesZ. Tissue growth and repairOne strand of a double helix has a base sequence of CATTGG. The complementary strand has a sequence of W. GTUUCCX. GUAACCY. CUAACCZ. GTAACC*Use the diagram below to answer questions 65-71.2981325207645The name of the process depicted is W. TranscriptionX. Translation*Y. ReplicationZ. TransductionThe label D is showingW. ExonX. IntronY. AnticodonZ. Codon*The label A is showingW. Amino acid*X. AnticodonY. CodonZ. AminotransferaseThe label G is showingW. Amino acidX. Peptide chain*Y. Peptidyl transferaseZ. Peptide bondThe label C is showingW. Amino acidX. CodonY. Anticodon*Z. tRNAThe label B is showingW. Amino acidX. CodonY. AnticodonZ. tRNA*The label E is showingW. DNAX. tRNAY. rRNAZ. mRNA*Which of the following is not a hormoneW. CholecystokininX. EpinephrineY. GastrinZ. Thrombin*Which of the following is not a function of gastric juice?W. Hydrolysis of starchX. Converting pepsinogen to pepsinY. Production of chyle*Z. Destroying bacteriaHaversian systems are necessary for the normal functioning ofW. Excretion in cyclostomesX. Osseous tissue in humans*Y. Air cavities in birdsZ. Olefactory reception in elasmobranchsAn organism that is not radially symmetrical is theW. StarfishX. HydraY. Sea urchinZ. Roundworm*3886200-400050The picture represents a process that helps read a genetic code. The apparatus is aW. Gel electrophorsisX. PhotospectrometerY. MicropipetteZ. Thermocycler for Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)The mesophyll of plant cells possess Photosystem I & II located inW. Thylakoids*X. Chlorophyll a Y. CarotenoidsZ. PlastoquinonesWhich is correct about the endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.) of a cell?W. It is present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cellsX. Its composition differs from the plasma membraneY. The amount of rough E.R. corresponds to the degree of carbohydrate synthesisZ. The smooth E.R. is mainly involved with lipid synthesis*A major characteristic of non-Mendelian inheritance is thatW. Cytoplasmic genes are nonfunctionalX. Not all genes of a eukaryotic cell are located in nuclear chromosomes*Y. Maternal inheritance does not include mitochondrial genes in mammalsZ. Chloroplasts lack genesIn Drosophila, the allele for vestigial wings (w) is recessive to the normal long wing allele (W). The allele for white eye (r) is recessive to the allele for normal red eye (R) . In mating WWRR X Wwrr (assuming large numbers of offspring), what proportion of offspring will show normal traits (Long wings and red eyes)?W. 100%*X. 75%Y. 50%Z. 25%An adaptation present in osteichthyes and not in chondrichthyes is/areW. A swim bladder*X. ScalesY. GillsZ. Lateral line systemWhich of the following would not be essential in osmoregulation performed by the kidneys?W. Adrenocorticotropic hormone*X. Antidiuretic hormoneY. Juxtaglomerular apparatusZ. AldosteroneB and T cells of the immune system are alike because bothW. Produce cytokinesX. Are polymorphsY. Possess antigen receptors*Z. Produce antibodiesPluripotent stem cells develop intoW. Erythorcytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes*X. Cuboidal, columnar, squamous cellsY. Gamma globulins, antibodies, fibrinogenZ. Ectoderm, mesoderm, endodermThe heme group of a cytochrome molecule enablesW. Phycobilins in plants to promote pollinationX. P680 pigments of a Photosystem II group to absorb lightY. Mitochondrial DNA to undergo replicationZ. Redox reactions to take place in an electron transport system*The chromosomal abnormality called trisomy, which causes Down syndrome in humans is caused by theW. Nondisjunction of chromosome 21*X. Translocation of chromosome 21Y. Inversion of chromosome 21 & 23Z. Nondisjunction of chromosome 13CAM plants are similar to C4 plants because bothW. Undergo photorespirationX. Incorporate CO2 into 4 carbon organic acids*Y. Convert CO2 into phosphoglyceraldehyde (G3P)Z. Have large amounts of lignin in their stemsReplication of new DNA strands requires the presence of W. mRNA*X. Primer RNAY. tRNAZ. LigaseOogenesis does not produce a monoploid ovum untilW. The first meiotic divisionX. A secondary oocyte is formedY. Fertilization by a sperm cell triggers a second meiotic division*Z. The first polar body is formedEcologists assess the responses of an organism to its environment by (a) the amount of energy the organism uses to adapt to environmental conditions, and (b) the amount of energy remaining to carry out essential life functions. The concept of assessing the responses of an organism in relation to energy use is calledW. The principle of allocation*X. RegulationY. ConformationZ. SemelparityOsmoregulators in the hypothalamus control secretion ofW. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)X. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)*Y. AldosteroneZ. ProstaglandinsWhich type of survival mechanism is used by a bird that lays brown eggs in nests located in trees?W. Batesian mimicryX. Aposematic colorationY. Mullerian mimicryZ. Cryptic coloration*43212571750-514350CBAThe illustration shows thatW. The epitopes on antigen 1 cannot bind to any antibodyX. The epitopes on antigen 2 can bind to antibody AY. The epitopes on antigen 4 can only bind to antibody CZ. The epitopes on antigen 1 can bind to antibody A* An endocrine gland that responds to stimuli by nerve cells is the W. ParathyroidX. Adrenal cortexY. Adrenal medulla*Z. Pineal Albumin is characterized by tightly folded groups of molecules. The structural form of albumin is the result ofW. Dehydration synthesisX. Peptide bondsY. Disulfide linkages between cysteine amino acids*Z. Hydrophilic amino acidsA pyramid of biomass shows thatW. Energy content decreases from base to apex*X. Energy content increases from base to apexY. Primary consumers are least numerousZ. Tertiary consumers are most numerousA rearrangement of one nucleotide in a single gene may result in a(n)W. Point mutation*X. DeletionY. InsertionZ. TranslocationThe substance that makes up about 80% of a cells cytosol isW. Water*X. TubulinY. GlucoseZ. Bicarbonate ionsWhich statement is correct?W. The human alimentary canal is an ecosystem*X. The present increase in human population is due to an increased birth rateY. A grassland or desert biome is classified by its dominant animalsZ. Estuaries lack phytoplankton and larvae of organismsThe target organs of many hormones will respond only whenW. Calcium ions are presentX. Adenylyl cyclase is degradedY. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is present*Z. Phosphorylase is present HIV reduces the efficiency of the immune system by attackingW. B cellsX. Suppressor T cellsY. Helper T cells*Z. Plasma cellsAquatic autotrophs cycle carbon by means of a chemical reaction involvingW. Water and limestoneX. Carbon dioxide and limestoneY. Carbon dioxide, water, and limestone*Z. Respiratory carbon dioxide and waterDolly, the cloned sheep developed by Dr Ian Wilmut isW. Genetically identical to the sheep that supplied DNA from an udder cell*X. Genetically identical to the sheep that supplied the enucleated egg cellY. Genetically identical to the sheep that was the surrogate motherZ. A monoploid individualIn mitosis, the events G1 S G2 M are followed byW. Reconstitution of nucleoliX. Kinetochore formationY. Migration of centriolesZ. Cytokinesis*Field mice will emigrate from a niche formerly shared with owls to another area to avoid excessive predation and consequent loss of numbers. The new environment occupied by the field mice is a(n)W. Successive habitatX. Realized nicheY. ClineZ. Isolated territory*A student prepared a temporary wet mount of stained onion skin cells and then viewed them under low power and high power objectives of a compound light microscope. Which organelle could not be viewed by the student?W. Cell wallX. Cytoplasmic strandsY. Chloroplast*Z. NucleusWhen population growth is not restrained by limiting factors, numbers of individual organisms are likely toW. Increase exponentially*X. Increase sinusoidallyY. Stabilize as births = deathsZ. Decrease as a result of competition for matesA metabolic pathway common to both fermentation and cellular respiration isW. The oxidation of pyruvate to lactate by NADHX. Glycolysis*Y. An electron transport chainZ. Krebs cycleThe hormone calcitonin mainly functions to W. Inhibit Ca++ ion excretion by the kidneysX. Promote absorption of Ca++ ions in the kidneysY. Raise the blood calcium levelZ. Lower the blood calcium* Homeotic genes influenceW. Non-Mendelian inheritanceX. Development of body parts in sequence*Y. Blending inheritanceZ. Synthesis of melaninChemiosmosis involves all of the following exceptW. A membrane potentialX. Selective permeabilityY. Passive transportZ. Potassium ion transport* Newly formed colonies of bacteria in a culture medium quickly dwindle in size and disappeared despite the fact that all essential living conditions were optimum. The most probable cause for the decline in bacterial colony population was the occurrence ofW. A mutationX. A bacteriophage infection*Y. TransformationZ. Sexual reproduction and recombination In a plant cell, chloroplasts are to mitochondria asW. Photosynthesis is to glycolysisX. Grana are to outer membrancesY. Photolysis is to the Krebs cycleZ. Thylakoid membranes are to cristae* Astral rays that appear during mitosis are composed ofW. Actin polymersX. Myosin polymersY. Microtubules*Z. Histones A laboratory technique in which DNA is inserted into eukaryotic cells isW. Electroporation*X. ElectrophoresisY. Northern blottingZ. Southern blotting Living systems are regulated by the second law of thermodynamics, which refers toW. Potential energyX. Entropy*Y. Conservation of matterZ. Conservation of energy When large numbers of roan cattle are interbred, the percentages of offspring are 25% red, 50% roan, and 25% white. The results provide evidence forW. Natural selectionX. Incomplete dominance*Y. Cytoplasmic inheritanceZ. Aneuploidy Which statement correctly describes fermentation?W. Involves the aerobic catabolism of organic nutrientsX. Involves the anaerobic anabolism of organic nutrientsY. Always releases carbon dioxideZ. Sometimes carried out by muscle cells* The graph below represents the relationship between