Transparency 1:



Transparency 1:

What is Cause and Effect?

When you read that one action or event is the result of another action or event, you are reading about a cause-and-effect relationship.

A cause is something that makes something else happen.

• To determine a cause, ask,

"Why did this happen?"

An effect is what happens because of the cause.

Of two related events, it’s the one that happens

second or last.

• To identify an effect, ask,

"What happened because of this?"

Transparency 2:

Linking Cause and Effect

The link between cause and effect can sometimes be very obvious; at other times you may be required to make an educated guess about the connection.

Examples of Cause and Effect Relationships

|CAUSE |EFFECT |

|The boy kicked the ball. |The ball rolled. |

|The boy teased the dog. |The dog growled. |

|Sam studied hard for a test. |Sam earned an A on his test. |

|Sara became really tired. |Sara went to sleep early. |

1) Why did the ball roll?

2) Why did the dog growl?

3) Why did Sam earn an A on his test?

4) Why did Sara go to sleep early?

Transparency 3:

Linking Cause and Effect

Practice Exercise 1

Ten sentences are listed below. Some of the sentences are causes; some of them are effects. In the chart, list the causes in the first column. For each cause, list the appropriate effect beside it in the second column.

1. Today our class was very noisy.

2. Randy got a bad sunburn

3. Emma went to the store to buy Ben a birthday present.

4. I was very tired today.

5. My dog Skip ran out of dog food.

6. Our teacher turned off the lights to tell us to settle down.

7. Last weekend Randy forgot to put on sunscreen.

8. I went to sleep very late last night.

9. Emma received an invitation to Ben’s birthday party.

10. My dad went to the store to buy Skip some dog food.

Transparency 4:

Linking Cause and Effect

Answer Key – Practice Exercise 1

| |CAUSE |EFFECT |

|1. |Today our class was very noisy. |Our teacher turned off the lights to tell us to settle down. |

|2. |Last weekend Randy forgot to put on sunscreen. |Randy got a bad sunburn. |

|3. |I went to sleep very late last night. |I was very tired today. |

|4. |My dog Skip ran out of dog food. |My dad went to the store to buy Skip some dog food. |

|5. |Emma received an invitation to Ben’s birthday party. |Emma went to the store to buy Ben a birthday present. |

Transparency 5:

Inferring Cause and Effect

At times a writer only hints at a cause-and-effect relationship. In such cases, you will have to combine details in the text with your own knowledge and experience to make an educated guess about a cause-and-effect relationship.

When you make an educated guess about probable causes or probable effects, you are inferring the presence of a cause-and-effect relationship that the writer has implied.

Know the difference between these two verbs:

Imply – The WRITER implies.

Infer – The READER infers.

Transparency 6:

Making Inferences

Practice Exercise 2

Following are a list of EFFECTS. Create a logical CAUSE for each effect.

| |CAUSE |EFFECT |

|1. | |I was grounded. |

|2. | |They lost the game. |

|3. | |The streets were flooded. |

|4. | |I was late for school. |

|5. | |I received a medal. |

Transparency 7:

Signal Words

When writers want to make cause-and-effect relationships very obvious for the reader, they do so with clue words that signal the cause-and-effect relationship.

Following are few words and phrases that can signal cause-and-effect relationships:

|accordingly |consequence |if . . . then |so |

|affect |consequently |in order that |so that |

|as a result |decrease |influence |the reason for |

|because |due to |nevertheless |therefore |

|because of |effect |reason |this is how |

|cause |for |results in |thus |

|change |for this reason |since |why |

Transparency 8:

Using Signal Words

Practice Exercise 3

Directions: Using the causes and effects from practice exercise 2, write a statement that links the sentences with a signal word. Answers may be written as one sentence or as two sentences.

1. _____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. _____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

4. _____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

5. _____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

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