Contents



TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1. ACUTE ABDOMEN: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Symptoms

Physical examination

Medical illnesses that can cause acute abdomen

Immunocompromised patients

Acute abdomen in children

Laboratory tests

Radiographic studies

General principles of approach to a patient with acute abdominal pain

Review tests

CHAPTER 2. DIFFUSE ABDOMINAL PAIN

PERITONITIS

Overview

Clinical features

Laboratory studies

Diagnostic peritoneal lavage

Visualization data

Treatment

Complications of peritonitis

Abscesses

ACUTE PANCREATITIS

Overview

Clinical features and laboratory data

Visualization data

Treatment of acute pancreatitis and its early complications

Late complications of pancreatic necrosis

MESENTERIC THROMBOSIS

Acute mesenteric ischemia

Chronic mesenteric ischemia

REVIEW TESTS

CHAPTER 3. PAIN IN RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT OF ABDOMEN

ACUTE APPENDICITIS

Overview

Uncomplicated appendicitis

Appendicular abscess

Appendicular mass

REVIEW TESTS

CHAPTER 4. PAIN IN RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT OF ABDOMEN

CHOLELITHIASIS (GALLSTONE DISEASE)

Overview

Asymptomatic cholelithiasis

Chronic cholecystitis

Acute cholecystitis

Acute acalculous cholecystitis

Postcholecystectomy syndrome

BENIGN TUMORS OF LIVER

Hemangioma

Hepatocellular adenoma

Focal nodular hyperplasia

MALIGNANT TUMORS OF LIVER

Overview

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma

Angiosarcoma

Sarcomas

Metastatic tumors of liver

HEPATIC ABSCESSES AND CYSTS

Bacterial abscesses

Amebic abscess

Hydatid cysts of the liver

UNCOMPLICATED PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE

Duodenal ulcers

Gastric ulcers

Complications specific to gastric surgery

PERFORATED PEPTIC ULCER

Overview

Clinical features and visualization data

Treatment

REVIEW TESTS

CHAPTER 5. VOMITING

GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION DUE TO ULCER DISEASE

GASTRIC TUMORS

Gastric cancer

Gastric lymphoma

Leiomyosarcoma

Benign tumors

INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION

Overview

Treatment

Adynamic ileus

REVIEW TESTS

CHAPTER 6. OBSTIPATION

BENIGN COLORECTAL TUMORS

Polyps

Polyposis syndromes

MALIGNANT COLORECTAL TUMORS

Carcinoma of colon and rectum

Carcinoid tumors

Other neoplasms

VOLVULUS

Overview

Sigmoid volvulus

Caecal volvulus

REVIEW TESTS

CHAPTER 7. GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING

UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE (OVERVIEW)

Causes of bleeding

Types of bleeding

History and physical examination

Diagnosis

Medical treatment

Surgical treatment

BLEEDING GASTRIC AND DUODENAL PEPTIC ULCERS

MALLORY-WEISS SYNDROME

ESOPHAGEAL VARICES IN PORTAL HYPERTENSION

Overview

Clinical features

Treatment of acute variceal hemorrhage

LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE (OVERVIEW)

Diagnosis

Treatment

DIVERTICULAR DISEASE

Overview

Bleeding

Diverticulitis

ANGIODYSPLASIA

REVIEW TESTS

CHAPTER 8. DIARRHEA

CROHN'S DISEASE OF SMALL INTESTINE

Overview

Clinical features and visualization data

Treatment

INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

Overview

Ulcerative colitis

Crohn's colitis

BENIGN TUMORS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

MALIGNANT TUMORS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

Overview

Adenocarcinoma

Carcinoid tumors

Carcinoid syndrome

Other malignant tumors

SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME

RADIATION ENTRITIS

PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS (ANTIBIOTIC-ASSOCIATED COLITIS)

Clinical characteristic

Diagnosis

Treatment

ISCHEMIC COLITIS

Overview

Clinical features and visualization data

Treatment

REVIEW TESTS

CHAPTER 9. ANAL COMPLAINTS

DYSFUNCTION OF THE ANORECTUM

Incontinence

Obstructed defecation (pelvic-floor-outlet obstruction)

Rectal prolapse

BENIGN ANORECTAL DISEASE

Hemorrhoids

Anal fissure

Anorectal abscess and fistula (cryptoglandular disease)

Pilonidal disease

Hidradenitis suppurativa

Condyloma acuminatum (genital warts)

