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Key question:

Does “Fake News” threaten the power of the media?

Definition and origins of “Fake News”

=> go to Cambridge Dictionary



How many times has Trump used the term “Fake News”?



“Fake news” in action

Trumps attacks mainstream news :



Trump’s Lies vs. Obama’s



Influence of “fake news” on social media sites

Fake News and internet

Dave Granlund



Trump fake news

Tom JanssenBristol Herald Courier 3/12/ 2017



A real example of the consequences of “fake news”

Armed man charged after 'self-investigating' pizzagate conspiracy

On Sunday afternoon, Welch walked into Comet Ping Pong, a popular pizza spot in the Chevy Chase neighborhood, wielding a shotgun and fired three shots, according to the charging documents. Comet has been part of a bizarre fake news conspiracy that drew unsubstantiated links between the Hillary Clinton campaign and a fictitious child sex ring, which the stories said were being run from secret tunnels beneath the restaurant.

Police said that Welch had gone into Comet to “self-investigate” the restaurant. Welch told police he had “read online that the Comet restaurant was harboring child sex slaves and that he wanted to see for himself if they were there”, according to the charging document. He said he was armed to help rescue them. And police said he “surrendered peacefully when he found no evidence that underage children were being harbored in the restaurant”.

Welch is one of several people who have come to the area searching for the supposed tunnels in recent days……

5/12/16 The Guardian



Has “fake news” affected other countries?

French social media awash with fake news stories from sources‘exposed to Russian influence’ ahead of presidential election

An Oxford University study found a quarter of the political stories shared on Twitter were based on misinformation 

French voters have been deluged with fake news stories on their social media feeds ahead of the country's presidential election, many from sources "exposed to Russian influence", new research has found.  

Researchers from Oxford University found up to a quarter of the political links shared on Twitter in France were based on misinformation. They were identified as deliberately false and expressed “ideologically extreme, hyper-partisan or conspiratorial" views with logical flaws and opinions presented as facts.

On Twitter, where automated accounts are allowed, many accounts that were used to promote Donald Trump have now turned their attention to pushing conspiracy theories and far-right ideas, according to Kevin Limonier, who is studying the manipulation of social media in the French election and and Clinton Watts, a former FBI agent and now a senior fellow at the George Washington University Center for Cyber and Homeland Security.

But Mr Watts said accounts from Russia were now shifting their attention to Germany, where the federal election is taking place in September. "If I had to estimate, about a third of previous Trump supporter accounts are now trying to influence the German election,” he said.

Chloe Farand

Independent 22 April 2017



Top fake news stories circulated by Indian media in 2017

2017 will go down as another year that saw a steady decline of trust and confidence in mainstream media. This was a year when mainstream media gave tough competition to social media in originating and circulating fake news. Alt News brings you a roundup of the most telling instances where mainstream media was caught reporting fake news. In the race to be the first to break news, fact-check is the first victim. But it is not always about haste. The year also saw the more sinister variety of agenda-driven fake stories circulated by mainstream media.

Sam Jawed

The Wire2/01/ 2018



Do Americans believe “fake news”?

Most Americans Who See Fake News Believe It, New Survey Says

An exclusive Ipsos poll conducted for BuzzFeed News found that 75% of American adults who were familiar with a fake news headline viewed the story as accurate.

The survey also found that people who cite Facebook as a major source of news are more likely to view fake news headlines as accurate than those who rely less on the platform for news.

Why do people believe “fake news”

The results paint a picture of news consumers with little ability to evaluate the headlines that often fly toward them without context on social media platforms.

Jeremy Singer-Vine

BuzzFeed News 7/12/2016



Where do Americans get their information from today? Is there a demographic difference?

In 2016, Americans express a clear preference for getting their news on a screen – though which screen that is varies. TV remains the dominant screen, followed by digital. Still, TV news use is dramatically lower among younger adults, suggesting further shake-ups to come.

About four-in-ten Americans often get news online

Amy Mitchell, Jeffrey Gottfried, Michael Barthel and Elisa Shearer

Pew Research Center July 6, 2016



What is social media



What is traditional media



Reaction to Fake News

How has the mainstream media responded?

CNN attacks “Fake News”



This one features a banana. More accurately, a banana peel.

“Some people might try to tell you that this an apple,”

“It might even start as a joke.”

“But when they say it over and over and over again, and people start to believe it, it’s only a matter of time until someone gets hurt.”

How has social media responded?

Facebook tweaks prompt fall in user time

Mr Zuckerberg said the firm takes "very seriously" ongoing debate about the utility of social media sites and wants to ensure time spent on the network is "more meaningful".

"That's what people want," he said.

Mr Zuckerberg said the actions so far, which include showing fewer viral videos, have reduced time spent on Facebook by about 5% or roughly 50 million hours a day.

In January, Facebook said it would change how its News Feed works;

1: to prioritise posts from friends and family to boost interaction between users,

2: while reducing the prominence of content from businesses, media and other companies.

3: by focusing on local news sources in its drive for "high quality" content.

"Local news helps us understand the issues that matter in our communities," explained chief executive Mark Zuckerberg on his page on Monday.Mr Zuckerberg's argument is that by not fixing the News Feed, the long-term health of the company could be in jeopardy - not because of Russian propaganda or fake news, but because it just won't be fun or useful to use

BBC 29/01/18



Brill To Tackle Fake News With 'News Guard’

Another journalistic icon is joining the fight against fake news. Steve Brill will shortly launch News Guard, a startup that rates news content, so consumers finding news via search or social media will have a better idea of whether it’s trustworthy. 

