Biology 212 – Final Exam Review – Dr
Biology 212 – Final Exam Review – Dr. Colbert
April 23, 2007
Cell Biology
Properties of Water
• H-Bonds
Carbon Chemistry
• Isomers
• Functional Groups
Macromolecules – Know Structure and Function
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
• Fats (Lipids)
Cell Structure
• Organelles and Functions
Membrane Function and Structure
Energetics
• Free Energy
• Entropy
• Catabolism vs. Anabolism
• Gibbs Free Energy Equation
• Endergonic vs. Exergonic
• Enzyme’s effect on Energetics
Cellular Respiration
• Oxidative vs. Substrate level Phosphorlyation
• Know ‘ingredients’ and products of:
• Glycolysis
• Krebs Cycle
• Electron Transport Chain
• Chemiosmosis
• Fermentation
Plants
Plant Structure
- Nodes
- Tissues
o Cortex
o Epidermis
o Ground
▪ Collenchyma
▪ Parenchyma
▪ Sclerenchyma
Transport and Growth
- Xylem
o Trachieds
o Vessel Elements
- Phloem
o Sieve Tube members
o Companion cells
- Primary Growth
o Meristems
- Secondary Growth
o Cork Cambium
Nutrition
- Nitrogen Fixation
- Deficiencies
Reproduction
- Flowers
- Ovary
- Ovule
- Microspores
- Megaspores
- Double fertilization
- Endosperm
Plant Reproduction
- Difference in flower structure
▪ Perfect vs. Imperfect
▪ Monoeciouis vs. Dioecious
- Pollination
▪ Methods for pollination
- Fertilization
▪ Endosperm & Double Fertilization
▪ Describe process of fertilization
▪ Fate of egg, sperm nuclei, polar nuclei
▪ How do plants avoid self-fertilization?
- Embryo development – terminal cell, basal cell, cotyledons
- Asexual Reproduction
Plant Regulation
- Tropism & phototropism
- Phytochrome
▪ Light switch - chromophore
▪ Far-red and red light
▪ What does it regulate?
- Plant hormones
▪ Auxin and growth towards light (describe process)
Animals
Cells & Tissues
- Epithelial
▪ Form?
▪ Function?
- Connective
▪ Form?
▪ Function?
- Muscle
▪ Form?
▪ Function?
- Nervous
▪ Form?
▪ Function?
Animal Development
- Describe fertilization
▪ Acrosome
▪ Vitillene layer
▪ Fast and slow block process
- Describe egg activation
▪ What happens?
- Describe cleavage
▪ What happens?
- Describe gastrualtion
▪ Movement of cells and formation of germ layers (3 – what are they?)
Muscle and Skeletal System
Nervous System
Digestive System
Cardiovascular System
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