MALIGNANT PERIANAL AND ANAL CANAL TUMORS

Anal margin (below dentate line) neoplasms

Anal canal (above dentate line) neoplasms

REVIEW TESTS

CHAPTER 10. JAUNDICE

OVERVIEW

CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS

Overview

Clinical features and laboratory data

Diagnosis

Surgical treatment

BILIARY STRICTURES

Clinical features and laboratory data

Diagnosis

Surgical treatment

STENOSIS OF SPINCTER OF ODDI

CHOLANGITIS

PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS

Overview

Clinical features

Visualization data

Treatment

PANCREATIC ADENOCARCINOMA

Overview

Clinical features

Visualization data

Treatment

Prognosis

Other pancreatic malignancies

CARCINOMA OF PAPILLA OF VATER

Clinical characteristics

Treatment

CARCINOMA OF EXTRAHEPATIC BILIARY DUCTS

Overview

Clinical presentation and visualization data

Treatment

CARCINOMA OF GALLBLADDER

Overview

Clinical features

Treatment

CHRONIC PANCREATITIS

Overview

Clinical features

Visualization data

Treatment

CHOLEDOCHAL CYSTS

Overview

Clinical features and visualization data

Treatment

REVIEW TESTS

CHAPTER 11. SPLENOMEGALY AND Hypersplenism

OVERVIEW

CLINICAL FEATURES (GENERAL)

LABORATORY DATA (GENERAL)

VISUALIZATION DATA (GENERAL)

TREATMENT (GENERAL PRINCIPLES)

DISEASES OF SPLEEN

Primary splenic disorders

Hematopoietic disorders

Immune disorders

Infiltrative diseases

Infections (splenic abscess)

Neoplastic diseases

Miscellaneous lesions

COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING SPLENECTOMY

Postsplenectomy sepsis

REVIEW TESTS

CHAPTER 12. HERNIAS

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Overview

Clinical features, laboratory and visualization data

Treatment

INGUINAL HERNIAS

Overview

Differential diagnosis

Surgical treatment

FEMORAL HERNIAS

Overview

Treatment

INCISIONAL, UMBILICAL AND EPIGASTRIC HERNIAS

SPIGELIAN, LUMBAR AND PELVIC HERNIAS

PARASTOMAL HERNIAS

REVIEW TESTS

CHAPTER 13. DYSPHAGIA

DISORDERS OF ESOPHAGEAL MOTILITY

Cricopharyngeal dysfunction

Achalasia

Diffuse esophageal spasm

GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD) AND HIATAL HERNIAS

Overview

Clinical features and visualization data

Treatment

Columnar lined esophagus (Barrett's esophagus)

Peptic strictures of esophagus

BENIGN TUMORS OF ESOPHAGUS

Leiomyomas

Benign intraluminal tumors

MALIGNANT TUMORS OF ESOPHAGUS

Overview

Clinical features and visualization data

Treatment

CAUSTIC ESOPHAGEAL STRICTURES

Clinical characteristic

Treatment

REVIEW TESTS

CHAPTER 14. PULMONARY SYMPTOMS

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Symptoms

Diagnostic tools

DISORDERS OF THE PLEURA AND PLEURAL SPACE

Spontaneous pneumothorax

Pleural empyema (suppurative pleuritis)

Pleural tumors

PULMONARY INFECTIONS

Lung abscess, necrotizing pneumonia and lung gangrene

Bronchiectasis

Tuberculosis

LUNG TUMORS

Solitary pulmonary nodules

Bronchogenic carcinoma

Bronchial adenomas

Hamartomas

Metastatic tumors

Neoplasms of the trachea

MEDIASTINITIS AND PERFORATION OF THE ESOPHAGUS

Overview

Clinical features

Visualization data

Treatment

TUMORS AND CYSTS OF MEDIASTINUM

Anterior mediastinal lesions

Middle mediastinal lesions

Posterior mediastinal lesions

REVIEW TESTS

CHAPTER 15. HEART MURMURS AND PAIN

ACQUIRED HEART DISEASES

General considerations

Aortic stenosis

Aortic insufficiency

Mitral stenosis

Mitral insufficiency

Tricuspid stenosis and insufficiency

Pulmonic valve disease

Multiple valvular disease

Coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease)