population growth and time. Limiting factors, such as overcrowding and availability of essential resources and mates, are considered in the graph. The “K” in the graph representsW. Exponential growthX. Logistic population growthY. Biotic potential781050902970Z. Carrying capacity*K120. A class of mollusks whose members use a radula to feed by scraping algae off rocks is W. Gastropods* X. Bivalves Y. Cephalopods Z. Decapods Based on comparison of differences and similarities in their amino acids, which pair of chordates are most closely related?W. Lamprey and snakesX. Ducks and crocodiles*Y. Sea bass amd sea squirtsZ. Sharks and sparrowsA nerve impulse crosses from the presynaptic membrane of one neuron to the plasma membrane of the cyton or dendrites of another neuron by means of W. An influx of Ca++ ionsX. A neurotransmitter*Y. Cyclic AMP (cAMP)Z. An endorphinSynapsis of homologous chromosomes in prophase I of meiosis involvesW. Attraction and synthesisX. Division and separationY. Attraction and pairing*Z. Duplication and separation Inhalation and exhalation in humans are regulated by the medulla oblongata, diaphragm, and W. Splenic nervesX. Vagus nervesY. Sciatic nervesZ. Phrenic nerves*Sex pili are reproductive adaptations characteristic of someW. SpongesX. ProtozoansY. Bacteria*Z. SharksRecombinant DNA is produced in the laboratory usingW. Ligase and transcriptaseX. Ligase and endonuclease*Y. Polymerase and topoisomeraseZ. Endonuclease and DNA polymeraseWhich of the following hydrolyzes polypeptides?W. EnterokinaseX. AmylopsinY. Trypsin*Z. CholecystokininDuring aerobic respiration, the matrix of a mitochondrion is involved in the following biochemical pathwayW. Krebs cycle NADH2 Electron transport chain oxygen*X. Glycolysis Krebs cycle FADH2 ATPY. Pyruvate Krebs cycle ATP oxygenZ. Krebs cycle FADH2 oxidative phosphorylation ATPWhich of the following correctly describes muscle action?W. Muscle contraction involves the release of Ca++ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum*X. Muscle contraction involves active transport of Ca++ ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulumY. Cholinesterase is an enzyme that neutralizes acetylcholine only in smooth muscleZ. ATP is used to release acetylcholine from synaptic vesiclesWhich is a false statement about the differences between monocot and dicot stems?W. One cotyledon is found in monocot seeds & two cotyledons are found in dicot seedsX. Petals occur in multiples of three in monocots and multiples of four or five in dicotsY. Vascular bundles are scattered in monocot stems and occupy a central stele in dicot stems*Z. Main veins are parallel in monocot leaves and branched or netted in dicot leaves A subatomic particle that has a mass of one Dalton (amu) and helps set up an electrochemical gradient in cell membranes is a(n)W. ElectronX. NeutronY. Proton*Z. NeutrinoA deficiency of isomerase in a pregnant mammal will affect normal milk production from mammary glands becauseW. Glucose cannot be converted to galactose*X. Galactose cannot be converted to lactoseY. Galactose is not an isomer of glucoseZ. An isomerase cannot act on simple sugarsCellular respiration involves a negative ΔG equal to -686 kcal, which indicate the reactions areW. EndergonicX. Exergonic*Y. Enzyme controlledZ. Unaffected by Le Chatelier’s principleWhich statement correctly describes the change in free energy (ΔG) of a chemical system?W. Directly proportional to the total energy (enthalpy)*X. Unaffected by the system’s entropyY. A positive ΔG indicates a spontaneous reactionZ. Does not consider the absolute temperature in Kelvin unitsA functional group that stabilizes the structure of proteins is the W. Carbonyl group >C=OX. Carboxyl group –COOHY. Amino group –NH2Z. Sulfhydryl group –SH*The chemical link between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle isW. Reductive phosphorylationX. ChemiosmosisY. Conversion of oxaloacetate to actyl CoAZ. Conversion of pyruvate to actyl CoA*Absorption and action spectrums of chlorophyll a show thatW. The color of chlorophyll a results from the absorption of green wavelengths of lightX. Chlorophyll a has only one absorption peakY. Carotenoids and phycobilins are not involved in photosynthesisZ. The red and blue regions of the spectrum are most effective in photosynthesis*If a DNA code reads CAG, the codon for valine synthesis isW. GUC*X. AUCY. UTCZ. GTCA nucleus, chloroplast, and a mitochondrion are similar because eachW. Is derived from the endoplasmic reticulumX. Is not enveloped by similar membranesY. Contains DNA*Z. Is a structure that makes up the cytoskeletonWhich structure is not derived from the endomembrane system?W. Smooth ERX. Peroxisome*Y. LysosomeZ. Golgi apparatus Muscle cells contract when actin filaments work in conjunction with contractile structures calledW. MicrotubulesX. FibronectinsY. Myosin filaments*Z. Z-linesA main function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of an animal cell isW. Support and anchorage*X. To produce collagenY. To synthesize proteoglycansZ. To actively transport macromoleculesA disease that destroys the cytoskeleton will probably interfere withW. DNA transcriptionX. Cell division*Y. PhagocytosisZ. Active transportWhich pair of organelles are found in plant and animal cells?W. Mitochondrion and vacuole*X. Centriole and lysosomeY. Centrosome and thylakoidZ. Tonoplast and Golgi apparatusWhich of the following cells would a researcher use to clearly observe lysosome function?W. NeuronX. Phagocyte*Y. B lymphocyteZ. Pancreatic cellGlycoproteins and glycolipids are involved in W. CotransportX. OsmosisY. Cell to cell recognition*Z. Facilitated diffusionWhich statement correctly describes osmosis, or the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane?W. A gradient is not necessaryX. The free energy of the system increasesY. The hydrogen bonds facilitate passage of water molecules across the membraneZ. The entropy increases in the system*Ions diffuse across a membrane in response to theW. Electrochemical gradient*X. Concentration gradientY. Electrical gradientZ. Relative massesLayers of membranous sacs with cisternae and with cis face and trans face polarity accurately describesW. Golgi apparatus*X. Rough ERY. Smooth ERZ. NucleolusAs a result of autophagyW. The heme group of a hemoglobin molecule is removedX. Calcium ions are stored in muscle cellsY. Residual bodies are formed from vesiclesZ. Worn out organelles are destroyed* A cellular adaptation of animals that permits the transfer of ions between adjacent cells is called a W. Gap junction*X. PlasmodesmataY. Tight junctionsZ. DesmosomesWhich statement does not accurately describe mitochondria?W. They have inner folded membranes called cristae, which are involved in aerobic cellular respirationX. They have a matrix containing enzymes, which are involved in the Krebs cycleY. They are found only in eukaryotic cellsZ. They contain heredity material but do not replicate the heredity material or themselves* A normal cell has an electrical charge difference across its plasma membrane and the cause is more anions inside the cell than outside. The anions mainly responsible for the negative voltage areW. Chloride and calcium ionsX. Sulfate, phosphate, and amino acid ions*Y. Bicarbonate ions and fatty acidsZ. Nitrate and bromide ionsCilia and flagella feature a 9+2 pattern of microtubules. The movement of cilia and flagella are the result ofW. Cytoplasmic streaming inside the cellX. Movement of the cytoskeleton’s intermediate filamentsY. Protein dyneins, which are powered by ATP molecules*Z. Rotational movement of basal bodiesCertain weaknesses in the five kingdom classification system caused taxonomists to develop a three domain system of classification. A main reason for creating the three domain system is toW. Give more evolutionary significance to the divisions called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria*X. Give more evolutionary significance to Eubacteria as prokaryotesY. Decrease the evolutionary significance of ProtistaZ. Separate heterotrophs from autotrophsCells lining the small intestine transfer glucose molecules into cells from the lumen byW. Simple diffusionX. Facilitated diffusionY. Proton pumpsZ. Active transport*In human females, inactivation of an X chromosome during meiosis is caused byW. Addition of methyl groups to either nucleotides or to nitrogenous bases*X. Removal of sulfhydryl groups from telomeres on an X chromosomeY. Meiotic nondisjunctionZ. Translocation and deletionAlong which of the following DNA sequences will a specific enzyme recognize a cutting site?W. AGTC;TCAGX. GGCC;CCGG* (Palindromic)Y. ACCA;TGGTZ. TTTC;AAAG159. Bacterial DNA is protected from its viral-degrading enzymes by other enzymes calledW. PolymerasesX. EndonucleasesY. Methylases*Z. ProteasesWhich of the following is used to make a chimeric genome?W. Restriction nucleases*X. TransposaseY. GlyphosateZ. DNA polymeraseRestriction enzymes, commonly called “scissors”, work cooperatively with another enzyme calledW. MethylaseX. DeaminaseY. SynthetaseZ. Ligase*Which sex genotype is not a result of nondisjunction?W. XXYX. XOY. XYYZ. XX*The detection and analysis of nucleotide sequences in homologous strands of DNA uses all of the following techniques exceptW. Restriction enzymesX. Electroporation* (electric current opens pores in membrane)Y. ElectrophoresisZ. Southern blottingIn humans, an AB blood type is the result ofW. Codominance*X. Incomplete dominanceY. Polygenic inheritanceZ. EpistasisBoth a male and female mouse are carriers of a deadly recessive gene. What percentage of their offspring would probably survive?W. 0%X. 25%Y. 50%Z. 75%* Two long winged fruit flies were mated and produced offspring that included 48 long winged flies and 14 short winged flies. The experimental procedure was performed to W. Determine if long wings is sex-linkedX. Determine if short wings is dominant or recessive*Y. Provide experimental support for Mendel’s law of dominanceZ. Initiate a population studyThe appearance of mammals about 250 million years ago is an example of W. CatastrophismX. MicroevolutionY. Macroevolution*Z. Divergent evolutionBalanced polymlorphism is the ability of natural selection to maintain diversity in a population by means of W. Stabilizing varitationsX. Adaptive radiationY. Inbreeding homozygotesZ. Crossbreeding of heterozygotes*Which is correct about the three domain system of classification?W. Protista are excluded from the domain EukaryaX. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes are grouped togetherY. The domain Eukarya includes all organisms except Eubacteria and Archaebacteria*Z. It includes a subdomain for protistsEvolution tends to occur if the frequency of genes in a population changes. Which factor is least likely to affect gene frequency in a population?W. Mutation rateX. Geographic isolationY. Genetic driftZ. Inbreeding*The evolutionary relationships of organisms can best be inferred from differences and similarities inW. Analogous structuresX. Amino acid sequences in common proteins*Y. Index fossilsZ. Vestigial organsGiant forms of jimsonweed plants are occasionally observed growing alongside normal sized plants. Geneticists explain the appearance of the giant plants as a result ofW. Punctuated equilibriumX. GradualismY. Sympatric speciation*Z. Allopatric speciationIn humans brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes. About 16% of the population has blue eyes. What percentage of the population is heterozygous for brown eye color?W. 24%X. 40%Y. 48%*Z. 60%A process that tends to add new alleles to a gene pool isW. Mutation*X. Genetic driftY. MeiosisZ. SegregationAn example of coevolution is/areW. Flower pollination and food collection by bees*X. The scutes of a snake and splint bones of a horseY. Gills slits in sharks and those in turtle embryosZ. Similarities in the chemical composition of enzymes in pigs and cattleThe hominid fossil, Australopithecus afarensis, called Lucy, has a significant place in the scheme of evolution because she is the first known human-like animalW. Who fashioned toolsX. Who had reduced canine teeth and brow ridgesY. To possess a coccyxZ. To walk erect on two legs and have rounded jaws*In the algebraic expression p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 the q2 refers toW. The frequency of homozygous dominant individualsX. The frequency of the homozygous recessive individuals*Y. The frequency of the heterozygous individualsZ. The gene frequency in a given populationA trochophore larvaW. Indicates a relationship between mollusks and annelid worms*X. Is the parasitic larva of a liver flukeY. Resembles an ancestral form of echinodermsZ. Is an intermediate form between segmented worms and insectsWhich statement is correct?W. Genetic drift is not as important in human evolution today as it was 30, 000 years ago*X. Bipedalism had no effect on ancestral human’s use of handsY. Femurs are the most commonly found osseous fossilsZ. Flame cells are found in the excretory system of protochordates Which series of animal evolution is correct?W. Agnathans Placoderms Osteichthyes*X. Amphibians Reptiles TherapsidsY. Monotremes Placental mammals MarsupialsZ. Homo erectus Homo habilis Homo sapiens In ducks and chickens, fertilized eggs of intermediate weight usually hatch with greater frequency than those of other weights. This illustrates a type of selection calledW. DisruptiveX. Stabilizing*Y. DirectionalZ. NaturalAllele E, found in a large randomly mating population, occurs at a frequency of 68 per 100 individuals. Approximately what proportion of individuals will be heterozygous for the allele?W. 27%X. 32%Y. 45%*Z. 55%The type of selection that helped the horse evolve from Eohippus to Equus isW. StabilizingX. DisruptiveY. NaturalZ. Directional*Which of the following pairs is incorrect?W. Monocot - parallel venationX. Conifer – heterosporousY. Fern – male & female gametophytes*Z. Bryophyte – flagellated male gametophytesThe stele of a root is adapted for the transport of substances by possessingW. Xylem and phloem*X. Meristems and sclerenchymaY. Parenchyma and cortexZ. Root hairs and Casparian stripA germinating pollen grain, including its pollen tube is a(n)W. MicrosporeX. Modified antheridiaY. Immature sporophyteZ. Male gametophyte*A megapascal (MPa) is a unit ofW. Osmotic pressure in root hairsX. Water pressure in plant cells*Y. Pressure within air spaces in a leafZ. Transpiration from leavesIn winter, some deciduous trees carry out gas exchange by using specialized structures calledW. Abscissal scarsX. LigulesY. Lenticels*Z. Trichomes Indian pipe is a colorless angiosperm that is adapted to survive as a(n)W. EpiphyteX. Saprobe*Y. ParasiteZ. CAM plantWhen touched, the leaflets of the mimosa plant fold and petioles droop as the result ofW. Turgor pressure loss*X. Proton pumps driving K+ ions into cellsY. The release of ethylene gasZ. An electrochemical gradient that drives Na+ ions out of cells Photoperiodism, the physiological response of a plant to changes in the length of day and night, depends mainly on the action ofW. GibberellinsX. AuxinsY. Abscissic acidZ. Phytochromes*Since a burning plant usually emits fumes that include ammonia, it is reasonable to conclude that plant tissue containsW. StarchesX. LigninY. FructoseZ. Proteins*Observing a mature corn stem with a hand lens will reveal the presence of W. A pericycleX. Collenchyma tissueY. Scattered vascular bundles*Z. A steleA deficiency of potassium salts in soil will probablyW. Weaken root pressureX. Inhibit root hair developmentY. Cause chlorosisZ. Interfere with guard cell action*Phloem sap flows from a sugar source to a sink as the result ofW. Hydrostatic pressure*X. Active transportY. Cytoplasmic streamingZ. Transport by companion cellsNitrate ions (NO3-), sulfate ions (SO42-) and phosphate ions (PO43-) pass into root cells byW. Simple diffusionX. EndocytosisY. Cotransport*Z. GuttationWhich pair of terms in incorrect?W. Companion cell – phloemX. Tonoplast – membrane covering central vaculoleY. Lignin – cell wall componentZ. Apical meristem – region of cell division in leaves*The gallbladder is the target organ of the intestinal hormoneW. A cholecystokinin*X. EnterogastroneY. InsulinZ. GastrinWhich vessel contains blood heavily laden with glucose following a meal?W. Thoracic ductX. Hepatic veinY. Hepatic portal vein*Z. Femoral veinA function of microvilli is toW. Protect villiX. Increase surface area of villi*Y. Destroy pathogenic organismsZ. Absorb complex fatty acids from intestinal chyleHelicobacter pylori bacteria have been found to be a major cause of stomach ulcers. They survive in a highly acidic environment becauseW. They have resistant cell wallsX. They are covered with jelly-like capsulesY. They secrete the enzyme urease which converts urea to ammonia* (Ammonium hydroxide)Z. Their optimum pH for metabolism is 2.0Each 100 mL of deoxygenated blood normally contains about 5 mL of carbon dioxide. About what percent of carbon dioxide is transported in blood plasma as bicarbonate ions?W. 75%*X. 50%Y. 25%Z. 10%Which statement is incorrect about carbon dioxide gas generated during cellular respiration?W. A small percentage dissolves in blood plasmaX. It combines with the globin group of hemoglobinY. It combines with the heme group of hemoglobin*Z. It is carried in blood plasma as bicarbonate ionsThe Bohr shift is a process thatW. Regulates the change from deoxygenated blood to oxygenated blood in the alveoli of lungsX. Regulates affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen molecules*Y. Describes the change of an iron ion to its reduced stateZ. Controls the breathing center in the medulla oblongataWhich gas has the greatest chemical attraction for hemoglobin?W. Carbon monoxide*X. Carbon dioxideY. OxygenZ. Nitrous oxideAn organ whose efficiency will be affected by a deficiency of Purkinje fibers is theW. Atrial-ventricular node of the pacemakerX. Smooth muscle of the stomachY. Pituitary glandZ. Ventricular myocardium*A hormone that stimulates active spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules isW. FSH*X. LHY. EstradiolZ. ProgesteroneBiogenic amines, such as epinephrine and serotonin function asW. VasoconstrictorsX. VasodilatorsY. Neurotransmitters*Z. Inhibitors of action potentialsMost endocrinologists think that the “master gland” is not the pituitary gland, but an area in the brain called theW. PonsX. ThalamusY. Corpus callosumZ. Hypothalamus*Virus infected tissues help neighboring cells ward off virus attacks by producingW. HistaminesX. Interferon*Y. Immunoglobulins IgA and IgMZ. Complement proteins A dysfunctional thymus gland is unable to W. Produce major histocompatibility complex (MCH) proteinsX. Provide a maturation place for T cells*Y. Produce plasma cellsZ. Destroy worn out red blood cellsCytotoxic T cells or killer cells, produce a protein called perforin which, W. Opens lesions in an infected cell’s membrane, exposing pathogens to immune antibodies*X. Regulate genes that initiate interleukin productionY. Activates major histocompatibility complex markersZ. Stimulates histamine formation from tissuesHIV (human immunodeficiency virus) causes aids (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) as the result ofW. Infecting and destroying T cell helpers bearing CD4 molecules*X. Destroying phagocytesY. Inhibiting T cell maturation in the thymus glandZ. Counteracting humoral-mediated immunity activitiesWhen skeletal muscle contractsW. A bands shortenX. Z lines moves farther apartY. H zones widenZ. I bands shorten*Scientists claim that stem cells in a human blastocyst and in umbilical cord blood may be cultured and controlled toW. Produce human clonesX. Grow tissues and organs for transplantation*Y. Function as egg cells for in vitro fertilizationZ. Supply red blood cells to people suffering from anemiaWhich statement is incorrect about agnostic behavior?W. It is expressed only by the males of a species*X. It is a common type of behaviorY. It is usually used to establish territorial rightsZ. It is characterized by conflicts between members of a speciesThe primary function of denitrifying bacteria is convertingW. Nitrites to nitratesX. Nitrates to nitritesY. Nitrates to nitrogen gas*Z. Nitrogen gas to ammonia gasNitrogen fixing bacteria may be found inW. Soil rich in organic matterX. Nodules of roots of leguminous plants*Y. Plants that grow in permafrostZ. Roots