His latest venture aims to combine technology with “qualified, accountable human beings” to fight the persistent scourge of fake news…...

In practice, that means hiring moderators and curators with expertise in a relevant area to rate online content, beginning with a team of 40 to 60 journalists. NewsGuard will seek to monetize its activities by charging license fees to social platforms and aggregator

Erik Sass Media Post 6/11/2017



International reaction

Government announces anti-fake news unit

The UK government is to establish a new unit to counter "fake news", Downing Street has said.

Theresa May's spokesman said the "dedicated national security communications unit" would be charged with "combating disinformation by state actors and others".

"We are living in an era of fake news and competing narratives," he said……

Downing Street told political reporters: "The government will respond with more and better use of national security communications to tackle these interconnected complex challenges.

"We will build on existing capabilities by creating a dedicated national security communications unit. This will be tasked with combating disinformation by state actors and others. It will more systematically deter our adversaries and help us deliver on national security priorities."

Last month the BBC launched a new scheme to help young people identify real news and filter out fake or false information.

BBC 23/1/ 2018



The paradox : “Mainstream or Social media”

Main stream media Ratings improveCable News Ratings: MSNBC, CNN, Fox News Post Double-Digit Growth in Q2

The viewership spike for cable news shows no signs of slowing down. Fox News, CNN, and MSNBC all saw double-digit ratings growth across the board for the second quarter of 2017, according to Nielsen data.

Driven by surges for “The Rachel Maddow Show” and “Last Word With Lawrence O’Donnell,” MSNBC is up a whopping 86% in total viewers in primetime compared to second-quarter 2016. CNN saw a 39% leap in adults 25-54 in total day. Fox News’ “Tucker Carlson Tonight” and MSNBC’s “Rachel Maddow” split the crown for most-watched cable news program in primetime, with Carlson winning in total viewers and Maddow taking the demo.

In total day, Fox News led with 1.47 million total viewers, up 27% from the same period last year. Of those, 314,000 fell in the adults 25-54 demographic, up 46% from last year. MSNBC was second in total viewers with 886,000, up 73%. MSNBC was third in total day in the demo, however, with 206,000 for an increase of 57%. CNN was third in total viewers with 788,000 for an increase of 25%, but second in the demo with 262,000 (up 39%).

Joe Otterson

Variety. 27/ 6/2017



The ‘Failing’ New York Times Just Hit A New Record For Subscriptions

“We believe that more and more people are prepared to pay for high quality in-depth journalism that helps them make sense of the world,” CEO Mark Thompson said.

The New York Times continues to outperform expectations despite a constant barrage of attacks from President Donald Trump’s administration. The newspaper surpassed 2 million digital news subscriptions in the second quarter of 2017, reaching a record number of 3.3 million subscribers in total and doubling its digital base over two years, the company announced Thursday…..

CEO Mark Thompson “We believe that more and more people are prepared to pay for high quality in-depth journalism that helps them make sense of the world.”

Willa Frej // HuffPost 07/27/2017



Fake news hurts trust in media, mainstream outlets fare better: poll

LONDON (Reuters) - Controversies over fake news have damaged trust in media in the United States and elsewhere, but the impact is far worse for social media and online-only outlets than it is for traditional print and TV outlets, a survey has found.

The research and data company Kantar, in a survey of 8,000 people in the United States, Brazil, Britain and France, found that newspapers, magazines and TV news outlets had retained a greater measure of public trust than digital specialists had.

In the United States, mainstream media have reported on the online spread of fabricated stories aimed at helping Donald Trump win the presidency last year. Meanwhile, Trump has accused the mainstream media itself of producing fake news.

Overall, 58 percent of those surveyed said that as a result of becoming aware of fake news they had less trust in social media news stories about politics or elections. For mainstream media, the figure was 24 percent.

“The efforts to brand ‘mainstream news media’ as ‘fake news’ have largely failed,” Kantar said.

The survey drew a link between depth of coverage and trust levels. The findings showed that a much higher proportion of people rated magazines, TV news channels, radio and newspapers highly for in-depth commentary and analysis, than did so for social media news.

Reuters Staff

Reuters 31/10/ 2017



After one year in office, with their economy booming, do Americans have more or less confidence in President Trump?

CNN poll: One year later, less confidence, less trust in President Trump

One year after Donald Trump's election, views of the nation's economy are the best they've been since before the September 11, 2001 attacks, but Americans' confidence in their President to handle just about everything else has fallen, according to a new CNN poll conducted by SSRS.........

Fewer see the President as "honest and trustworthy" now than have at any point since before he launched his run for president in June 2015, 34% call him honest and trustworthy, 64% say he's not. And only 30% trust most of what they hear in official communications from the White House.

Jennifer Agiesta,

CNN 9/11/ 2017



Computer Generated Imagery

Traditional form of parody



What is CGI?

Commuter generated Imagery is the use of artificial intelligence software to create a computer-generated version of a subject's face that closely matches the original expressions of another person in a video.

Leo Kelion

BBC 8/2/18



How one can make a political leader speak



An example of this BBC Obama



“People who lie to themselves and listen to their own lie come to such a pass that they cannot distinguish the truth within them, or around them, and so lose all respect for themselves and for others.”

“The Brothers Karamazov,” Dostoyevsky

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