Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1. ACUTE ABDOMEN: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Symptoms
Physical examination
Medical illnesses that can cause acute abdomen
Immunocompromised patients
Acute abdomen in children
Laboratory tests
Radiographic studies
General principles of approach to a patient with acute abdominal pain
Review tests
CHAPTER 2. DIFFUSE ABDOMINAL PAIN
PERITONITIS
Overview
Clinical features
Laboratory studies
Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
Visualization data
Treatment
Complications of peritonitis
Abscesses
ACUTE PANCREATITIS
Overview
Clinical features and laboratory data
Visualization data
Treatment of acute pancreatitis and its early complications
Late complications of pancreatic necrosis
MESENTERIC THROMBOSIS
Acute mesenteric ischemia
Chronic mesenteric ischemia
REVIEW TESTS
CHAPTER 3. PAIN IN RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT OF ABDOMEN
ACUTE APPENDICITIS
Overview
Uncomplicated appendicitis
Appendicular abscess
Appendicular mass
REVIEW TESTS
CHAPTER 4. PAIN IN RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT OF ABDOMEN
CHOLELITHIASIS (GALLSTONE DISEASE)
Overview
Asymptomatic cholelithiasis
Chronic cholecystitis
Acute cholecystitis
Acute acalculous cholecystitis
Postcholecystectomy syndrome
BENIGN TUMORS OF LIVER
Hemangioma
Hepatocellular adenoma
Focal nodular hyperplasia
MALIGNANT TUMORS OF LIVER
Overview
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma
Angiosarcoma
Sarcomas
Metastatic tumors of liver
HEPATIC ABSCESSES AND CYSTS
Bacterial abscesses
Amebic abscess
Hydatid cysts of the liver
UNCOMPLICATED PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE
Duodenal ulcers
Gastric ulcers
Complications specific to gastric surgery
PERFORATED PEPTIC ULCER
Overview
Clinical features and visualization data
Treatment
REVIEW TESTS
CHAPTER 5. VOMITING
GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION DUE TO ULCER DISEASE
GASTRIC TUMORS
Gastric cancer
Gastric lymphoma
Leiomyosarcoma
Benign tumors
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
Overview
Treatment
Adynamic ileus
REVIEW TESTS
CHAPTER 6. OBSTIPATION
BENIGN COLORECTAL TUMORS
Polyps
Polyposis syndromes
MALIGNANT COLORECTAL TUMORS
Carcinoma of colon and rectum
Carcinoid tumors
Other neoplasms
VOLVULUS
Overview
Sigmoid volvulus
Caecal volvulus
REVIEW TESTS
CHAPTER 7. GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING
UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE (OVERVIEW)
Causes of bleeding
Types of bleeding
History and physical examination
Diagnosis
Medical treatment
Surgical treatment
BLEEDING GASTRIC AND DUODENAL PEPTIC ULCERS
MALLORY-WEISS SYNDROME
ESOPHAGEAL VARICES IN PORTAL HYPERTENSION
Overview
Clinical features
Treatment of acute variceal hemorrhage
LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE (OVERVIEW)
Diagnosis
Treatment
DIVERTICULAR DISEASE
Overview
Bleeding
Diverticulitis
ANGIODYSPLASIA
REVIEW TESTS
CHAPTER 8. DIARRHEA
CROHN'S DISEASE OF SMALL INTESTINE
Overview
Clinical features and visualization data
Treatment
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
Overview
Ulcerative colitis
Crohn's colitis
BENIGN TUMORS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
MALIGNANT TUMORS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
Overview
Adenocarcinoma
Carcinoid tumors
Carcinoid syndrome
Other malignant tumors
SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME
RADIATION ENTRITIS
PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS (ANTIBIOTIC-ASSOCIATED COLITIS)
Clinical characteristic
Diagnosis
Treatment
ISCHEMIC COLITIS
Overview
Clinical features and visualization data
Treatment
REVIEW TESTS
CHAPTER 9. ANAL COMPLAINTS
DYSFUNCTION OF THE ANORECTUM
Incontinence
Obstructed defecation (pelvic-floor-outlet obstruction)
Rectal prolapse
BENIGN ANORECTAL DISEASE
Hemorrhoids
Anal fissure
Anorectal abscess and fistula (cryptoglandular disease)
Pilonidal disease
Hidradenitis suppurativa