of xerophytesThe primary consumers in a food chain that includes snakes, hawks, crickets, and frogs areW. SnakesX. HawksY. FrogsZ. Crickets*The algebraic expression dN/dt = riN expressesW. Biotic potential*X. Population densityY. Carrying capacityZ. Demographic structureThe niche of benthic organisms isW. On a coral reefX. In a eutrophic lakeY. On the deep-sea bottom*Z. In an estuaryA food web is composed of interconnectedW. Food pyramidsX. Energy pyramidsY. Pyramids of biomassZ. Food chains*The ecological succession in an Alaskan forest is : Fireweeds alders (shrubs) aspens (hardwood trees) conifers. The different species that are best adapted to life under prevailing conditions with conifers are part ofW. An ecosystemX. A food webY. A climax community*Z. A deciduous forestA K-selected population is characterized byW. Extensive parental care*X. Many offspring in one reproductive periodY. A high death rateZ. A relatively short life spanA herbivorous insect, such as a grasshopper, defends itself against predators byW. Aposematic colorationX. Cryptic coloration*Y. Poisonous secretionsZ. A stinging apparatusA J-shaped curve of exponential growth is a feature of populations thatW. Have reached their biotic potentialX. Are not affected by carrying capacityY. Show a low intrinsic rate of increaseZ. Are introduced into a new environment*The life cycle of a semelparous organism, such as an insect, includesW. Batesian mimicryX. A large number of offspring in a season*Y. courtship as a sexual behaviorZ. ParthenogenesisThe trophic level that contains the least biomass is usually occupied byW. HerbivoresX. DecomposersY. Tertiary consumers*Z. ProducersTransport vesicles produced by the endoplasmic reticulum are processed and sent to other regions of a cell byW. TubulinsX. GlycoxyomesY. MicorfilamentsZ. Golgi apparatus*Some whales and penguins feed on crustaceans called krill, which are classified ecologically asW. ProducersX. Primary consumers*Y. Secondary consumersZ. Benthic organismsA region of the brain mainly involved with homeostasis is theW. Hypothalamus*X. PonsY. Basal gangliaZ. NeopalliumA basement membrane is an extracellular matrix that is associated withW. Bone tissueX. Nerve tissueY. Epithelial tissue*Z. Loose areolar tissue In mammals, release of milk from mammary glands is regulated byW. Oxytocin*X. ProgesteroneY. ProstaglandinsZ. Melatonin Heterospory in certain bryophytes is an evolutionary adaptation thatW. Enabled extensive growth of vascular tissueX. Enabled sexual reproduction in the absence of waterY. Produced separate plants bearing antheridia and oogonia*Z. Produced diploid gametophyte generations that are the dominant plantA standard procedure of genetic engineering is the use of endonucleases toW. Splice together loose ends of DNA fragmentsX. Remove recognized DNA fragments*Y. Inhibit DNA replicationZ. Generate spontaneous mutationsThe symbiotic relationship between nitrogen fixing bacteria and a clover plant illustratesW. Coevolution*X. CommensalismY. Convergent evolutionZ. Trophic structureThe main function of decomposers is toW. Convert free nitrogen into ammoniaX. Release nitrogen into the atmosphereY. Degrade organic compounds into inorganic compounds*Z. Release carbon dioxide into the airWhich is the most important factor in the loss of Earth’s biodiversity?W. Depletion of the ozone layerX. The greenhouse effectY. The release of toxic wastes into the environmentZ. Habitat destruction*A three chambered heart is characteristic of a W. FishX. Salamander*Y. CrocodileZ. BirdA type of isolation not involved in speciation isW. AllopatricX. SympatricY. GeographicZ. Competitive exclusion*Demography is the study ofW. Biotic potentials and population densityX. How populations may change in the future*Y. Density dependent factors and biomassZ. Biogeological cycles and climate changeIn the developing embryo of a coelomate animal, somites normally give rise toW. Muscles*X. Digestive glandsY. GanglionsZ. LungsIn a humoral response to antigens, B cells give rise toW. Plasma cells*X. Killer T cellsY. Helper T cellsZ. Monoclonal antibodiesA recent study involving tumor research indicated a relationship between angiogenesis, multiplication of tumor cells, and the enzyme ATP synthetase. Which organelle of tumor cells should be the focus of this study?W. Golgi apparatusX. Endoplasmic reticulumY. Plasma membraneZ. Mitochondrion*In order to select a gene for a desirable phenotype, it is best to use a nucleic acid sequence called aW. PrimerX. Reverse transcriptaseY. Probe*Z. Viral vectorIn cells, histones help package DNA molecules calledW. ExonsX. NucleotidesY. Nucleosomes*Z. NucleosidesAccording to the first law of thermodynamics, theW. Total energy in a closed system varies with the kinetic energy of the environmentX. Total energy in a closed system undergoes a quantitative amount of disorder or randomnessY. Total energy in a closed system is constant*Z. Energy in an open system, such as that in an organism, may be transferred between the system and its environmentThe codon UGU translates into the amino acid cysteine, the DNA code for this codon isW. TCTX. ACA* Y. TGTZ. ACTPrior to their extinction about 220 million years ago, therapsids gave rise toW. BirdsX. DinosaursY. PterodactylsZ. Primitive mammals*The ability of one gene to control the expression of multiple phenotypes is calledW. Polygenic inheritanceX. CodominanceY. EpistasisZ. Pleiotropy*Which statement is incorrect about species classified in the phylum Annelida?W. Wastes are removed from the blood and coelomic fluid by metanephridiaX. The species lack segmentation and a coelom*Y. The species are hermaphroditicZ. The species have a hydrostatic skeletonThe age of fishes, which existed about 400 million years ago, is classified as theW. Mesozoic EraX. Cretaceous PeriodY. Carboniferous PeriodZ. Devonian Period*Cellular respiration involves a negative ΔG equal to -686 kilocalories, which indicates that the reactions of cellular respiration areW. Exergonic*X. EndergonicY. At equilibriumZ. Not influenced by entropyEnantiomer molecules areW. Structural isomersX. Geometric isomersY. Optical isomers*Z. Characteristic of cyclic hydrocarbonsAn amniotic egg, first developed by reptiles, is an evolutionary adaptation that helps a developing embryo byW. Providing nourishmentX. Recycling metabolic wastesY. Preventing dehydration*Z. Enabling gas exchangeA corpus luteum is composed of cells that secrete the hormoneW. Progesterone*X. TestosteroneY. EstrogenZ. VasopressinAn organelle involved mainly with intracellular digestion is a W. Food vacuoleX. Pinocytic vesicleY. DictyosomeZ. Lysosome*About 16% of humans exhibit attached earlobes, which is a recessive trait. What percentage of the human population are heterozygous individuals?W. 16%X. 36%Y. 48%*Z. 64%Bacteria from a single colony were cultured on a normal nutrient agar medium. The bacteria were then transferred to a culture medium containing the antibiotic terramycin. After 24 hours, a tiny colony appeared on the terramycin agar medium. A reasonable inference is thatW. Terramycin induced a mutationX. A mutation had previously occurred spontaneously*Y. Terramycin interfered with the absorption of nutrient material from the culture mediumZ. Terramycin had lost its potencyGastric juice does all of the following exceptW. Destroys bacteriaX. Dissolve mineralsY. Participate in erythropoeisisZ. Convert peptides to amino acids*Plasma cells and memory cells of the immune system develop fromW. T4 cellsX. Hemopoietic stem cells in the red bone marrowY. B cells*Z. MacrophagesA blue eyed child was born to parents with brown eyes. It is most likely thatW. One parent was homozygous for brown eyes; the other parent was heterozygous for the traitX. Aberrant multiple alleles were responsibleY. Both parents were heterozygous for brown eyes*Z. The dominant allele for eye color had undergone transposition Book lungs are the respiratory organs found inW. SlugsX. LungfishesY. CricketsZ. Spiders*After several hours of exposure to light, the lower epidermis of a leaf from a C3 plant and a CAM plant were observed under a microscope. A correct observation concerning stomates isW. CAM leaves lack stomatesX. Stomates of the C3 plant are slightly openY. Stomates of the C3 plants are wide open*Z. Stomates of the CAM plant lack guard cellsA gas normally used by a facultative aerobic organisms for respiration isW. Carbon dioxideX. MethaneY. AmmoniaZ. Oxygen*A carrier, or heterozygous individual, of sickle cell anemia is usually immune to W. Malaria*X. Dengue feverY. ElephantitiasisZ. Yellow feverMany people in the Amish community exhibit polydactyly. The main factor contributing to this condition isW. Isolation*X. Natural selectionY. PleiotropyZ. Convergent evolutionDuring translation, a genetic message carried in mRNA is read as a W. Sequence of base triplets or codons*X. Sequence of nucleotidesY. Sequence of amino acidsZ. Poly A tail sequence of adenine nucleotides attached to the 3’ of ribosomal RNAThe main products of the light dependent phase of photosynthesis areW. Co2 and ATPX. H20 and NADPHY. ATP and NADPH*Z. Oxaloacetic acidA plant immersed in a hypotonic salt solution willW. Remain unchanged because of its cell wallX. Actively absorb metallic ionsY. Lose tugorZ. gain turgor*Which enzyme is not involved with DNA replication?W. Synthetase*X. PrimaseY. PolymeraseZ. HelicaseAn enzyme speeds up the rate of reaction byW. Establishing a concentration gradientX. Lowering the activation energy (Ea)*Y. Shifting equilibrium to the leftZ. Increasing the number of active sitesChlorine and iodine are elements found in Group VIIA of the periodic table. There are more chlorine compounds than iodine compounds becauseW. Chlorine atoms are more readily oxidizedX. Iodine atoms are more readily reducedY. Chlorine atoms have a greater atomic massZ. Chlorine atoms have a greater electro-negativty*Henle’s loop of a nephron functions as a counter-current multiplier because itW. Enhances active transport, thereby producing higher concentration differences that would not normally occur*X. Actively pumps out K+ ions, thus generating a concentration gradientY. Helps produce urinary filtrate that is isotonic to