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Evaluating Changes and Continuities Over TimeDirections: Use this chart to help you organize your ideas regarding changes & continuities in Western Europe between 600- 1600 C.E.Early PeriodLater PeriodChanges & CausationContinuities & CausationPoliticalMiddle Ages:No central authorityOnly manorsKings-no real powerChurch – dominant power: acts like a gov’tRenaissance:No central authorityCity-states:Milan: Medici familyMilan: Sfora & Visconti familiesMiddle Ages:Crusades begin, war against Muslims Jerusalem Church continues to be dominantRenaissance:Only France & England are centralized.Church is challenged by Protestant Reformers City-states continue (Medici, Sfora, and Visconti)Change from:-Catholic Church was a dominant power – had the ability to crown & depose rulersChange to:Catholic church challenged by Protestant Reformers: Martin Luther, Calvin, King Henry VIIINo central gov’t in both the medieval period & the RenaissanceKings: no real power in both periods (except France and England)EconomicMiddle Ages:Manors: self-sufficient communitiesVery little trade, as a result of barbarian invasionsRenaissance:-much more trade, the Hanseatic League (northern Europe) and the Italian city-states (Florence, Genoa, Milan)Middle Ages:The revival of trade occurred as a result of the Crusades, trade increased between Europe and the Middle EastRenaissance:Same as Early RenaissanceChange from:Very little trade in the early Middle Ages (manors)Change to:Renaissance: an abundance of trade: Hanseatic League & the Italian city-statesContinuity of trade from the late Middle Ages to the Renaissance period: the revival of trade in the late Middle Ages and the continuation of that trade with the Hanseatic League and the Italian city states.Early PeriodLater PeriodChanges & CausationContinuities & CausationSocialMiddle Ages:Art: Religion (Christianity) dominated artRomanesque art & architecture: dark & gloomy, small windows, minimal use of colorSaints, angels, Jesus, heavenRenaissance:Major theme: humanism!Southern Renaissance Masters: focus on human anatomy (Michelangelo’s David), the use of nature and landscape (Botticelli’s Birth of Venus), use of perspective (Raphael, School of Athens), sfumato & chiaruscoro (DaVinci’s Mona Lisa).Middle Ages:Art: veruy ChristianGothic Art and Architecture: a bit more colorful, stained glass windows, flying buttressesSaints, angels, Jesus, heavenRenaissance:Major theme: humanism!Northern Renaissance Masters: focus on human emotions, vices & virtues (Bruegel’s Netherlandish proverbs)RealismPortraiture (Durer’s Self-Portrait)Conceitedness (Massys’ Ugly old woman) Change from:Middle Ages: was very religious and dominated by strong Christian themesChange to:Humanism! Humanism themes dominant the religious and secular paintings of the Renaissance: human anatomy of David, use of landscapes, human emotions-Art continues to tell the Christian story through art – but in the Renaissance, there is more emphasis on humanism in Christian art. ................
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