Condyloma acuminatum (genital warts)
MALIGNANT PERIANAL AND ANAL CANAL TUMORS
Anal margin (below dentate line) neoplasms
Anal canal (above dentate line) neoplasms
REVIEW TESTS
CHAPTER 10. JAUNDICE
OVERVIEW
CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS
Overview
Clinical features and laboratory data
Diagnosis
Surgical treatment
BILIARY STRICTURES
Clinical features and laboratory data
Diagnosis
Surgical treatment
STENOSIS OF SPINCTER OF ODDI
CHOLANGITIS
PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS
Overview
Clinical features
Visualization data
Treatment
PANCREATIC ADENOCARCINOMA
Overview
Clinical features
Visualization data
Treatment
Prognosis
Other pancreatic malignancies
CARCINOMA OF PAPILLA OF VATER
Clinical characteristics
Treatment
CARCINOMA OF EXTRAHEPATIC BILIARY DUCTS
Overview
Clinical presentation and visualization data
Treatment
CARCINOMA OF GALLBLADDER
Overview
Clinical features
Treatment
CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
Overview
Clinical features
Visualization data
Treatment
CHOLEDOCHAL CYSTS
Overview
Clinical features and visualization data
Treatment
REVIEW TESTS
CHAPTER 11. SPLENOMEGALY AND Hypersplenism
OVERVIEW
CLINICAL FEATURES (GENERAL)
LABORATORY DATA (GENERAL)
VISUALIZATION DATA (GENERAL)
TREATMENT (GENERAL PRINCIPLES)
DISEASES OF SPLEEN
Primary splenic disorders
Hematopoietic disorders
Immune disorders
Infiltrative diseases
Infections (splenic abscess)
Neoplastic diseases
Miscellaneous lesions
COMPLICATIONS FOLLOWING SPLENECTOMY
Postsplenectomy sepsis
REVIEW TESTS
CHAPTER 12. HERNIAS
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Overview
Clinical features, laboratory and visualization data
Treatment
INGUINAL HERNIAS
Overview
Differential diagnosis
Surgical treatment
FEMORAL HERNIAS
Overview
Treatment
INCISIONAL, UMBILICAL AND EPIGASTRIC HERNIAS
SPIGELIAN, LUMBAR AND PELVIC HERNIAS
PARASTOMAL HERNIAS
REVIEW TESTS
CHAPTER 13. DYSPHAGIA
DISORDERS OF ESOPHAGEAL MOTILITY
Cricopharyngeal dysfunction
Achalasia
Diffuse esophageal spasm
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD) AND HIATAL HERNIAS
Overview
Clinical features and visualization data
Treatment
Columnar lined esophagus (Barrett's esophagus)
Peptic strictures of esophagus
BENIGN TUMORS OF ESOPHAGUS
Leiomyomas
Benign intraluminal tumors
MALIGNANT TUMORS OF ESOPHAGUS
Overview
Clinical features and visualization data
Treatment
CAUSTIC ESOPHAGEAL STRICTURES
Clinical characteristic
Treatment
REVIEW TESTS
CHAPTER 14. PULMONARY SYMPTOMS
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Symptoms
Diagnostic tools
DISORDERS OF THE PLEURA AND PLEURAL SPACE
Spontaneous pneumothorax
Pleural empyema (suppurative pleuritis)
Pleural tumors
PULMONARY INFECTIONS
Lung abscess, necrotizing pneumonia and lung gangrene
Bronchiectasis
Tuberculosis
LUNG TUMORS
Solitary pulmonary nodules
Bronchogenic carcinoma
Bronchial adenomas
Hamartomas
Metastatic tumors
Neoplasms of the trachea
MEDIASTINITIS AND PERFORATION OF THE ESOPHAGUS
Overview
Clinical features
Visualization data
Treatment
TUMORS AND CYSTS OF MEDIASTINUM
Anterior mediastinal lesions
Middle mediastinal lesions
Posterior mediastinal lesions
REVIEW TESTS
CHAPTER 15. HEART MURMURS AND PAIN
ACQUIRED HEART DISEASES
General considerations
Aortic stenosis
Aortic insufficiency
Mitral stenosis
Mitral insufficiency
Tricuspid stenosis and insufficiency
Pulmonic valve disease
Multiple valvular disease
Coronary artery disease (ischemic heart disease)
Pericardial disorders
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
General considerations
Patent ductus arteriosus
Coarctation of the aorta
Atrial septal defects
Ventricular septal defects
Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of the great arteries
REVIEW TESTS
CHAPTER 16: ISCHEMIC LOWER LIMB
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Overview
Clinical presentation
Diagnosis
Nonoperative procedures to improve arterial flow
DIABETIC FOOT
Infection and gangrene
Arterial occlusive disease