the surrounding tissueZ. Inhibits the passive transport of water moleculesThe process of deamination in the liver involves removal of an amine group and an atom of hydrogen from an amino acid to formW. Uric acidX. Ammonia*Y. UreaZ. UrobilinogenThe normal clotting time of blood is increased when there is a deficiency of vitaminW. K*X. CY. EZ. DNormal development of a vertebrate embryo includes programming of cell death by means of “suicide genes”. Programmed cell death in developing embryos is calledW. MorphogenesisX. PalingenesisY. OrthogenesisZ. Apoptosis*An enzyme controlled reaction could overcome competitive inhibition byW. Decreasing temperatureX. Excluding active sites to competitive substratesY. Increasing substrate concentration*Z. Elevating pHIn angiosperms, the male gametophyte consists of W. A pollen grainX. A germinated pollen grain*Y. A microspore mother cellZ. An antheridiumA tissue that lines the lumen of ducts isW. Epithelial*X. NervousY. AdiposeZ. Loose areolarIn a neuron, resting potential following an action potential is restored byW. Heightened activity of calcium ions within the cytoplasmX. Opening of voltage sensitive potassium channels and closing of sodium channels*Y. Repeated hyperpolarizations of the plasma membraneZ. Opening of sodium gates and release of cholinesteraseWhich factors influence the distribution of biomes?W. Species diversity and carrying capacityX. Latitude and wind current patternsY. Climate and topography*Z. Water current patterns and community successionA structure of the cardiovascular system under the least hydrostatic pressure isW. A large arteryX. A capillaryY. A veinZ. The right atrium*A process that produces gametes with great diversity of gene combinations isW. MitosisX. Synapsis*Y. Holoblastic cleavageZ. Meiotic reduction divisionA chemical compound common to most cells is shown below. The diagram illustrates308610052705W. A nucleotide*X. A nucleosideY. A nucleic acidZ. A nucleosomeThe allantois of a bird embryo functions as W. A respiratory organX. An excretory organY. Protection against shockZ. Both a respiratory and excretory organ*The bonding of fatty acid molecules to a glycerol molecule, resulting in a lipid molecule requiresW. The addition of a water moleculeX. The removal of a carbonyl groupY. Glycosidic linkageZ. A hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group*An evolutionary advantage of an organism with bilateral symmetry isW. A gastrovascular cavityX. A body cavity lined with coelomY. Cephalization*Z. Two germ layers in embryonic development The light dependent reactions of photosynthesis do not incudeW. Cyclic and noncyclic pathwaysX. Electron acceptors P700 and P680Y. Carbon dioxide as a source of carbon atoms*Z. Degradation of water to hydrogen ions and oxygenAn animal considered by scientists to be an intermediate form between the Insectivora and Primates is theW. Shrew*X. BatY. SlothZ. PikaThe greatest primary productivity occurs inW. A continental lakeX. An estuary*Y. A benthic biomeZ. A grassland biomeEukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells are similar because both types possessW. A nuclear membraneX. A Golgi apparatusY. Chromosomal RNAZ. A plasma membraneThe functional groups of many organic molecules determine their distinctive chemical and physical properties. Which functional group stabilizes the physical structure of proteins?W. Sulfhydryl group (-SH)X. Carboxyl group (-COOH)Y. Amino group (-NH2)Z. Phosphate group (-PO4)Palisade cells within a plant leaf collectively make up the tissue calledW. SclerenchymaX. CollenchymaY. Parenchyma*Z. CambiumIt is desirable to maintain a relatively high concentration of high density lipoproteins (HDL) in the blood in order toW. Maintain normal blood pressure within arteriesX. Prevent cholesterol plaques in blood vessels*Y. Maintain a reserve of lipid moleculesZ. Prevent blood clots in small blood vesselsWhich set of parents are involved in a testcross?W. BB x BbX. Bb x bbY. BB x bb*Z. BB x BBAn organ of Corti is associated with the sensation ofW. Tactile discriminationX. Sound*Y. Color visionZ. Olfactory discriminationAn organism that uses collar cells to create water currents, feeds on organic detritus, and is structured with spicules is most probably a W. Sponge*X. HydraY. Sea cucumberZ. Brittle starWhen water undergoes a phase change from liquid to vapor, it involves breakingW. Ionic bondsX. Covalent bondsY. Hydrogen bonds*Z. Van der Waals forcesCytotoxic T cells, or killer cells, destroy virus infected cells and bacteria byW. PhagocytosisX. Secreting perforin*Y. AgglutinationZ. PlasmolysisWhich is a polygenic trait in humans?W. Skin color*X. SchizophreniaY. Cleft lipZ. SyndactylyIn a cell, hydrolysis of one ATP moleculeW. Is an endergonic reactionX. Yields two ADP moleculesY. Releases a high energy bond*Z. Is anabolicA eukaryotic cell has an endomembrane system that does not includeW. The cytoskeleton*X. The Golgi apparatusY. LysosomesZ. The endoplasmic reticulumHydrogen ions that reduce NADP+ molecules to NADPH molecules during the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis come fromW. The cytochrome complexX. Photolysis*Y. Electron carrier moleculesZ. PhotorespirationTemperature regulation in endothermic animals is accomplished by a part of the brain called theW. Corpus callosumX. Hypothalamus*Y. ThalamusZ. PonsIn humans, the fight or flight response results from the activation of theW. Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system*X. Parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous systemY. Limbic systemZ. Adrenal cortexA tissue lining the alveoli in the lungs that function as a permeable membrane isW. Simple squamous epithelia*X. Simple cuboidal epitheliaY. Transitional epitheliaZ. Simple columnar epitheliaInterphase of cell division includes three subphases. The subphase in which replication occurs is the W. ProphaseX. S phase*Y. G1 phaseZ. G2 phaseIn liver cells, peroxisomes secrete the enzyme catalase, whichW. Destroys pathogensX. Deaminates excess amino acidsY. Uses hydrogen peroxide to detoxify harmful substances*Z. Activates Kupffer cellsSegmentation is an involuntary movement of the small intestine thatW. Mixes chyme thoroughly with digestive juices*X. Takes over when peristalsis failsY. Is controlled by the central nervous systemZ. Works in conjunction with peristalsisStudies show that the number of species in a community increases from the high latitudes toward the equator. It may be reasoned that species range is based onW. Chance migrationsX. Tolerance for abiotic factors, such as temperature and light*Y. Tolerance for interspecific competitionZ. A modified ecological nicheAn arthropod considered a “living fossil” is the W. Horseshoe crab*X. ScorpionY. TrilobiteZ. TickAn abiotic factor that is most important in determining the productivity of a terrestrial ecosystem isW. LightX. Water*Y. TemperatureZ. SoilA structural feature found in vertebrate chordates, but not in invertebrate chordates is W. CephalizationX. Pharyngeal gill slitsY. a postanal tailZ. A hollow dorsal nerve cord*Which of the following does not facilitate the upward movement of water and dissolved minerals in the xylem vessels of a plant?W. TranspirationX. Turgor pressure*Y. Root pressureZ. AdhesionThe two forms of lactic acid are L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid. The two forms of lactic acid are calledW. Structural isomersX. Enantiomers*Y. Geometric isomersZ. Right and left hydrocarbonsIntracellular connections found in animal cells could includeW. Gap junctions and plasmodesmataX. Desmosomes and middle lamellaeY. Tight junctions and desmosomes*Z. Gap junctions and protein channelsAnimal cells use a sodium-potassium pump in order toW. Maintain a membrane potential*X. Trigger an electrochemical impulseY. Actively transport macromolecules across a membraneZ. Transform electrical charge to mechanical energyT.H. Morgan and his associates made extensive use of fruit flies for their experiments mainly because W. The body cells of a fruit fly contain a small number of chromosomes*X. The fruit fly has a long life cycleY. The fruit fly is oviviparousZ. Fruit flies produce offspring with unpredictable phenotypesWhich molecule ultimately provides the most energy for metabolic reactionsW. NADX. Acetyl CoAY. NADPH*Z. FADChemical analysis of the DNA of a ladybird beetle revealed that 30% of the nitrogenous bases consisted of adenine. What is the percentage of cytosine?W. 10%X. 20%*Y. 30%Z. 40%Neuropeptides that are natural analgesics (pain killers) includeW. Histamine and acetylcholineX. Endorphin and enkephalin*Y. Melatonin and angiotensin IIZ. Dopamine and serotoninIn angiosperms, evolution of flower structure includesW. Fused petals*X. Fused carpelsY. PolyploidyZ. Lateral symmetry and superior ovariesCountercurrent exchanges between the internal environment of an organism and its external environment are illustrated byW. Retention of heat in the feet of penguins standing on ice*X. Passage of air into the trachaea of a grasshopperY. Elimination of ammonia from the gills of a lobster into waterZ. Conversion of glucose into glycogen in the red muscles of mammalsA plant hormone that stimulates fruit ripening isW. GibberellinX. Abscissic acidY. AuxinZ. Ethylene*Plant cells communicate with each other byW. Plasmodesmata, through which cytoplasm strands connect cells*X. Microtubules that connect one cell to anotherY. Microfilaments that bind cells togetherZ. A middle lamella that glues cells togetherThe laboratory instrument used for cell fractionation is the W. StereoscopeX. Centrifuge*Y. ElectrophoresisZ. Thin layer chromatographyLaboratory studies show that all aerobic species possess a respiratory pigment, called cytochrome C. This supports a theory of evolution proposed byW. LamarckX. Darwin*Y. SuttonZ. CuvierImmunoglobulins (Igs) are antibody molecules that neutralize antigens at sites calledW. CD4 moleculesX. LociY. Active sitesZ. Epitopes*DNA technology, used in genetic engineering, includes all the following procedures exceptW. Colchicine administration*X. Restriction enzymesY. Gel electrophoresisZ. Southern hybridizationAt which stage of mitosis would cells be selected and microphotographed