Pericardial disorders

CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

General considerations

Patent ductus arteriosus

Coarctation of the aorta

Atrial septal defects

Ventricular septal defects

Tetralogy of Fallot

Transposition of the great arteries

REVIEW TESTS

CHAPTER 16: ISCHEMIC LOWER LIMB

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Overview

Clinical presentation

Diagnosis

Nonoperative procedures to improve arterial flow

DIABETIC FOOT

Infection and gangrene

Arterial occlusive disease

AORTOILIAC OCCLUSIVE DISEASE

LOWER EXTREMITY OCCLUSIVE DISEASE

Overview

ACUTE ARTERIAL INSUFFICIENCY OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY

Overview

Embolism

Thrombosis (acute occlusion)

Clinical features and visualization data of acute arterial insufficiency of the lower extremity

Treatment

ANEURYSMS

Abdominal aortic aneurisms

Atypical aneurysms of the abdominal aorta

Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms

Other arterial aneurysms

VASOSPASTIC DISEASES

Overview

Raynaud's phenomenon

Raynaud's disease

REVIEW TESTS

CHAPTER 17: SWOLLEN LOWER LIMB

VENOUS DISEASE OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES

Overview

Superficial thrombophlebitis

Varicose veins

Deep venous thrombosis

PULMONARY EMBOLISM

Overview

Clinical features and visualization data

DISORDERS OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Lymphedema

Lymphatic tumors

Lymphangitis and lymphadenitis

REVIEW TESTS

CHAPTER 18: HYPERTENSION

RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS

Overview

Clinical features and visualization data

Treatment

DISORDERS OF ADRENAL GLANDS

Diagnostic investigations for pathology of adrenal glands

Hormones of adrenal cortex

Tests of adrenocortical activity

Disorders of adrenocortical function

Adrenal medulla hormones

Tumors of the adrenal medulla

REVIEW TESTS

CHAPTER 19: STROKE (EXTRACRANIAL CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE)

Overview

Clinical features and visualization data

Surgical treatment

Review tests

CHAPTER 20: LUMP IN THE BREAST

BENIGN CONDITIONS

Infections

Fibrocystic disorders (chronic cystic mastitis)

Mammary duct ectasia

Nipple discharge

Fibroadenoma

CARCINOMA OF THE FEMALE BREAST

Overview

Clinical features

Visualization data

Treatment

Paget's disease

Prognosis and follow-up

CARCINOMA OF THE MALE BREAST

Overview

Clinical features and visualization data

Treatment

REVIEW TESTS

CHAPTER 21: NECK MASS

OVERVIEW

CYSTS AND FISTULAS UNRELATED TO THYROID GLAND

Branchial cyst

Branchial fistula

Branchogenic carcinoma

Cystic hygroma (cavernous lymphangioma)

Thyroglossal duct cysts

Thyroglossal fistula

INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS OF THE NECK

Cervical lymphadenitis

PRIMARY TUMORS OF THE NECK

Neurogenous tumors

Secondary carcinoma of the neck

EVALUATION OF THYROID GLAND

Thyroid gland hormones

Tests of thyroid function

DISORDERS OF THYROID GLAND

Ectopic thyroid

Hypothyroidism

Thyroid enlargement

Hyperthyroidism

Neoplasms of the thyroid

Thyroiditis

DISORDERS OF PARATHYROID GLANDS

Overview

Hypoparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism

Parathyroid carcinoma

MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA SYNDROME

Overview

Type I

Type IIa

Type IIb

REVIEW TESTS

CHAPTER 22: TRAUMA, BURNS, AND SHOCK

MANAGEMENT OF TRAUMA VICTIMS

Initial assessment

ABCDE mnemonic

Airway assessment and control (“A” and “B” - steps)

Circulatory support

Neurologic injury

Further management

Thoracic injuries

Abdominal injuries

Genitourinary injuries

Soft tissue injuries

Fractures

BURNS

Assessment

Airway control and ventilation

Circulatory support and fluid resuscitation

Burn wound care

Other considerations in the care of burn patients

Chemical burns

Electrical burns

SHOCK

Overview

Hypovolemic shock

Septic shock

Cardiogenic shock

Neurogenic shock

REVIEW TESTS

CHAPTER 22: SURGICAL INFECTIONS AND POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS

SURGICAL INFECTIONS

General considerations

Surgical wound infections

Prosthetic infections

Prophylactic antibiotics

Tetanus prophylaxis

Abscesses of soft tissues

Cellulitis

Necrotizing fasciitis

Clostridial myositis and cellulitis (gas gangrene)

Septicemia

POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS

Overview

Pulmonary complications

Urinary tract infection

Wound infections

Dehydration

Overhydration

General principles of management

GASTROINTESTINAL FISTULAS

Overview

Evaluation

Management

REVIEW TESTS

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