AORTOILIAC OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
LOWER EXTREMITY OCCLUSIVE DISEASE
Overview
ACUTE ARTERIAL INSUFFICIENCY OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
Overview
Embolism
Thrombosis (acute occlusion)
Clinical features and visualization data of acute arterial insufficiency of the lower extremity
Treatment
ANEURYSMS
Abdominal aortic aneurisms
Atypical aneurysms of the abdominal aorta
Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms
Other arterial aneurysms
VASOSPASTIC DISEASES
Overview
Raynaud's phenomenon
Raynaud's disease
REVIEW TESTS
CHAPTER 17: SWOLLEN LOWER LIMB
VENOUS DISEASE OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES
Overview
Superficial thrombophlebitis
Varicose veins
Deep venous thrombosis
PULMONARY EMBOLISM
Overview
Clinical features and visualization data
DISORDERS OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Lymphedema
Lymphatic tumors
Lymphangitis and lymphadenitis
REVIEW TESTS
CHAPTER 18: HYPERTENSION
RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS
Overview
Clinical features and visualization data
Treatment
DISORDERS OF ADRENAL GLANDS
Diagnostic investigations for pathology of adrenal glands
Hormones of adrenal cortex
Tests of adrenocortical activity
Disorders of adrenocortical function
Adrenal medulla hormones
Tumors of the adrenal medulla
REVIEW TESTS
CHAPTER 19: STROKE (EXTRACRANIAL CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE)
Overview
Clinical features and visualization data
Surgical treatment
Review tests
CHAPTER 20: LUMP IN THE BREAST
BENIGN CONDITIONS
Infections
Fibrocystic disorders (chronic cystic mastitis)
Mammary duct ectasia
Nipple discharge
Fibroadenoma
CARCINOMA OF THE FEMALE BREAST
Overview
Clinical features
Visualization data
Treatment
Paget's disease
Prognosis and follow-up
CARCINOMA OF THE MALE BREAST
Overview
Clinical features and visualization data
Treatment
REVIEW TESTS
CHAPTER 21: NECK MASS
OVERVIEW
CYSTS AND FISTULAS UNRELATED TO THYROID GLAND
Branchial cyst
Branchial fistula
Branchogenic carcinoma
Cystic hygroma (cavernous lymphangioma)
Thyroglossal duct cysts
Thyroglossal fistula
INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS OF THE NECK
Cervical lymphadenitis
PRIMARY TUMORS OF THE NECK
Neurogenous tumors
Secondary carcinoma of the neck
EVALUATION OF THYROID GLAND
Thyroid gland hormones
Tests of thyroid function
DISORDERS OF THYROID GLAND
Ectopic thyroid
Hypothyroidism
Thyroid enlargement
Hyperthyroidism
Neoplasms of the thyroid
Thyroiditis
DISORDERS OF PARATHYROID GLANDS
Overview
Hypoparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism
Parathyroid carcinoma
MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA SYNDROME
Overview
Type I
Type IIa
Type IIb
REVIEW TESTS
CHAPTER 22: TRAUMA, BURNS, AND SHOCK
MANAGEMENT OF TRAUMA VICTIMS
Initial assessment
ABCDE mnemonic
Airway assessment and control (“A” and “B” - steps)
Circulatory support
Neurologic injury
Further management
Thoracic injuries
Abdominal injuries
Genitourinary injuries
Soft tissue injuries
Fractures
BURNS
Assessment
Airway control and ventilation
Circulatory support and fluid resuscitation
Burn wound care
Other considerations in the care of burn patients
Chemical burns
Electrical burns
SHOCK
Overview
Hypovolemic shock
Septic shock
Cardiogenic shock
Neurogenic shock
REVIEW TESTS
CHAPTER 22: SURGICAL INFECTIONS AND POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
SURGICAL INFECTIONS
General considerations
Surgical wound infections
Prosthetic infections
Prophylactic antibiotics
Tetanus prophylaxis
Abscesses of soft tissues
Cellulitis
Necrotizing fasciitis
Clostridial myositis and cellulitis (gas gangrene)
Septicemia
POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
Overview
Pulmonary complications
Urinary tract infection
Wound infections
Dehydration
Overhydration
General principles of management
GASTROINTESTINAL FISTULAS
Overview
Evaluation
Management
REVIEW TESTS
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