for the preparation of a karyotype?W. InterphaseX. ProphaseY. Metaphase*Z. AnaphaseTo properly prepare one liter of a one molar solution of glucoseW. Dissolve one mole of glucose in enough distilled water to make one liter of solution*X. Dissolve one mole of glucose in a liter of distilled waterY. Dissolve 24 grams of glucose in a liter of solutionZ. Dissolve 24 grams of glucose in a liter of distilled waterIn which of the following ecosystems are nutrients cycled most rapidly?W. Temperate forestX. Tropical rain forest*Y. EstuaryZ. TundraPhotoperiodism is an important survival factor in a region calledW. An abyssal plainX. A temperate forest*Y. A coral reefZ. A chaparralDarwin’s finches on the Galapagos Islands are examples of evolution at work because they demonstrateW. Adaptive radiation*X. Convergent evolutionY. SpeciationZ. Climatic shiftWhich is the best example of a K-selected species?W. Pea plantX. FrogY. EelZ. Human*Certain cells of the immune system release cytokines, which in turn,W. Activate B cells*X. Destroy intracellular pathogensY. Stimulate production of interferonsZ. Enhance the effects of killer T cellsHeart sounds are indicators of heart function. These sounds come primarily fromW. Hydrostatic pressure in the atriaX. Pacemaker impulses to the ventriclesY. Closure of all heart valves*Z. Opening of the aortic and pulmonary valvesGanglions are groups of many cytons (cell bodies) located in the W. Central nervous systemX. Peripheral nervous system*Y. Gray matter of the spinal cordZ. Corpus callosumWhat is the chance of a couple having 4 sons in a row?W. 1/8 X. ?Y. ?Z. 1/16*Which of the following is the frozen desert?W. TaigaX. Tundra*Y. ChaparralZ. GrasslandsThe most common type of population dispersion in nature isW. RandomX. Clumped*Y. UniformZ. DispersiveWhich is true about water potential?W. The water potential of pure water is negativeX. The water potential of pure water is positiveY. The water potential of pure water is zero*Z. Water moves from a low water potential to a high water potentialPhototropisms in plants are controlled byW. GibberellinsX. Guard cellsY. EthyleneZ. Auxins*The working of the Lac operon is important becauseW. It represents how mammals utilize lactoseX. It represents a principle means by which genes are regulated in prokaryotes*Y. It is proof of semiconservative replication of DNAZ. It illustrates how RNA is processed after it is transcribedWhat is the substrate of salivary amylase?W. Starch*X. GlucoseY. ProteinZ. Amino acidsWhich of the following has an open circulatory system?W. Lobster*X. SpongeY. HumanZ. HydraWhich is not a cause of sympatric speciation?W. Geographic isolation*X. PolyploidyY. Behavioral isolationZ. Mechanical isolationWhich of the following is an endocrine gland?W. Salivary glandX. GallbladderY. Lachrymal glandZ. Pineal gland*Which best explains why the incidence of polydactyly is so much higher in the Amish population than in the rest of the population in the United States?W. MutationX. Bottleneck effectY. Founder effect*Z. Disruptive selectionWhich of the following hormones controls metamorphosis in insects and crustaceans?W. CortisolX. AdrenalineY. ThyroxineZ. Ecdysone*The threshold potential of a membrane of a neuronW. Is always 70mVX. Is always 90 mvY. Can never changeZ. Is a measure of the polarization of the membrane*A Barr body is normally found in the nucleus of which kinds of cells?W. Somatic female cells*X. Sperm cellsY. Somatic male cellsZ. OvaMost energy during cellular respiration is harvested duringW. The Krebs cycleX. Oxidative phosphorylation*Y. GlycolysisZ. FermentationThe harmless viceroy butterfly resembles the poisonous monarch butterfly. This is an example ofW. Mullerian mimicryX. Commensal colorationY. Cryptic colorationZ. Batesian mimicry*A man who is colorblind marries a woman with normal vision but whose father was colorblind. What is the chance they will have a colorblind child?W. 0%X. 25%Y. 50%*Z. 75%The ATP produced during fermentation is generated by which of the following?W. Electron transport chainX. Substrate level phosphorylation*Y. Krebs cycleZ. ChemiosmosisWhich of the following would not normally diffuse through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane?W. CO2X. Amino acidY. Starch*Z. O2Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?W. Ribosomes*X. MitochondriaY. Endoplasmic reticulumZ. Nuclear membraneIf a cell has 24 chromosomes at the beginning of meiosis, how many chromosomes will it have at the end of meiosis?W. 64X. 48Y. 24Z. 12*Which cellular organelle is the site of cellular respirationW. Golgi apparatusX. Mitochondria*Y. Endoplasmic reticulumZ. RibosomesWhich term best describes how goslings recognize their mothers after they are hatched?W. InstinctX. Imprinting*Y. ReasoningZ. HabituationDiatoms are the major primary producers in which of the following ecosystems?W. Marine*X. DesertY. ChaparralZ. Tropical rain forestIn deer, fur length is controlled by a single gene with two alleles. When a homozygous deer with long fur is crossed with a homozygous deer for short fur, the offspring have fur of medium length. If these offspring with medium length fur mate, what percentage of their offspring will have long fur?W. 100%X. 75%Y. 50%Z. 25%*All of the following are types of wastes excreted by animals exceptW. AmmoniaX. Carbon dioxideY. Uric acidZ. Nitrate*During the course of which type of reaction is energy consumed?W. HydrolysisX. CatabolicY. Endergonic*Z. Oxidation-reduction (REDOX)Consumption of CO2 can be used as a measure of photosynthetic rate because carbon dioxide isW. Consumed during the light reactions of photosynthesisX. Consumed during the dark reactions of photosynthesis*Y. Used to trap photons, the form of energy in sunlightZ. Necessary for the production of ATP in oxidative phosphorylationIn animal development, all of the following occur exceptW. Cleavage, a succession of rapid cell divisions, occurs just after fertilizationX. The zygote develops polarityY. The zygote develops into a blastulaZ. All of the genes in the zygote are activated*Which of the following describes a protein capable of converting related proteins to an infectious form?W. Prion*X. ViroidY. VirusZ. SpirocheteThe domain Archaea contains prokaryotic organisms thatW. Possess a nuclear envelopeX. Live in extreme heat or acid environments*Y. Have plant-like featuresZ. Reproduce sexuallyWhich statement best describes the action of the hormone oxytocin in humans?W. It stimulates growthX. It stimulates the secretion of epinephrineY. It stimulates contraction of the uterus*Z. It increases oxygen levels in the bloodWhich of the following areas is a site of active cell division at the tips of plant roots and shoots?W. Lateral meristemsX. Apical meristems*Y. PericycleZ. CortexWhich substances are components of the plasma membrane of a cell?W. Glycoproteins*X. CytochromesY. Nucleic acidsZ. Phosphatidic acidMitosis in vertebrate cells occurs just after which of the following phases of the cell cycle?W. G1X. SY. G2*Z. MCertain cells of all of the following organisms undergo meiosis exceptW. FernsX. Bacteria*Y. FungiZ. NematodesWater and minerals flow up through a plant through theW. Tracheids and vessel elements of xylem*X. Tracheids and vessel elements of phloemY. Sieve tubes of xylemZ. Sieve tubes of phloemIn plants, change in the level of which of the following substances causes the stomata to close and conserve water during drought?W. BrassinosteroidsX. Abscisic acid*Y. AuxinZ. EthyleneO2 and CO2 diffuse from resions where their partial pressuresW. Are higher to regions where they are lower*X. Are lower to regions where they are higherY. Are zero to regions of higher partial pressureZ. Are zero to regions of lower partial pressureIt is theorized that when organisms that were capable of self-replicating originated, Earth’s atmosphere contained a low concentration of W. WaterX. Gaseous oxygen*Y. Carbon dioxideZ. NitrogenThe composition of lymph in lymph vessels is roughly the same asW. Interstitial fluid*X. Glomerular filtrateY. BloodZ. Chyme In photosynthesis, most ATP is produced as a result of which of the following processes?W. The light reactionsX. The dark reactionsY. Noncyclic photophosphorylation*Z. The Calvin cycle Which of the following organisms is not usually considered alive because of its dependence on other organisms for reproduction?W. NematodeX. TapewormY. LichenZ. Virus*In guinea pigs, black fur (B) is dominant to brown fur (b) and no tail (T) is dominant over tail (t). What fraction of the progeny of the cross BbTt x BbTt will have black fur and tails?W. 1/16X. 3/16*Y. 3/8Z. 9/16A migrating flock of Canada geese is nearly decimated by a severe storm. Only four members of the flock, which constitute the entire population of a specific region, survive and return north the next spring. These four start a new colony. This phenomenon is known asW. The founder effectX. Natural selectionY. PolymorphismZ. The bottleneck effect*Which of the following describes a drawing showing the evolutionary history among a particular species or a group of related species?W. Food webX. Punnett squareY. PedigreeZ. Phylogenetic tree*Which of the following characteristics is common to all bryophytes?W. Large, independent gametophytes*X. Monoecious plantsY. Haploid sporesZ. Vascular tissueAllolactose stimulates the cells of the human body to produce mRNA’s that code for the enzyme β-galactosidase, which breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose. In this case, the role of allolactose can best be described as that of a W. DNA replication stimulatorX. Translational inhibitorY. Stimulator of β-galactosidase secretionZ. Regulator of gene activity*Which of the following type of data can be used to map the locations of genes on chromosomes?W. Segregation frequencyX. Rate of gene regulationY. Rate of gene recombination*Z. Rate of gene expressionAll of the following are evidence for evolution exceptW. The presence of anatomical homologiesX. Vestigial organsY. The existence of molecular homologiesZ. The existence of homologies in diet among species*The movement of H+ across the inner mitochondrial membrane during chemiosmosis of cellular respiration, is an example of what type of movement across a membrane?W. Active transportX. Facilitated diffusionY. SymportZ. AntiportWhich of the following is a major food source for organisms that live in the benthic zone?W. Floating aquatic plantsX. PhytoplanktonY. ZooplanktonZ. Detritus*Which of the following cells would most likely have the greatest concentration of mitochondria in its cytoplasm?W. A cell lining the digestive tractX. An active skeletal muscle cell*Y. A cell in the liverZ. A cell in the lungWhich of the following evolved before algae?W. Bacteria*X. HydrasY. CnidariansZ. FungiInsertions and deletions may cause which of the following types of mutation?W. MissenseX. NonsenseY. Base-pair substitutionZ. Frameshift*The stomata – the openings on the underside of a plant leaf through which carbon dioxide is taken up and oxygen is expelled – are opened as a result ofW. Movement of mesophylls away from the stomatal openingX. Increased turgidity in the guard cells*Y. Decreased turgidity in the guard cellsZ. Elongation of the guard cells toward the mesophyllWhich characteristic is not required of a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?W. The population must be very largeX. There must be no migration into or out of the populationY. The members of the population must be mating randomlyZ. There must be only two alleles present for each characteristic in the population*In plants that undergo alternation of generations, the gametophyte stage is alwaysW. UnicellularX. A seedY. DiploidZ. Haploid*Bacteria reproduce by which of the following processes?W. Binary divisionX. Binary fission*Y. MitosisZ. MeiosisIn plants, the abscission, or dropping of leaves is triggered by changes inW. CytokininX. Ethylene*Y. Abscisic acidZ. BrassinosteroidsGel electrophoresis can be used for which of the following laboratory procedures?W. Determining the molecular weight of proteins and nucleic acidsX. Determining the charge of proteins and nucleic acidsY. Separating nucleic acids and proteins on the basis of their size*Z. Separating nucleic acids and proteins on the basis of their chargeLAB QUESTIONSLab #1 Diffusion & OsmosisIn beaker B, what is the water potential of the distilled water in the beaker, and of the beet core?W. Water potential in the beaker = 0; water potential in the beet core = 0X. Water potential in the beaker = 0; water potential in the beet core = -0.2*Y. Water potential in the beaker = 0; water potential in the beet core = 0.21666875349885Z. Water potential in the beaker cannot be calculated; water potential in the beet core = 0.2Which of the following statements is true for the diagrams?W. The beet core in beaker A is at equilibrium with the surrounding water* (Both are 0)X. The beet core in beaker B will lose water to the surrounding environmentY. The beet core in beaker B would be more turgid than the beet core in beaker AZ. The cells in beet core B are likely to undergo plasmolysisLab #2 Enzyme CatalysisIn order to keep the rate of reaction constant over the entire time course, which of the following should be done?W. Add more enzymeX. Gradually increase the temperature after 60 secondsY. Add more substrate*Z. Add H2SO4 after 60 secondsWhat is the role of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in this experiment?W. It denatures the enzyme by altering the active site*X. It is a competitive inhibitor and blocks the active site of the enzymeY. It is the substrate on which catalase actsZ. It binds with the remaining hydrogen peroxide during titrationA student was performing a titration for this laboratory and accidentally exceeded the endpoint. What would be the best step to obtain good data for this point?W. Estimate the amount of KMnO4 that was in excess and subtract this from the resultX. Repeat titration using reserved remaining sample*Y. Obtain data for this point from another lab groupZ. Prepare a graph of the data without this point and then read the estimated value from the graph.Lab #3 Mitosis & MeiosisWhich of the following statements is correct?W. Crossing over occurs in prophase I of meiosis and metaphase of mitosisX. DNA replication occurs once prior to mitosis and twice prior to meiosisY. Synapsis occurs in prophase of mitosisZ. Karyokinesis occurs once in mitosis and twice in meiosis*The cell cycle in a certain type has a duration of 16 hours. The nuclei of 660 cells showed 13 cells in anaphase. What is the approximate duration of anaphase in these cells?W. 2 minutesX. 13 minutesY. 19 minutes* (13 / 660 total cells = 2%) 0.02 x 960 = ~ 19D. 32 minutesA group of asci formed from crossing light spored Sordaria with dark spored produced the following results1866900-3810How many of these asci contain a spore arrangement that resulted from a crossing over?W. 3X. 7Y. 8Z. 10* (# of spores of all asci counted)From this small sample, calculate the map distance between the gene and centromere.W. 10 map unitsX. 20 map units* (# of crossovers / total # asci x 100 /2)Y. 30 map unitsZ. 40 map unitsLab #4 Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis3752850160020What is the Rf value for carotene calculated from the chromatogram below?W. 1.09X. 0.17Y. 0.96* (distance pigment moves/ distance solvent moves) 11.5/12=0.96Z. 0.33For the chromatogram shown, W. The Rf for chlorophyll b can be determined by dividing the distance the green pigment migrated by the distance the solvent front migrated*X. The Rf value of chlorophyll b will be higher than the Rf value for chlorophyll aY. The molecules of xanthophyll are not easily dissolved in this solvent, and thus are probably larger in mass than the chlorophyll b moleculesZ. If this same chromatogram were set up and run for twice as long, the Rf values would be twice as great for each pigment.What is the role of DPIP in this experiment?W. It mimics the action of chlorophyll by absorbing light energyX. It serves as an electron donor and blocks the formation of NADPHY. It is an electron acceptor and is reduced by electrons from chlorophyll*Z. It is bleached in the presence of light and can be used to measure light levels.Some students were not able to get many data points in this experiment because the solution went from blue to colorless in only 5 minutes for the unboiled chloroplasts exposed to light. What modifications to the experiment do you think would be most likely to provide better results?W. Increase the number of drops of chloroplasts used from three to fiveX. Double the volume of DPIP so that the solution has a lower transmittance*Y. Use fresher spinach and prepare the chloroplast solution during the lab procedureZ. Modify the blank so that the initial transmittance is higherIf a student performed this experiment and got a flat curve, showing very little change in percent transmittance over time, which of these would be the most plausible explanation?W. The DPIP was too pale at the beginning of the experimentX. The chloroplast solution was too concentratedY. The experimenter used chloroplasts that were damaged and could not respond to light*Z. The blank was not properly used to calibrate the spectrophotometer.Lab #5 Cell Respiration3124200206375What is the rate of oxygen consumption in the germinating corn at 12°C as shown in the graph?W. 0.08 ml/minX. 0.04 ml/min* (ΔY/ΔX)Y. 0.8 ml/minZ. 0.6 ml/min Using figure 5.2, which of the following is a true statement based on the data?W. The amount of oxygen consumed by germinating corn at 22°C is approximately twice the amount of oxygen consumed by germinating corn at 12°C*X. The rate of oxygen consumption is the same in both germinating and non-germinating corn during the initial time period from 0 to 5 minutesY. The rate of oxygen consumption in the germinating corn at 12°C at 10 minutes is 0.4 mlO2/minute Z. If the experiment were run for 30 minutes, the rate of oxygen consumption would decreaseWhich of the following conclusions is supported by the data shown on the graph?W. The rate of respiration is higher in nongerminating seeds than in germinating seedsX. Nongerminating seeds are not alive and show no difference in rate of respiration at different temperaturesY. The rate of respiration in the germinating seeds would have been been higher if the experiment were conducted in sunlightZ. The rate of respiration increases as the temperature increases in both germinating and nongerminating seeds*What is the role of KOH in this experiment?W. It serves as an electron donor to promote cellular respirationX. As KOH breaks down, the oxygen needed for cellular respiration is releasedY. It serves as a temporary energy source for the respiring organismZ. It binds with carbon dioxide to form a solid, preventing CO2 production from affecting gas volume*45148503810Lab #6 Molecular BiologyHow many base pairs is the fragment circled in figure 6.4?W. 350X. 22Y. 2200Z. 3500*Which of the following statements is correct?W. Longer DNA fragments migrate farther than shorter fragmentsX. Migration distance is inversely proportional to the fragment size*Y. Positively charged DNA migrates more rapidly than negatively charged DNAZ. Uncut DNA migrates farther than DNA cut with restriction enzymes24955502540Which lane shows a digest with BamHI only?W. IX. IIY. III*Z. IVWhich lane shows a digest with both BamHI and EcoRI?W. IX. IIY. IIIZ. IV*2324100-238125On which petri dish do only transformed cells grow?W. Plate IX. Plate II*Y. Plate IIIZ. Plate IVWhich of the plates is used as a control to show that non-transformed E. coli will not grow in the presence of kanamycin?W. Plate IX. Plate IIY. Plate IIIZ. Plate IV*If a student wants to verify that transformation has occurred, which of the following procedures should they use?W. Spread cells from Plate I onto a plate with LB agar; incubateX. Spread cells from Plate II onto a plate with LB agar; incubateY. Spread cells from Plate III onto a plate with LB agar and also onto a plate with LB agar with kanamycin; incubateZ. Spread cells from plate III onto a plate with LB agar with kanamycin; incubate*During the course of an E coli transformation laboratory, a student forgot to mark the culture tube that received kanamycin resistant plasmids. The student proceeds with the laboratory because they think that they will be able to determine from the results which culture tube contained cells that may have undergone transformation. Which plate would be most likely to indicate transformed cells?W. A plate with a lawn of cells growing on LB agar with kanamycinX. A plate with a lawn of cells growing on LB agar without kanamycinY. A plate with 100 colonies growing on LB agar with kanamycin*Z. a plate with 100 colonies growing on LB agar without kanamycinLab # 7 Genetics of Organisms59055069215On the basis of the results shown in the table, which statement is most likely true?W. The genes for red eyes and normal wings are linkedX. The gene for no wings is sex-linkedY. The gene for red eyes and the gene for no wings are both dominantD. The gene for eye color is inherited independently of the gene for wings* Based on the hypothesis that this is a dihybrid cross, with the two genes unlinked, calculate (x2) chi-square using the data in the table of observed phenotypes.W. 6.04X. 7.81Y. 4.98*Z. 24.0Compare the chi-square value obtained in question #3 with the critical values table below for p=0.05. Which of the following statements would be true?W. Since the calculated value for chi-square is less than 7.82, the results support the hypothesis that the parents are heterozygous for two unlinked traits*X. Since the calculated value for chi-square is less than 7.82, the results support the hypothesis that eye color and wings are linkedY. Since the calculated value for chi-square is less than 7.82, the results are inconclusive. The experiment should be repeatedZ. Since the calculated value for chi-square is so large, the variations from the experiment are excessive. The experiment should be repeated. DegreesofFreedom(df)Probability (p)123450.053.845.997.829.4911.10.016.649.2111.313.215.10.00110.813.816.318.520.5Lab #8 Population Genetics and EvolutionIf the frequency of two alleles in a gene pool is 90% A and 10% a, what is the frequency of individuals in the population with the genotype Aa?W. 0.81X. 0.09Y. 0.18*Z. 0.01If a population experiences no migration, is very large, has no mutations, has random mating, and there is no selection, which of the following would you predict?W. The population will evolve, but much more slowly than normalX. The makeup of the population’s gene pool will remain virtually the same as long as these conditions hold*Y. The composition of the population’s gene pool will change slowly in a predictable mannerZ. The population probably has an equal frequency of A and a allelesIn a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype is 0.09. What is the frequency of individuals that are homozygous for the dominant allele?W. 0.7X. 0.21Y. 0.42Z. 0.49*Lab #9 TranspirationAll of the following enhance water transport in terrestrial plants exceptW. Hydrogen bonds linking water moleculesX. Capillary action due to adhesion of water molecules to the walls of the xylemY. Evaporation of water from the leavesZ. K+ being transported out of the guard cells*Under conditions of bright light, in which part of a transpiring plant would water potential be the lowest?W. Xylem vessels in the rootsX. Xylem vessels in the leavesY. Root hairsZ. Spongy mesophyll of the leaves*205740045720For questions 35-38 refer to figure 9.6.Name tissue type A and describe its functionStructure ________________________________________________EpidermisFunction _________________________________________________ProtectionName tissue type B and describe its functionStructure ________________________________________________PhloemFunction __________________________________________________Food transportName tissue type C and describe its functionStructure ________________________________________________XylemFunction _________________________________________________Water transportName tissue type D and describe its functionStructure ________________________________________________ParenchymaFunction __________________________________________________Store foodLab #10 Physiology of the Circulatory SystemWhich of the following has the least effect on blood pressure in a young adult?W. Temperature of the room*X. Position of the bodyY. Level of conditioningZ. Supplemental vitaminsAn individual’s blood pressure is reported as 110/50. Which of the following is correct?W. The pressure during the contraction phase of the heart is 50 and the pressure during the relaxation phase is 110X. Systolic pressure is 110 and diastolic pressure is 50*Y. The pulse is 110 during exercise and 50 when at restZ. The individual shows possible borderline high blood pressureWhich of the following organisms would show the greatest fluctuation in body temperature hour by hour?W. DolphinX. MouseY. Lake troutZ. Rattlesnake*What is the relationship between metabolic rate and body temperature in Daphnia?W. As the body temperature increases, the metabolic rate decreasesX. An increase of 10°C results in a doubling of metabolic rate*Y. Heart rate increases as body temperature decreasesZ. Cellular enzymes are less active at 35°C than at 20°C, resulting in decreased metabolic rateIf Q10 = 2, then an enzymatic reaction that takes place at a given rate at 7°C would take place approximately how many times faster at 27°C?W. Twenty timesX. Eight timesY. Four times*Z. Three timesLab # 11 Animal BehaviorA group of students wanted to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on plant growth, so they took two similar plants and set them on a window sill for a two week observation period. They watered each plant the same amount, but gave one a small dose of fertilizer with each watering. They collected data by counting the total number of new leaves on each plant and also measured the height of each plant in centimeters.Which of the following is a significant flaw in this experimental setup?W. There is no variable factorX. There is no controlY. There is no repetition*Z. Measurable results cannot be expectedStudents placed five pillbugs on the dry side of a choice chamber and five pillbugs on the wet side. They collected data as to the number on each side every 30 seconds for 10 minutes. After 6 minutes, eight or nine pillbugs were continually on the wet side of the chamber, and several were under the filter paper. Which of the following is not a reasonable conclusion from these results?W. It takes the pillbugs several minutes to explore their surroundings and select a preferred habitat.X. Pillbugs prefer a moist environmentY. Pillbugs prefer a dark environmentZ. Pillbugs demonstrate no significant habitat preference* (No control so any would work)If a student wanted to determine whether pillbugs prefer a moist or dry environment, what would be the best way to analyze data from the experiment?W. Total the number of pillbugs on the dry side throughout the entire experiment and compare this with the number on the wet side throughout the experimentX. After waiting five minutes for the pillbugs to acclimate, count the number of pillbugs on the dry side every 30 seconds for five minutes. Total and average the results, and compare this with the number of pillbugs on the wet side during this same time interval.*Y. Compare the number of pillbugs on the dry side at the end of 10 minutes with the number of pillbugs on the wet side at the end of 10 minutesZ. Divide the number of pillbugs on the dry side throughout the experiment by the number on the wet side throughout the experimentWhich of the following hypotheses is stated best?W. If pillbugs are allowed free movement, then more will be found in a moist environment than in a dry environment*X. If pillbugs like a moist environment, then they will move to the wet side of a choice chamberY. If an experiment with pillbugs is run for 10 minutes, then more pillbugs will be found in the most favorable environmentZ. Pillbugs are found in moist habitats, so I predict that more will be found where it is wetLab #12 Dissolved Oxygen and Aquatic Primary Productivity339795522225What is the percent oxygen saturation for a water sample at 25°C that has 7 mg O2/l?W. 65%*X. 48%Y. 35%Z. 100%In which aquatic environment would you expect dissolved oxygen to be highest?W. A mountain lake that is clear and coldX. A bog where the water is shallow and warm and there is a mat of aquatic plantsY. A marine tidepoolZ. A cold mountain stream dropping over a series of small rock falls*4419600153035Study figure 12.3 to answer the following questionAt what light intensity do you expect there to be no net productivity?W. Any intensity below 100%X. Only at intensities of 0% and 2%Y. Any intensity below 10%*Z. Any intensity above 25%What is meant by “net productivity” and how is it calculated in a sample aquatic environment?W. It is a measure of the organic products of photosynthesis that accumulate after cellular respiration by those organisms is taken into account, and it is calculated by subtracting the amount of oxygen in the dark bottle from the amount in the light bottle*X. It is a measure of the amount of respiration in a test area, and it is calculated by subtracting the amount of oxygen present in the light bottle from the amount in the dark bottleY. It is the total amount of carbon fixed, and it is calculated by measuring the amount of oxygen present in a bottle kept in the lightZ. It is the amount of oxygen produced during the day, and it is calculated by subtracting the amount of oxygen in the light bottle from the amount in the dark bottleA biology class used two aquatic cultures as described below for the experiment with screens that reduce light. They measured dissolved oxygen initially and then after 24 hours.Culture ACulture BLittle phytoplanktonRich in phytoplanktonRich in zooplanktonRich in zooplanktonLow initial dissolved oxygenHigh initial dissolved oxygenWhat results would you predict for this experiment?W. The net productivity in culture A will be much higher than that in culture BX. Culture B will have both higher gross productivity and higher net productivity than culture A*Y. The net productivity for culture A will be negative at greater light intensity than that for culture BZ. Cultures A and B will show similar results because of the comparable quantities of zooplankton ................
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